plant community ecology plant life histories. life history- a plant’s schedule of birth,...
Post on 20-Dec-2015
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Plant Community Ecology
Plant Life Histories
Life History- A plant’s schedule of birth, mortality, and growth
Life Cycles: Annuals, Biennials, Perennials
Idea of Trade-offs—limiting resources is central to thinking about natural selection on life histories
What would an ideal plant species look like (life history traits) if there were no trade-offs?
e.g. root-shoot ratios, fast growing vs wood density
What are the trade-offs between large, few seeds vs. small, numerous seeds?
r strategistUnstable environment,density independent
K strategistStable environment,density dependent
Small size of organism Large size of organism
Much energy for reproduction Little energy for reproduction
Many offspring produced Few offspring produced
Early maturity Late maturity (often after parental care)
Short life expectancy Long life expectancy
Semelparous Iteroparous
Type III survivorship curve Type I or II survivorship curve
MacArthur’s Life History Selection-r vs K species
Productivity-idea at low population densities, selection is strongest on traits that increase population growth (r), high densities, selection strongest on traits that increase population size on carrying capacity K
Grime’s Triangular ModelGrime’s Model-extended r-k selection theory to plants; plant populations face consistent selective pressures mainly from physiological stress (all external factors to a plant that limit growth)
1) stress-tolerators—slow-growing species that inhabit low-fertility, low-disturbance sites (conservation of captured resources)
2) competitors—fast-growing species that inhabit high fertility, low disturbance sites (maximize captured resources)
3) ruderals-fast-growing species that inhabit high-fertility, high-disturbance sites (high seed production)
Grime’s Triangular Model
Grime’s Triangular Model
Dealing with Variation—seed germination
Try to maximize fitness (how an organism apportions resources among competing demographic functions (survival, growth, reproduction) in a varying environmentSpread reproduction more evenly among yearsIncrease seed dispersal areaIncrease dispersal time via seed banksWhen should seeds germinate?Controlled by temperature, light, moisture, othersCan plants evolve predictable germination? - depends on predictability of environment
Dealing with VariationMasting - large and erratic variation among years in the size of the seed crop producedSynchronized among plants within the population
Often explained as a response to avoid seed predatorsOverwhelm abilities of predators to eat all the seed - some survive to germinate
Dealing with Variation
Synchrony achieved by low reproduction one year (bad weather, low pollen), low resource expenditures, greater likelihood of more reproduction next year
Plant Phenology
Timing of growth and reproduction within a yearMuch variation among species, populations, individualsConstrained mostly by temperature, moisturehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Ks5IG6Mu9g
What influences leaf expansion in deciduous trees?
canopy is elevated
late spring frosts
individual metabolic enzymes have defined temp ranges over which they can operate and are most efficient at particular temps
Reproductive Phenology: abiotic factors
Reproductive Phenology: biotic factors
Pollinator interactions; pollen-limited, animal-pollinated plants may be strongly controlledHerbivory; flowering time delayed
Reproductive Phenology: biotic factors
Fruit or seed eaters more likely to be affected by plant phenology than to affect itCrowding by plant neighbors delays flowering, may select for faster growth or earlier flowering