Plant Kingdom

Basic Plant Characteristics

1) Multicellular 2) Eukaryotic3) Cell walls contain

cellulose4) Develop from

multicellular embryos5) Autotrophic make food

by photosynthesis using chlorophyll

What Plants Need to Survive…

• Sunlight• Water • Vitamins/Minerals

• Gas Exchange (O2 and CO2)

• A method of transport to move water and other materials to all parts of plant.

General Life Cycle Plants

• Two alternating phases:

1) Diploid Phase (Sporophyte)-Sporophyte makes spores by

meiosis-Develop into gametophyte

2) Haploid Phase (Gametophyte)-Produce male and female gametes by mitosis-Gametes eventually join to

form sporophyte

Alternating Phases: Plant Life Cycle

Evolutionary Trends and Plants…

• Ancestors of 1st plants were multicellular green algae

• Plants have evolved specific adaptations to help them survive in a variety of different climates.

• There are 4 major groups of plants which are separated by three distinct features:

1) vascular tissue2) Seeds3) flowers

4 Major Groups of Plants

Green Algae Ancestor

Plant Review

• Four main groups of plants1. Bryophytes (Moss)2. Seedless vascular plants

(Ferns)3. Gymnosperms (Cone bearing

plants)• Form seeds in “cones.”

4. Angiosperms (Flowering plants)

• Form seeds inside of “flowers.”

SEED PLANTS

NO SEEDS

Bryophytes

•Non-vascular plants•Obtain/transfer water by osmosis•No true roots, leaves, stems•“Rhizoids”– anchor plant to ground•Low-growing (only few inches high)•Grow moist, shaded areas•Ex) Mosses, liverworts, hornworts

Life Cycle Bryophytes

• Gametophyte is dominant stage• Depends on water to reproduce• Spore protonema (tangled mass green

filaments) develop into gametophyte plant• Specific structures make reproductive cells at tips

of gametophyte plant• Antheridia = sperm and Archegonia = egg• Join create diploid zygotes = sporophyte stage

Seedless Vascular Plants

• 1st true land plants

• Contain “vascular tissue”

• Ex) Ferns, club moss, horsetails

Structure: Seedless Vascular Plants

• 2 Types of vascular tissue:-xylem – moves water from roots to

all parts of plants-phloem – distributes nutrients and carbohyrates (food) within plant

• Have roots, leaves, and stems-roots – absorb water/nutrients-leaves – site photosynthesis-stems – support plant and connect leaves and roots

• Ferns have strong roots called “rhizomes” and very large leaves called “fronds.”

Fern Life Cycle

• Sporophyte dominant stage• Grow haploid spores underside of fronds in structures

called sporangia (clustered sporangia = sori)• Spores carried by wind and water grow into haploid

gametophyte• Gametophyte makes antheridia and archegonium which

release sperm and eggs.• Zygotes form adult, diploid, sporophyte.

Gymnosperms

•Reproduce with seeds instead of spores•Do not require water for reproduction•Seeds are “exposed” = naked seeds•Seed produced inside cone-like structure •Ex) “Conifers/Evergreens”–fir, spruce, ginko

Angiosperms

• Most common of all land plants.• Seeds develop inside ovary within a

“flower”• Flowers attract animals to support

pollination.• After “fertilization” seed within flower

develops into “fruit.”• Angiosperms = “enclosed seed”• 2 groups angiosperms:

1) Monocots2) Dicots

Life Spans Angiosperms

• Annuals- survive one season• Biennials- take 2 years to

complete life cycle• Perennials- live many years