Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

Plas

ma

effe

cts

on tr

ansi

onos

pher

icpr

opag

atio

n of

radi

o w

aves

IIPl

asm

a ef

fect

s on

Pl

asm

a ef

fect

s on

tran

sion

osph

eric

tran

sion

osph

eric

prop

agat

ion

of ra

dio

wav

es II

prop

agat

ion

of ra

dio

wav

es II

R. L

eitin

ger

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

•G

ener

al re

mar

ks•

Rem

inde

r on

(tran

sion

osph

eric

) wav

e pr

opag

atio

n•

Rem

inde

r of p

ropa

gatio

n ef

fect

s•

GPS

as

a da

ta s

ourc

e•

Som

e el

ectr

on c

onte

nt e

xam

ples

Seco

nd le

ctur

e: M

oder

n ap

plic

atio

ns

•TE

CTE

C m

appi

ng, a

dapt

ive

mod

ellin

g, (d

ata

inge

stio

n in

to m

odel

s, d

ata

assi

mila

tion)

•In

vers

ion

Tom

ogra

phy

3D a

nd 4

D im

agin

g (fi

lling

vox

els

with

dat

a)

Iono

sphe

ric R

adio

Occ

ulta

tion

•Th

e im

port

ance

of a

sses

smen

t stu

dies

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

GPS

as

a da

ta s

ourc

eTh

e “c

lass

ical

” TEC

sou

rces

pro

vide

dor

fixe

d ge

omet

ry a

nd h

igh

tem

pora

l res

olut

ion

(GEO

Far

aday

bea

cons

)or

nea

rly c

onst

ant L

ocal

Tim

e an

d hi

gh s

patia

l (la

titud

inal

) res

olut

ion

(LEO

Diff

.D

oppl

er b

eaco

ns)

true

sign

al a

mpl

itude

and

pha

seG

PS (M

EO o

rbit;

12

hour

per

iod,

incl

inat

ion

53 d

egre

es)

mix

es te

mpo

ral a

nd s

patia

l dep

ende

nce

(diu

rnal

cur

ves

of T

EC fo

r a g

iven

loca

tion

are

alw

ays

com

posi

tes,

etc

.)N

eeds

com

plic

ated

“cal

ibra

tion”

pro

cedu

res

(CO

DE

= G

roup

Del

ay n

eeds

kno

wle

dge

of tr

ansm

itter

and

rece

iver

del

ays

and

cann

otpr

ovid

e su

ffici

ent r

esol

utio

n fo

r sci

ence

app

licat

ions

, PH

ASE

= D

iff. D

oppl

er s

uffe

rsfro

m 2

am

bigu

ity

CO

DE

and

PHAS

E co

mbi

natio

n ne

eded

for a

ll sc

ienc

eap

plic

atio

ns)

Am

plitu

de a

nd p

hase

are

“re

cons

truc

ted”

in th

e re

ceiv

erG

PS-s

TEC

is th

e su

m o

f ion

osph

eric

plu

s pl

asm

asph

eric

con

tent

Ther

efor

e: T

EC m

appi

ng, a

dapt

ive

mod

ellin

g, d

ata

inge

stio

n in

to m

odel

s, …

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

Exam

ple

for F

arad

ay o

bser

vatio

ns o

n th

e si

gnal

s of

the

geos

tatio

nary

sat

ellit

e M

ETEO

SAT-

2 m

ade

at F

irenz

e on

25 a

nd 2

6 M

ay, 1

991.

TEC

in u

nits

of 1

015 m

− 2 v

s.U

nive

rsal

Tim

e in

hou

rs. D

iurn

al c

urve

; str

ong

day

toda

y va

riatio

ns; v

ery

stro

ng T

ID a

ctiv

ity o

n 25

May

.

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

Exam

ple

for a

str

ong

posi

tive

stor

m e

ffect

in io

nosp

heric

ele

ctro

n co

nten

t: Su

dden

Com

men

cem

ent o

f the

geo

mag

netic

stor

m (S

SC) o

n 4

Febr

urar

y, 1

983,

16:

15 U

T, D

st-m

inim

a: -1

59 n

T on

4 F

eb.,

20 U

T, -1

69 n

T on

5 F

eb.,

11 U

T. F

arad

ay e

ffect

on g

eost

atio

nary

sat

ellit

e si

gnal

rece

ived

at H

amilt

on, M

A, U

SA (4

00 k

m io

nosp

h. p

oint

: 39°

N, 2

89°E

; geo

mag

n. la

t. 50

°).

Ord

inat

e: e

lect

ron

cont

ent i

n un

its o

f 1015

m− 2

, abs

ciss

a: U

nive

rsal

Tim

e (U

T). 3

Feb

ruar

y; q

uiet

refe

renc

e da

y (A

p=7)

.In

term

edia

te le

vel o

f sol

ar a

ctiv

ity (m

onth

ly m

ean

suns

pot n

umbe

r R=5

1).

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

Exam

ple

for a

str

ong

nega

tive

stor

m e

ffect

in io

nosp

heric

ele

ctro

n co

nten

t: Su

dden

Com

men

cem

ent o

f the

geo

mag

netic

stor

m (S

SC) o

n 11

Apr

il, 1

981,

13:

39 U

T, D

st-m

inim

a: -1

67 n

T on

12

April

, 6 U

T, -2

91 n

T on

13

April

, 7 U

T. F

arad

ay e

ffect

on

geos

tatio

nary

sat

ellit

e si

gnal

rece

ived

at M

adrid

, Spa

in (4

00 k

m io

nosp

h. p

oint

: 37°

N, -

4°E;

geo

mag

n. la

t. 41

°). O

rdin

ate:

elec

tron

cont

ent i

n un

its o

f 1015

m− 2

, abs

ciss

a: U

nive

rsal

Tim

e (U

T). 1

1 Ap

ril w

as a

slig

htly

dis

turb

ed d

ay (A

p=39

). Th

e ne

gativ

est

orm

effe

ct w

as p

rono

unce

d in

the

long

itude

zon

e ar

ound

0° o

nly.

Hig

h so

lar a

ctiv

ity (m

onth

ly m

ean

R=1

56).

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

Exam

ple

for l

atitu

dina

l pro

files

of v

ertic

al e

lect

ron

cont

ent f

rom

NN

SS o

bser

vatio

ns m

ade

at G

raz

dem

onst

ratin

g th

e po

tent

ial

of c

ombi

ned

obse

rvat

ions

for t

imes

of h

igh

sola

r act

ivity

. Dat

aof

1 N

ovem

ber,

1990

. Ele

ctro

n co

nten

t in

units

of 1

015 m

− 2 v

s.ge

ogr,

latit

ude

in d

eg. N

(N to

S).

Upp

er p

anel

: tra

ces

of th

eio

nosp

heric

poi

nts

(in 4

00 k

m h

eigh

t) in

a g

eogr

aphi

c sy

stem

.Ev

en fo

r mid

latit

udes

the

equa

toria

l ano

mal

y is

impo

rtan

t!

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

Exam

ple

for l

atitu

dina

l pro

files

of v

ertic

al e

lect

ron

cont

ent f

rom

NN

SS o

bser

vatio

ns m

ade

at G

raz

dem

onst

ratin

g th

e po

tent

ial

of c

ombi

ned

obse

rvat

ions

for t

imes

of h

igh

sola

r act

ivity

.Af

tern

oon/

even

ing

of 2

Nov

embe

r, 19

90. E

lect

ron

cont

ent i

nun

its o

f 1015

m− 2

vs.

geo

gr, l

atitu

de in

deg

. N (N

to S

). U

pper

pane

l: tra

ces

of th

e io

nosp

heric

poi

nts

(in 4

00 k

m h

eigh

t) in

age

ogra

phic

sys

tem

. In

the

early

eve

ning

the

effe

ct o

f the

equa

toria

l ano

mal

y is

eve

n m

ore

pron

ounc

ed!

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

Latit

ude

depe

nden

ce o

f TEC

from

Diff

. Dop

pler

on

the

150/

400

MH

z si

gnal

s of

NN

SS. R

ecei

ving

sta

tions

Gra

z(4

7.1°

N, 1

5.5°

E) a

nd U

ppsa

la (5

9.8°

N, 1

7.6°

E). T

ypic

aleq

ujin

ox/w

inte

r nig

ht p

rofil

e. M

ain

troug

h w

ith m

inim

umar

ound

60°

N. I

ndic

atio

n of

TEC

incr

ease

tow

ards

the

equa

toria

l ano

mal

y in

the

Sout

h. 1

8 O

ctob

er, 1

989

arou

nd 2

1:10

UT.

TEC

in u

nits

of 1

015 m

− 2 v

s ge

ogra

phic

latit

ude.

Upp

er p

anel

: tra

ces

of th

e io

nosp

heric

poi

nts

(in40

0 km

hei

ght)

in a

geo

grap

hic

syst

em. H

igh

sola

r act

ivity

(mon

thly

mea

n R

=159

, mon

thly

mea

n 10

.7 c

m s

olar

radi

oflu

x: 2

09 u

nits

).

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

Latit

ude

depe

nden

ce o

f TEC

from

Diff

. Dop

pler

on

the

150

/ 400

MH

z si

gnal

s of

NN

SS. R

ecei

ving

sta

tion

Dio

nyso

s (3

8.1°

N,

23.0

°E) a

nd U

ppsa

la (5

9.8°

N, 1

7.6°

E). T

EC in

uni

ts o

f 1016

m− 2

vs

geog

raph

ic la

titud

e. 8

Apr

il, 1

981,

aro

und

11:4

0 U

T.M

onth

ly m

ean

R=1

56, m

onth

ly m

ean

10.7

cm

sol

ar ra

dio

flux:

223

uni

ts).

Geo

mag

netic

ally

nea

rly q

uiet

(Ap=

11).

Very

hig

h va

lues

of

TEC

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

Elec

tron

con

tent

(TEC

) map

s g

loba

l (bi

-hou

rly)

regi

onal

(30

min

utes

)(s

omeh

ow) b

ased

on

mod

els

glob

al m

aps

need

dat

a in

terp

olat

ion

(dire

ctly

or i

ndire

ctly

by

mod

el)

Inte

rnat

iona

l GPS

Ser

vice

(IG

S): 6

glo

bal m

aps

(by

thei

r reg

iona

lce

nter

s) +

one

offi

cial

pro

duct

(= a

vera

ge !!

)

La P

lata

map

s

DLR

Neu

stre

litz

regi

onal

map

s (b

ased

on

adap

tive

mod

el)

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

tom

ogra

phy

occu

ltatio

n in

vers

ion

com

bine

d sp

ace-

grou

ndto

mog

raph

y

Iono

sphe

ric R

adio

Occ

ulta

tion

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

„Occ

ulta

tion“

rays

from

the

GN

S to

the

LEO

. Sla

nt e

lect

ron

cont

ent (

sTEC

)co

nsis

ts o

f thr

ee p

arts

: ion

osph

ere

(P to

P’),

upp

erm

ost i

onos

pher

e (P

’ to

U in

2000

km

hei

ght),

pla

smas

pher

e (U

to G

). Ea

ch ra

y ca

n be

cha

ract

eris

ed b

y its

perig

ee (t

ange

nt p

oint

). In

real

ity th

e ra

ys a

re n

ot c

o-pl

anar

and

the

loca

tion

ofth

eir p

erig

ees

form

s a

3D c

urve

. Its

pro

ject

ion

to th

e su

rface

of t

he E

arth

is th

e„s

ink

path

“. U

seab

le („

good

“) o

ccul

tatio

ns h

ave

a io

nosp

heric

sin

k pa

th le

ngth

of

< 10

° (gr

ound

occ

ulta

tion

poin

t to

perig

ee o

f the

hig

hest

pos

sibl

e ra

y).

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

Iono

sphe

ric u

se o

f Rad

io O

ccul

tatio

n•

Prim

ary

info

rmat

ion

are

(unc

alib

rate

d) G

NS

to L

EO e

lect

ron

cont

ent v

alue

s I s

usua

lly g

aine

d by

mea

ns o

f car

rier p

hase

diff

eren

ces.

Subt

ract

ion

of th

e el

ectro

n co

nten

ts o

f “u

pper

mos

t ion

osph

ere”

and

“pla

smas

pher

e” le

ads

to th

e “i

onos

pher

ic”

elec

tron

con

tent

whi

ch is

sub

ject

edto

inve

rsio

n

I I = I s

- I U

- I P

•R

efra

ctio

n (ra

y be

ndin

g) is

neg

ligib

le

⇒ s

traig

ht li

ne p

ropa

gatio

n is

ass

umed

⇒ c

ontin

uous

sol

utio

ns a

re u

niqu

e ev

en if

refra

ctiv

ity is

not

incr

easi

ng /

decr

easi

ng m

onot

onou

sly

(ver

y im

porta

nt b

ecau

se o

f ele

ctro

n de

nsity

pro

files

with

F2 m

axim

um (a

nd E

max

imum

).

⇒ d

iscr

ete

prob

lem

has

stra

ight

forw

ard

trian

gula

r des

ign

mat

rix (c

onsi

sts

of p

ath

leng

th e

lem

ents

)

⇒ (“

onio

n pe

elin

g”) s

olut

ions

are

inhe

rent

ly s

tabl

e w

ith e

rror a

ccum

ulat

ion

in th

ebo

ttom

of t

he e

lect

ron

dens

ity p

rofil

e

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

Iono

sphe

ric u

se o

f Rad

io O

ccul

tatio

n•

We

shou

ld d

istin

guis

h be

twee

na)

“hig

h” L

EO o

rbit

( hLE

O>7

00 k

m) (

HL)

and

b) “l

ow” L

EO o

rbit

( hLE

O<7

00 k

m) (

LL) c

ases

LL e

xper

ienc

e fro

m C

HAM

P ( C

HA

lleng

ing

Min

isat

ellit

e Pa

yloa

d):

h

LEO

> h m

F2 i

s a

nece

ssar

y co

nditi

on fo

r “io

nosp

heric

” inv

ersi

on!

•H

L: M

odel

ass

ista

nce

of a

dvan

tage

in re

mov

ing

I U a

nd I P

LL: M

odel

ass

ista

nce

and/

or “h

igh

elev

atio

n” e

lect

ron

cont

ent d

ata

(LEO

toad

ditio

nal G

NS)

nec

essa

ry in

rem

ovin

g I U

and

I P•

Mod

el a

ssis

tanc

e ca

n st

rong

ly im

prov

e th

e re

liabi

lity

of in

vers

ion

resu

lts in

the

vici

nity

of i

onis

atio

n rid

ges

(max

ima

in th

e TE

C d

istr

ibut

ion)

and

trou

ghs

(min

ima

in th

e TE

C d

istr

ibut

ion)

An

othe

r typ

e of

mod

el a

ssis

tanc

e w

as v

ery

succ

essf

ul in

CH

AM

Pin

vers

ion

(N. J

akow

ski e

t al.

at D

LR N

eust

relit

z) (a

dapt

ive

mod

els

for t

he io

nosp

here

[and

pla

smas

pher

e] a

bove

the

CH

AM

P or

bit)

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

Exte

nsiv

e ca

lcul

atio

ns w

ere

carri

ed o

ut o

n th

e ba

sis

of th

e th

ree

dim

ensi

onal

and

time

depe

nden

t ion

osph

ere/

plas

mas

pher

e m

odel

NeU

oG-p

las

(Hoc

hegg

eran

d Le

iting

er, 2

000)

. Th

e fo

llow

ing

four

par

amet

ers

of e

lect

ron

dens

ity h

eigh

tpr

ofile

s w

ere

inve

stig

ated

:

- pea

k he

ight

hm

F2,

(bes

t – e

rror <

20 k

m in

mor

e th

an 5

0% o

f the

cas

es)

- pea

k el

ectro

n de

nsity

Nm

F2, (

seco

nd –

for f

ar m

ore

than

50%

of t

he c

ases

erro

r <15

%.

- top

side

sca

le h

eigh

t or t

opsi

de s

lab

thic

knes

s,

- a s

hape

par

amet

er fo

r the

bot

tom

side

iono

sphe

re (n

ot re

ally

goo

d).

The

low

latit

udes

exc

eptio

n re

gion

: vic

inity

of o

ne o

f the

cre

sts

of th

eeq

uato

rial a

nom

aly

and

(to a

less

er d

egre

e) th

e re

gion

aro

und

the

dip

equa

tor

– m

odel

ass

ista

nce

can

impr

ove

situ

atio

n su

bsta

ntia

lly

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

Nec

essi

ty o

f Ass

essm

ent s

tudi

es o

n th

e ba

sis

of re

alis

tic m

odel

s•

Cal

cula

te a

rtific

ial t

rans

mitt

er to

rece

iver

ele

ctro

n co

nten

ts (s

TEC

)

•Su

bjec

t sTE

C s

erie

s to

retri

eval

/ in

vers

ion

met

hod

•C

ompa

re re

triev

al /

inve

rsio

n re

sults

with

“m

odel

trut

h”

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

Elec

tron

dens

ity fr

om N

eUoG

-pla

s3

GN

S to

LEO

rays

: gro

und

occu

ltatio

n(ta

ngen

t hei

ght h

t = 0

km

), ne

ar F

laye

r pea

k(h

t = 3

00 k

m),

“hig

h” ra

y (h

t = 3

00 k

m).

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

heig

ht p

rofil

es o

f ele

ctro

n de

nsity

;bl

ack:

giv

en p

rofil

e, b

lue:

dire

ctin

vers

ion,

red:

mod

el a

ssis

ted

inve

rsio

n.

Hor

izon

tal d

istri

butio

n of

Nm

ax(c

onto

urs

over

geo

grap

hic

syst

ems)

in th

e oc

culta

tion

regi

on; b

lue

low

valu

es, r

ed h

igh

valu

es; o

ccul

tatio

nra

ys (t

hin

red)

and

occ

ulta

tion

path

(thic

k re

d).

Nm

ax d

istri

butio

n al

ong

the

grou

ndoc

culta

tion

ray

botto

m: s

ymm

etric

(red

) and

ant

imet

ric (l

ight

blu

e) p

art.

Dat

a ba

se: a

rtific

ial s

TEC

val

ues,

cal

cula

ted

by m

eans

of N

eUoG

-pla

s w

ith o

ne G

PS to

LEO

scen

ario

shi

fted

in g

eogr

aphi

c la

titud

e, s

easo

n an

d lo

cal t

ime

to e

ncou

nter

cre

st a

nd v

alle

yco

nditi

ons.

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

heig

ht p

rofil

es o

f ele

ctro

n de

nsity

;bl

ack:

giv

en p

rofil

e, b

lue:

dire

ctin

vers

ion,

red:

mod

el a

ssis

ted

inve

rsio

n.

Hor

izon

tal d

istri

butio

n of

Nm

ax(c

onto

urs

over

geo

grap

hic

syst

ems)

in th

e oc

culta

tion

regi

on; b

lue

low

valu

es, r

ed h

igh

valu

es; o

ccul

tatio

nra

ys (t

hin

red)

and

occ

ulta

tion

path

(thic

k re

d).

Nm

ax d

istri

butio

n al

ong

the

grou

ndoc

culta

tion

ray

botto

m: s

ymm

etric

par

t (re

d) a

nd m

odel

for i

t (bl

ue).

Dat

a ba

se: a

rtific

ial s

TEC

val

ues,

cal

cula

ted

by m

eans

of N

eUoG

-pla

s w

ith o

ne G

PS to

LEO

scen

ario

shi

fted

in g

eogr

aphi

c la

titud

e, s

easo

n an

d lo

cal t

ime

to e

ncou

nter

cre

st a

nd v

alle

yco

nditi

ons.

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

Than

k yo

u fo

r you

r atte

ntio

nTh

ank

you

for y

our a

ttent

ion