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Plant Structure and Growth Slide 2 Three main organs: Roots Stems Leaves Slide 3 Plant Structure and Growth Three main organs: Roots Stems Leaves (Angiosperms have a fourth main organthe flower.) Slide 4 Plant Structure and Growth Two types of angiosperms: Slide 5 Plant Structure and Growth Monocots Dicots Two types of angiosperms: Slide 6 Plant Structure and Growth Monocots One cotyledon Two types of angiosperms: Slide 7 Plant Structure and Growth Dicots Two cotyledons Two types of angiosperms: Slide 8 Plant Structure and Growth Monocots One cotyledon Parallel veins Two types of angiosperms: Slide 9 Plant Structure and Growth Dicots Two cotyledons Net-like veins Two types of angiosperms: Slide 10 Plant Structure and Growth Monocots One cotyledon Parallel veins Complex vascular bundles Two types of angiosperms: Slide 11 Plant Structure and Growth Dicots Two cotyledons Net-like veins Vascular bundles in rings Two types of angiosperms: Slide 12 Plant Structure and Growth Monocots One cotyledon Parallel veins Complex vascular bundles Fibrous roots Two types of angiosperms: Slide 13 Plant Structure and Growth Dicots Two cotyledons Net-like veins Vascular bundles in rings Tap roots Two types of angiosperms: Slide 14 Plant Structure and Growth Monocots One cotyledon Parallel veins Complex vascular bundles Fibrous roots Petals x 3. Two types of angiosperms: Slide 15 Plant Structure and Growth Dicots Two cotyledons Net-like veins Vascular bundles in rings Tap roots Petals x 4 or 5. Two types of angiosperms: Slide 16 Plant Structure and Growth Monocots One cotyledon Parallel veins Complex vascular bundles Fibrous roots Petals x 3. Dicots Two cotyledons Net-like veins Vascular bundles in rings Tap roots Petals x 4 or 5. Two types of angiosperms: Slide 17 Plant Structure and Growth Roots Fibrous roots absorb water well Tap roots hold fast in the ground and store nutrients All roots absorb water mostly at the root tips, through root hairs Adventitious roots prop up tall stems. Slide 18 Plant Structure and Growth Roots Fibrous roots absorb water well Tap roots hold fast in the ground and store nutrients All roots absorb water mostly at the root tips, through root hairs Adventitious roots prop up tall stems. Slide 19 Plant Structure and Growth Stems Nodes and internodes Axillary bud by each leaf Slide 20 Plant Structure and Growth Stems Nodes and internodes Axillary bud by each leaf Terminal bud at the apex Apical dominance Slide 21 Plant Structure and Growth Stems Nodes and internodes Axillary bud by each leaf Terminal bud at the apex Apical dominance Stolons are runners. Slide 22 Plant Structure and Growth Leaves Main photosynthetic organ Blade and petiole (stalk) simple compound double compound. Slide 23 Plant Structure and Growth Three main tissue systems: Dermal Vascular (xylem and phloem) Ground. Slide 24 Plant Structure and Growth Dermal Tissue Single layer of cells over the outside Secretes waxy cuticle Slide 25 Plant Structure and Growth Vascular tissue Xylem carries water up Phloem carries food down Tracheids and vessel elements in the xylem are dead at functional maturity Sieve tube members and companion cells in the phloem are alive. Slide 26 Plant Structure and Growth Ground tissue Includes pith and cortex Slide 27 Plant Structure and Growth Types of plant cells: Parenchyma (unspecialized) Collenchyma (support growing parts of plant) Sclerenchyma (support mature parts of plant) Tracheids (xylem, dead at maturity) Sieve-tube members (phloem.) Slide 28 Plant Structure and Growth Meristems generate cells for new organs Apical meristems elongate roots and shoots. Lateral meristems add girth to woody plants. Slide 29 Plant Structure and Growth Bark includes phloem and periderm. Periderm includes cork cells, which form a waxy protective substance. Slide 30 Plant Structure and Growth Morphogenesis in plants Slide 31 Plant Structure and Growth The Plane and Symmetry of Cell Division Slide 32 Plant Structure and Growth The Plane and Symmetry of Cell Division A band of microtubules called the preprophase band (PPB) determines the plane of cell division Slide 33 Plant Structure and Growth The Plane and Symmetry of Cell Division A band of microtubules called the preprophase band (PPB) determines the plane of cell division Slide 34 Plant Structure and Growth The Plane and Symmetry of Cell Division A band of microtubules called the preprophase band (PPB) determines the plane of cell division. Slide 35 Plant Structure and Growth The Plane and Symmetry of Cell Division The fas mutant has disorganized microtubules and grows into a disorganized plant. Slide 36 Plant Structure and Growth The Plane and Symmetry of Cell Division The fas mutant has disorganized microtubules and grows into a disorganized plant. Slide 37 Plant Structure and Growth Orientation of Cell Expansion Slide 38 Plant Structure and Growth Orientation of Cell Expansion Microfibrils control the direction of cell expansion Slide 39 Plant Structure and Growth Orientation of Cell Expansion Microfibrils control the direction of cell expansion. Slide 40 Plant Structure and Growth Orientation of Cell Expansion Plants can expand very quickly because much of the increase in cell volume is just water in the central vacuole. Slide 41 Plant Structure and Growth Morphogenesis and Pattern Formation Remember the homeotic genes that we learned about in animals? Slide 42 Plant Structure and Growth Morphogenesis and Pattern Formation Remember the homeotic genes that we learned about in animals? Plants have them too. Slide 43 Plant Structure and Growth Morphogenesis and Pattern Formation Cells need positional information. Slide 44 Plant Structure and Growth Morphogenesis and Pattern Formation Cells need positional information. Auxin, a hormone secreted at the tip of the plant, is in less and less concentration the further down you go. Slide 45 Plant Structure and Growth Morphogenesis and Pattern Formation Cells need positional information. This establishes the root end and the shoot end, and lets the cell know how far down it is. Slide 46 Plant Structure and Growth Morphogenesis and Pattern Formation Cells need positional information. Another hormone secreted at the surface of the stem is in less concentration the further it you go. This tells the cell how far inside it is. Slide 47 Plant Structure and Growth Morphogenesis and Pattern Formation Morphogenesis is controlled by homeotic genes Slide 48 Plant Structure and Growth Morphogenesis and Pattern Formation Morphogenesis is controlled by homeotic genes Mutations in the homeotic genes can cause supercompound leaves. Slide 49 Plant Structure and Growth Plants also undergo phase changes Juvenile growth to mature growth Vegetative growth to reproductive growth (flower formation). Slide 50 Parts of a Flower Plant Structure and Growth Slide 51 ovule Parts of a Flower Plant Structure and Growth Slide 52 ovary ovule Parts of a Flower Plant Structure and Growth Slide 53 style ovary ovule Parts of a Flower Plant Structure and Growth Slide 54 stigma style ovary ovule Parts of a Flower Plant Structure and Growth Slide 55 stigma style carpel ovary ovule Parts of a Flower Plant Structure and Growth Slide 56 anthers Parts of a Flower Plant Structure and Growth Slide 57 anthers filaments Parts of a Flower Plant Structure and Growth Slide 58 anthers stamens filaments Parts of a Flower Plant Structure and Growth Slide 59 petals Parts of a Flower Plant Structure and Growth Slide 60 petals sepals Parts of a Flower Plant Structure and Growth Slide 61 Parts of a Flower Plant Structure and Growth Slide 62 Seen from above, these structures are in four concentric rings or whorls. Plant Structure and Growth Sepals Petals Stamens Carpals Slide 63 Their development is controlled by three homeotic genes called A, B, and C. Plant Structure and Growth Sepals Petals Stamens Carpals Slide 64 Their development is controlled by three homeotic genes called A, B, and C. Plant Structure and Growth Sepals Petals Stamens Carpals A C B Slide 65 Wild type flower CCCBBCABABAA Slide 66 Mutant lacking A CCCBBC CCBC Slide 67 Mutant lacking A CCCBBC CCBC Slide 68 Mutant lacking B CCCCAAAA Slide 69 CCCCAAAA Slide 70 Mutant lacking C AABAAB ABAA Slide 71 Mutant lacking C AABAAB ABAA Slide 72 Vocabulary Review monocot dicot fibrous root tap root adventitious root node internode axillary bud terminal bud apical dominance stolon blade petiole dermal vascular ground xylem phloem tracheid sieve tube member pith cortex apical meristem lateral meristem bark periderm cork homeotic genes preprophase band fas mutant auxin ovary ovule style stigma carpel anther filament stamen petal sepal. 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