plant structure and function - leaves objectives of today’s class: learn the typical structure of...
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Plant Structure and Function - Leaves
Objectives of today’s class:
Learn the typical structure of plant leaves
Develop an understanding of how these structures support photosynthesis in the leaf
ADP &NADP
ATP &NADPH
CO2 & H2O
(CH2O)
O2
H2O
Light Chlorophyll
LIGHTREACTION
CALVINCYCLE
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis can be described in this series of coupled reactions:
Design features for a leaf• Exposed to sunlight
• Large surface area
• Capable of exchanging gases• CO2 in, O2 out
• Import minerals and water• Not obtained from atmosphere
• Export fixed carbon to “sinks”
• Control water loss
• Resist biotic and abiotic stresses
The leaf blade
Broad expanded part of the leaf frequently has the following characteristics:
• Large surface area
• Thin with a small distance between upper and lower surfaces
The leaf blade
These anatomical features:
• Maximize the surface area while minimizing volume
• Reduce the distance that gases must diffuse through the leaf
Leaf structure varies to allow plants to survive and grow under diverse conditions.
Leaf tissues - epidermis
• Epidermis
• epi - upon
• dermis - skin
• The outer layer of cells
• Comprised of a number of different cell types
Leaf tissues - epidermis
• Cell types of the epidermis
• Epidermal cells
• Most abundant, arranged in a number of ways
Leaf epidermis
• Epidermal cells usually lack chloroplasts
• Epidermis is also covered by a waxy cuticle
• Secreted from epidermal cells
• Impermeable to water
Leaf epidermis
• There are other specialized cells in the epidermis
• Guard cells, forming stomata
• Trichomes, leaf hairs
Stomata and Guard Cells
• Stomata are pores in the epidermis that lead to intercellular spaces in the leaf (from the Greek “stoma”, meaning mouth)
• Found on both upper and lower surfaces of the leaf, more prevalent on bottom
• Formed by specialized guard cells
Stomata and Guard Cells
• Crescent shaped cells
• Inner wall is thickened
• When guard cells are turgid, stomata are open; pores close when cells are not turgid
Stomata and Guard Cells
• Guard cells regulate gas exchange and water loss from the leaf
• Guard cells open and close depending on environmental and developmental signals
Why are stomata important for photosynthesis?
• Photosynthesis requires efficient gas exchange through stomata
• Interior of the leaf is moist, so a large amount of water is lost through stomata
• >90% of water loss occurs via stomata
• Cuticle is impermeable to water
• When plants cannot get enough water, stomata close to preserve water at the expense of photosynthesis
Why are stomata important for photosynthesis?
• Plants using C3 photosynthesis open stomata during the day, close them at night
• Some plants have a mechanism that allows them to fix CO2 at night (stomata open) in order to minimize water loss during the day - CAM plants
Other specialized epidermal cells
Trichomes and glands
• Cellular protrusions from epidermis
• These have a variety of forms and serve a number of protective functions
• Stinging hairs can prevent predation, e.g. on nettles
Other specialized epidermal cells
Trichomes and glands
• Globular trichomes release compounds that are toxic to insects
• Secretory hairs allow plants to secrete compounds
Mesophyll Tissue
• Occupies most of the internal tissue of the leaf
• Comprised of two cell types• Palisade parenchyma
cells
• Spongy parenchyma cells
Mesophyll Tissue
• Palisade parenchyma cells
• Elongated cells
• One to three cell layers thick
• Contain many chloroplasts
• Primary site for photosynthesis
Mesophyll Tissue
• Spongy parenchyma cells
• More randomly arranged
• Air spaces between cells
• Fewer chloroplasts
Mesophyll Tissue
• Mesophyll tissue is designed for:
• Interception of light energy
• Fixation of CO2
• Exchange of gases
Vascular tissue
• Visible as veins distributed throughout the leaf
• Required for transport of material to and from the leaf
• Water and nutrients in, photosynthetic
products out
Vascular tissue
• Xylem
• Distribution of water and minerals transported from root
• Phloem
• Transport of fixed carbon compounds from the leaf to the rest of the plant
Leaf morphology and arrangement
• Leaf morphology varies between species
• A stable characteristic that can be used for plant identification
Simple leaves
• Single leaf blade at each node
Leaf morphology and arrangement
Other characteristics used to describe leaves include:
• How they are attached to the stem
• Shape of leaves
• Leaf margin
Leaf Modifications
Leaves can be modified to serve other functions:
• The scales of many bulbs (e.g. daffodil) are leaves that serve as storage tissue
• Tendrils (on pea, morning glory, etc.) are modified leaves that allow plants to vine
• Spines or thorns on some plants are modified forms of leaves that protect the plant from predation