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Waste Water treatment
www.kit.edu
Platzhalter für Bild
KIT – die Kooperation von Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH und Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
C. Gallert, J. WinterInstitute of Biology for Engineers and Biotechnology of Wastewater,KIT, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
SECOND INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON SUSTAINABLE URBANDEVELOPMENT (ISoSUD 2011)Trisakti University - Jakarta, Indonesia 21 July 2011
Outline
IntroductionWater consumption and wastewater characteristics
Domestic wastewater treatment the case of Karlsruhe (more than 100.000 IE)
Industrial wastewater treatment, the case of a paper factory
Conclusions
2 ISoSUD SECOND INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENTTrisakti University, Jakarta July 2011
Per capita water consumption
Germany: 127 l per capita and day
Sewage: „Used“ fresh water (personel use: drinking, dishwashing, laundry, etc.) Rain water (combined sewers, storm water) Groundwater (infiltration into leaky sewers)Wastewater from business and industry
3 ISoSUD SECOND INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENTTrisakti University, Jakarta July 2011
Characterisation of sewage
Parameter IE[g perInhabitantand day]
Konzentration[mg/l]
* 120 l water consumption
Konzentration[mg/l]
** German average, data froma
BOD5 60 500 274 (231-402)
COD 120 1000 530 (393-945)
TKN 11 92 48,8 (38-83,1)
P 2.5 21 8,0 (5,6- 14)
4 ISoSUD SECOND INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENTTrisakti University, Jakarta July 2011
Ptot 2.5 21 8,0 (5,6- 14)
a 22. DWA Leistungsvergleich kommunaler Kläranlagen 2009
„Real“ concentration is lower than expected from the IE dilution withgroundwater/infiltrating water
COD = Chemical Oxygen Demand; BOD5 = Biological Oxygen Demand in 5 days; TKN = Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen; Ptot = Total Phosphorus
Sanitation situation in Germany
On average, 95 % (69 – 100 %) of the people are connected to a centralWWTP
Wastewater is transported via underground sewers to the WWTP
~ 6060 WWTP treating 8.708 Mio m3 sewage
Only 3.6 % of the WWTP´s with a capacity of > 100000 IE
treat 51 % of the total wastewater
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treat 51 % of the total wastewater
ISoSUD SECOND INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENTTrisakti University, Jakarta July 2011
IE = 60 g BSB5 per day
Legally required nutrient elimination
Size of theWWTP
COD[mg/l]
BOD5
[mg/l]NH4-N[mg/l]
Ntot*
[mg/l]Ptot
[mg/l]
1 < 1000 IE60 kg BSB5 /d
≤150 ≤40 - - -
2 < 5000 IE300 kg BSB5 /d
≤110 ≤25 - - -
…depends on the size of the WWTP
6 ISoSUD SECOND INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENTTrisakti University, Jakarta July 2011
300 kg BSB5 /d
3 < 10000600 kg BSB5 /d
≤90 ≤20 ≤10 - -
4 < 1000006000 kg BSB5 /d
≤90 ≤20 ≤10 ≤18 ≤2
5 > 100000>6000 kg BSB5 /d
≤75 ≤15 ≤10 ≤13 ≤1 – 0.5
Ntot* = Sum of NH4+-, NO3--, and NO2
--N
Domestic wastewater treatment
Domestic Wastewater Domestic WWTP(Households, Business) 93 % of the population
is connected to a WWTP
Sewer System
95 % of thepopulation are
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is connected to a WWTPpopulation areconnetcted to theSewer System
Decentralized alternativese.g. lagoons, constructedwetlands
Discharge intorivers, surface water
Official boundarypollution values
ISoSUD SECOND INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENTTrisakti University, Jakarta July 2011
WWTP in KarlsruheData: Catchment area: 4586 ha
combined sewer system: 57 % separate sewer system: 43 % 1990 km sewers (tmax = 11 h)
Wastewater: 40.000.000 m3/a (Qdry weather = 2.1 m3/sec, Qrainy weather = 4,0 m3/sec) 99.000 m3/d containing the COD of 700.000 IE (inhabitants &
8 ISoSUD SECOND INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENTTrisakti University, Jakarta July 2011
99.000 m /d containing the COD of 700.000 IE (inhabitants &industry)
Sludge: 10.000 t sewage sludge (TS) 3.000 t ash after incineration
Energy consumption for WWT: 22 Mio KWh/a electricity (aeration, facility management) 300 m3/a fuel
WWTP in Karlsruhe: ~ 6 ha arearequirement for 360000 IE population
Mechanical steps
Biological steps
Activated sludge process Trickling filter
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Elimination ofparticulate matter, sandand fatPhosphate eliminationby addition of Fe2+sulfate
Pre-denitrificationElimination of BOD5 bythe action of sludgebacteria intensiveaeration required
Residual BOD5-EliminationNitrification
Solid-Liquid SeparationLiquid River RheinSludge Incineration
ISoSUD SECOND INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENTTrisakti University, Jakarta July 2011
WWTP in Karlsruhe
Mechanical steps
ScreenAerated sandsedimentation
Fat flotation
10 ISoSUD SECOND INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENTTrisakti University, Jakarta July 2011
Freight lift, screw pump
WWTP in Karlsruhe
Biological steps: Activated sludge process
Pre-denitrification and aerobic BOD5
degradationIntermediate clarifyer
11 ISoSUD SECOND INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENTTrisakti University, Jakarta July 2011
Off-gas treatment in a bio-tricklingfilter
WWTP in Karlsruhe
Biological steps: Trickling filter
Nitrification in trickling filters filled with Lava stones
12 ISoSUD SECOND INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENTTrisakti University, Jakarta July 2011
Secondary clarifyer
WWTP in KarlsruheDischarge to river Rhine
13 ISoSUD SECOND INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENTTrisakti University, Jakarta July 2011
Capacity COD N P
Concentration insewage [mg/l]
551 39 7
Freight [kg/d] 61.300 4.341 779
Concentration in theeffluent [mg/l]
46 10.8 0.63
Boundary value [mg/l] 75 13 1
Efficiency [%] 92 72 91
WWTP in KarlsruheCollection of rain water
Collection and treatment of rain water:
14 ISoSUD SECOND INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENTTrisakti University, Jakarta July 2011
Collection and treatment of rain water: 27 stormwater storage basins =Regenrückhaltebecken dischargeinto the sewer system 8 stormwater reservoirs =Regenklärbecken (mechanical treatment) 13 stormwater overflow tanks =Regenüberlaufbecken RÜB
WWTP in Karlsruhe
Treatment of sewage sludge: Aerobic stabilization Anaerobic (mesophilic or thermophilic) stabilization Incineration
Fertilizer
Sludge treatment: Thickener (1.2 % 5 % TS) Mixing condenser (15 oC 55 oC) Addition of polymers
15 ISoSUD SECOND INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENTTrisakti University, Jakarta July 2011
Addition of polymers Zentrifuge 27 % TS Disc dryer 42 % TS Incineration within a fluidized bedkiln at 850 oC, production of
steam 25 bar, 300 oC electricity
Off-gas purification Sludge water wastewatertreatment
Industrial Wastewater
Industrial wastewater treatment
Domestic WWTPIndirect discharge into the WWTP
Sewer System
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Own treatmentprocess
boundary valuesaccording to the typeof industry
ISoSUD SECOND INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENTTrisakti University, Jakarta July 2011
Direct discharge into rivers
Boundary values of wastewater law
Parameter Domestic WWTP* + Industrial WW treatmentIndirect dischargers Direct dischargers**
__________________________________________________________
COD ≤ 75 mg/l <110 / 9 mg/l (kg/t)
BOD5 ≤ 15 mg/l < 25 / 25 mg/l
Total N ≤ 13 mg/l < 18 / 10 mg/l
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Total N ≤ 13 mg/l < 18 / 10 mg/l
NH4-N ≤ 10 mg/l < 10 mg/l
Total P ≤ 0.5 -1 mg/l < 2 / 2 mg/l__________________________________________________________* WWTP with more than 100000 inhabitant eqivalents IE** Depending on the type of industry: Special boundary values exist for different industries.Parameters valid for breweries (Anhang 11) or for paper factory (Anhang 19) Rahmen-Abwasser Verwaltungsvorschrift
ISoSUD SECOND INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENTTrisakti University, Jakarta July 2011
Costs
Domestic WW treatment Industrial WW treatment_____________________________________________________
Every person must pay for the Direct discharge afteramount of consumed drinking treatment in own WWT plant:water = wastewater data not avialable, dependsFees include also treatment on the type of treatmentof rain water
1.20 € per m3
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e.g. Karlsruhe: 1.20 € per m3 Indirect discharge into aGerman average is 2.65 € m3 domestic WWTP:
„Damage Unit DU“ = 35,79 €„DU“
COD 50 kg O2
P 3 kgN 25 kgAOX 2 kgHg 20 g
ISoSUD SECOND INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENTTrisakti University, Jakarta July 2011
Paper factory: StoraEnso Maxau
Data from 2010: 531.320 tons paper (287 Mio € annual sales) 1 ton of paper
needs 3.37 MWh 12.8 m3 water
releases 0.24 kg NOx (SO2, dust)
19 ISoSUD SECOND INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENTTrisakti University, Jakarta July 2011
0.24 kg NOx (SO2, dust) 762 kg fossil CO2
12.3 m3 wastewater 6.551.000 m3 wastewater/a
21840 m3/d (300 d working) 10920 m3 activated sludge basin, 12 h HRT
Data from: http://www.storaenso.com/about-us/mills/germany/maxau-mill/public_statements/Pages/OeffentlicheBerichte.aspx
Paper factory: StoraEnso Maxau
Costs for wastewater treatment according to the pollution data ofproduced wastewater
Parameter Freight [t] „DU“ Costs €
COD 1832 36640 1.311.345 €
Ninorg 14.6 584 20.901 €
Ptot 1.7 567 20.293 €
AOX 0.78 390 13.958 €
20 ISoSUD SECOND INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENTTrisakti University, Jakarta July 2011
AOX 0.78 390 13.958 €
1.366.497 €
Data from: http://www.storaenso.com/about-us/mills/germany/maxau-mill/public_statements/Pages/OeffentlicheBerichte.aspx
Pretreatment of wastewater onsite to reduce COD, N and P with anaerobic fluidized bed reactor: reduction of „DU“ and discharge of pretreated ww to the WWTP aerobic process production of excess sludge incineration onsite saving of costs
Conclusions
National wastewater management depends on a powerful legislation
“Polluter pay prinicple”: every person, the business and industry has tospend money for the treatment of wastewater
The availability of water influences the amount of produced wastewaterand the costs for WWT is the driving force for conserving water
In Germany, more than 93 % of the population is connected to the publicsewer system and to domestic wastewater treatment plants
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The quality of the surface waters in Germany is good because ofeffective WWT
The danger of an outbreak of waterborne infectious disease is low butnot impossible
ISoSUD SECOND INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENTTrisakti University, Jakarta July 2011
EHEC outbreak in GermanyEHEC outbreak in GermanyCountries in the WHO European Region have reported significantnumbers of infections from enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) bacteria,and cases of haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS), to WHO/Europeunder the International Health Regulations, since an outbreak began inGermany in May.
2684 EHEC cases, 12 deaths810 HUS cases, 27 deaths
22 ISoSUD SECOND INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENTTrisakti University, Jakarta July 2011
http://sikizwa.com/de/node/2369
Fälle entsprechend der Referenzdefinition des RKI
Thank you foryour attention
23 ISoSUD SECOND INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENTTrisakti University, Jakarta July 2011