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Ethics of Plant Collections and Collecting Harvey Ballard Department of Environmental & Plant Biology Ohio University

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Page 1: Plant Collections and Collecting.ppt [Read-Only] - ohio.edu · – Dissections—wrapped in tissue, placed in packet ... Microsoft PowerPoint - Plant Collections and Collecting.ppt

Ethics of Plant Collections and Collecting

Harvey BallardDepartment of Environmental & Plant 

BiologyOhio University

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Collections Use in Scientific Research

• Representation of which taxa were studied• Documentation on where they were collected

– …and who collected them– …and when

• Description of how and where the materials were acquired, who assisted, and how used

• Where datasets, results and secondary study materials (e.g., DNA extracts) can be accessed

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Importance of Study Vouchers

• Vouchers required for (nearly) every scientific investigation

• Unvouchered reports are unsubstantiated• Must collect and preserve portions of plant suitable for positive ID, or whole plant in sustainable populations

• Vouchers must be maintained and accessible for study as part of a stable long‐term institutional collection

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Importance of Study Vouchers

• Vouchers should be made at appropriate sampling intensities in all these types of study:– Systematic studies– Community ecology studies– Population ecology studies– Genetic studies– Molecular studies

• Representative specimen for each unit of study• True for all organisms traditionally included in “botanical” research (fungi, algae, land plants)

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Disposition of Plant Specimens

• Vouchers preserved according to traditional methods for a particular group

• Labeled as completely as possible– Name of organism, where known– Precise locality information, ideally with GPS latlong– Ecological notes, brief plant descriptive info– Collector(s) full name(s), date

• Deposited in a recognized and publicly accessible collection (herbarium)

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Requirements for New Plant Species

• Besides diagnosis or description and full publication information…– Type specimens deposited in a public institution– Specimens must be “scrupulously conserved” (maintained properly, protected from damage)

– Specimens must be readily accessible to study by researchers

– [NOTE: 2011 Botanical Congress threw out requirement of a Latin description for new names!!]

• Dictated by “International Code of Botanical Nomenclature”

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Recognized Institutions for Vouchers

• Ca. 4000 plant museums (herbaria) distributed around the world, in 165 countries

• Many are part of educational institutions, most of the remainder affiliated with botanical gardens or arboreta

• Cumulatively contain 300,000,000 “plant“ specimens

• Macroscopic specimens dried, on sheets (vascular plants) or in packets (bryophytes) or bags (fungi); aquatics (algae) often maintained in fluids

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Recognized Institutions for Vouchers

• Herbaria with > 5000 specimens should be registered with, and ideally listed on, regularly updated Index Herbariorum website‐‐http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih/

• Each herbarium has a unique acronym, must be cited with voucher information

• Vouchers should be readily accessible for study by researchers (no “private” collections)– Access by visit– Loans available by mail (usually)

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Collecting Vouchers

• Every population or species can be vouchered in some fashion

• Whole plant for smaller organisms, and in sustainable populations

• Piece of plant with larger organisms, or in small populations

• Photo‐documentation available as last resort (photos mounted on sheets, with labels)

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Ethics of Collecting

• Physical vouchers taken only where local population suffers no irrevocable harm

• With rare species under investigation, essential study materials should be removed judiciously, mitigating damage to plant

• Required permits prior to collecting– OR authorized personnel participate in collecting– OR authorized personnel provide materials

• Permission from landowner or authorized personnel

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Regulations on Collecting

• State– Heritage Programs (=endangered species bureaus) track rare animals and plants

– Advisory committees of experts make biennial recommendations to legislature for protection

– Special Concern (potentially imperiled), Threatened (demonstrably imperiled) and Endangered (critically imperiled) species receive attention

– Threatened and Endangered species cannot be taken on public land without a permit

– Some states have “wildflower” laws‐‐trilliums, orchids

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Regulations on Collecting

• National– Endangered Species Act (partially ineffective)– 100s of federally threatened or endangered species in the US

– Same as state listed species, Threatened and Endangered species cannot be taken on public land without a permit

– Those on private land also protected in theory– Taking for research purposes through application

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Regulations on Collecting

• International– CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

• Focuses on prevention of “over‐exploitation through international trade”

• Some whole organism groups protected—corals, parrots, primates, orchids and cacti

– Convention on Biological Diversity• Voluntary treaty adhered to by many nations, cultures• Spans natural diversity, agricultural diversity, invasive species threats, global taxonomy

• Each country interprets guidelines differently

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International Collecting

• Primary set of voucher duplicates should go to in‐country institution(s)– Most international permits require at least one complete set deposited at national institution

– In‐country institution will often provide collecting equipment, expertise

• Customary for types of new organisms to be deposited at in‐country institutions (at least duplicates = isotypes)

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International Collaboration

• Involvement of in‐country personnel during collecting– Many international permits require in‐country assistant (e.g., graduate student) as commitment to sharing of expertise

– Foreign researcher often expected to cover expenses of in‐country assistant

– Staff of in‐country herbarium may often “double” as field assistants, liaisons for permits, and tend to processing/mailing of vouchers after expedition

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International Collaboration

• Some countries (e.g., Brazil) forbid foreign collecting and utilization of wild resources for scientific study by foreign parties alone– Originates partly from previously unregulated acquisition of international “germplasm” for agricultural, medicinal and other purposes

– Countries demand control over scientific investigation or exploitation of their organisms

– Research conducted only through active collaboration of in‐country scientists (if available)

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International Collaboration

• Ethically, all international collaborators deserve acknowledgement

• Active participants deserve co‐authorship– In many countries, researchers have few funds to accomplish investigation or widespread travel

– Co‐authorship “repays” their investment in studies– International collaboration even more highly regarded in other countries than in US

• International study materials should always be acknowledged as resources contributing to scientific advances

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Importation of Materials

• Dried herbarium specimens– Exempted by USDA regulations (but this often not recognized by Customs officials at the border!!)

– Shipment of preserved specimens easily done by herbaria

• Most efficient and “legal” means for shipping unmountedduplicates

• Study materials, e.g., leaf tissue in silica gel, fixed flowers or plants—best hand carried immediately after expedition

• Living specimens, seeds, etc. require permits• Always best to have “official” documents in hand

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Sharing of Specimen‐Derived Materials

• Should be returned to specimens:– Dissections—wrapped in tissue, placed in packet– SEMs—image placed in packet

• Should be (semi‐)permanently stored and made available for sharing upon request:– DNA extracts– Other study materials, if intact– Required by major funding agencies (e.g., National Science Foundation)

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Dissemination of Data

• Data sets posted or made available upon request– Sequence tracefiles, NEXUS files, matrices (e.g., TreeBASE)

– Sequences submitted to GenBank– Where small, ideally provided in Appendix– Voucher table for all specimen materials, with specific information on locality, collector(s) and date, herbarium

• Required by major funding agencies (e.g., National Science Foundation)

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Ethics of Data Sharing

• Confidentiality of specific locations must be observed in some instances– Collaborator request– Landowner

• Sensitive, rare or over‐exploited species– Online information limited– Access to detailed locality information only for valid professional research

– Research methodologies confirmed as necessary and minimally damaging

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Realities of Responsible Research

• Kew Herbarium approach• Obstacles to scientific investigation

– The gamut‐‐“no” policies in French Guiana vs. prohibition on rarer species in Hawaii

– Nationalism of potential germplasm in some countries

• Collaboration as appropriate avenue, where available

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Expectations from Granting Agencies

• National Science Foundation proposal guide:– “…plans for preservation, documentation, and sharing of data, samples, physical collections, curriculum materials and other related research and education products.”

– “…how the results of the project will be disseminated broadly to enhance scientific and technological understanding.”

– “PIs are responsible for obtaining the required authorizations and for advising NSF that they have been obtained or requested”

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Broader Impacts

• External granting agencies expect serious extended language for these– Expansion of plant collections from new vouchers– New study materials disseminated– New data made available online– Collaborations with in‐state or in‐country personnel (especially international students)

– How present project and professional interactions will catalyze future investigations, inspire participation in underrepresented groups

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Thesis/Dissertation Proposals and Manuscripts

• Voucher preparation• Herbaria where vouchers are deposited, or where duplicate sets will be sent

• Nomenclatural references used• Disposition of resulting study materials (e.g., DNA extracts, dissections, other preparations)

• Dissemination of raw data (e.g., datasets posted)• Acknowledgement of field assistance, lab assistance, information sources, permitting help

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Ethical Guidelines for Research Collecting

• Botanical Survey Guidelines (California Native Plant Society)

• Guidelines for Ethical Field Research on Rare Plant Species (New England Wild Flower Society)

• Ethics of Collecting Native Plants (Colorado Native Plant Society)

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Hand‐in AssignmentOne‐page double‐spaced Materials & Methods section for proposal, including:– Voucher preparation, nomenclatural references– Institutional deposition of specimens (using full name and correct herbarium acronym; use NYBG Index Herbariorum website if needed)

– Types of study materials and data generated (e.g., vouchers, DNA extracts, sequence trace files), and where accessible by researchers on request

– Countries  and protected areas to be visited, status of permits sought

– Name and contact info for collaborating in‐country institutions