Political Organization Political Organization of Spaceof Space

An IntroductionAn Introduction

Political Concepts in Political Concepts in SpaceSpace

TerritorialityTerritoriality Attempt by individual or group to Attempt by individual or group to

control people, phenomena, and control people, phenomena, and relationships by delimiting and relationships by delimiting and asserting control over a asserting control over a geographic areageographic area

SovereigntySovereignty having the having the ““last saylast say”” (control) over a (control) over a

territory – politically or militarilyterritory – politically or militarily

Territorial integrityTerritorial integrity Ability of a government to control its territoryAbility of a government to control its territory

Political Concepts in Political Concepts in SpaceSpace

Critical Thinking: List Critical Thinking: List Examples of…Examples of…

1.1. StateState

2.2. NationNation

3.3. Nation-StateNation-State

4.4. Multinational StateMultinational State

5.5. Multi-state NationMulti-state Nation

Birth of the Modern StateBirth of the Modern State Peace of Westphalia Peace of Westphalia

(1648)(1648)

Treaty that ended Treaty that ended ““Thirty YearsThirty Years’’ War War””

Clearly defined Clearly defined borders, recognition borders, recognition of statehood, of statehood, guarantees of securityguarantees of security

Territory over peopleTerritory over people

Nation, State, Nation-StateNation, State, Nation-State We often use We often use nationnation, , statestate and and countrycountry

interchangeably, but there are distinctions:interchangeably, but there are distinctions:

NationNation Culturally defined group of people with shared pastCulturally defined group of people with shared past

Nation, Nation, StateState, Nation-, Nation-StateState

StateState A politically A politically

organized territory organized territory withwith A permanent A permanent

populationpopulation

A defined A defined territoryterritory

A governmentA government

Nation, State, Nation-StateNation, State, Nation-State

Nation-StateNation-State A politically A politically

organized area organized area where nation and where nation and state occupy the state occupy the same spacesame space

European ModelEuropean Model

Diffusion of Nation-StateDiffusion of Nation-State

European colonialismEuropean colonialism ColonialismColonialism

Rule by an autonomous power of a Rule by an autonomous power of a subordinate powersubordinate power

Often creates unequal cultural and economic Often creates unequal cultural and economic relationsrelations

Two wavesTwo waves 1616thth Century – Americas Century – Americas 1919thth Century – Africa/Asia Century – Africa/Asia

Diffusion of Nation-StateDiffusion of Nation-State

Colonial administrationColonial administration Europeans replicate political organization of Europeans replicate political organization of

home countryhome country Administrative regions survive as Administrative regions survive as

independent states todayindependent states today

Often, colonial borders have little to do Often, colonial borders have little to do with ethnicity or national identitywith ethnicity or national identity

DemocracyDemocracy

People, rather than People, rather than monarchy or monarchy or colonizer, are colonizer, are ultimate sovereignultimate sovereign

Nation is Nation is associated with associated with statestate

Types of StatesTypes of States

Multinational Multinational StateState

More than one More than one nation in its nation in its bordersborders

Multistate NationMultistate Nation

When a nationWhen a nation’’s boundaries cross two or more s boundaries cross two or more statesstates

Stateless NationStateless Nation A people (nation) without a state of their A people (nation) without a state of their

ownown

EnclaveEnclave

A nation or state A nation or state completely completely surrounded by surrounded by another stateanother state

Lesotho in South Lesotho in South AfricaAfrica

Any enclaves in the Any enclaves in the United States?United States?

Enclaves in AmericaEnclaves in America

ExclaveExclave Part of a nation or Part of a nation or

state that is not state that is not connected to the connected to the rest of the staterest of the state

Kaliningrad, RussiaKaliningrad, Russia

Are there any US Are there any US exclaves?exclaves?

American ExclavesAmerican Exclaves

CapitalismCapitalism Dominant economic Dominant economic systemsystem

Market for goods and Market for goods and services determines services determines allocationallocation

CommodificationCommodification Placing monetary value Placing monetary value

on all thingson all things

Capitalist World SystemCapitalist World System

Immanuel Wallerstein (1987)Immanuel Wallerstein (1987) In a capitalist world you will have three In a capitalist world you will have three

tiers of states:tiers of states: CoreCore

Greater wealth; high technologyGreater wealth; high technology

PeripheryPeriphery Poor; low technologyPoor; low technology

Semi-peripherySemi-periphery MixMix