pollination, wildflowers, and importance of beneficial insects · pollination, wildflowers, and...

18
12/9/2016 1 Pollination, Wildflowers, and Importance of Beneficial Insects Andy Waltke, M.S. Creighton University Common Soil Seed Library Lecture Series Pollination: Important Terms Pollination – the process of transferring pollen from the male to the female reproductive parts of the flower Pollinator – organism that transfers pollen between flowers, is rewarded with nectar Self Pollination – flowers that complete pollination inside the flowers before they open and are visited but do not need pollinators Solanaceae, most peas/beans and lettuces

Upload: others

Post on 29-May-2020

9 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Pollination, Wildflowers, and Importance of Beneficial Insects · Pollination, Wildflowers, and Importance of Beneficial Insects Andy Waltke, M.S. Creighton University Common Soil

12/9/2016

1

Pollination, Wildflowers, and Importance of Beneficial Insects

Andy Waltke, M.S.

Creighton University

Common Soil Seed Library Lecture Series

Pollination:  Important Terms• Pollination – the process of transferring pollen  from the male to the female reproductive  parts of the flower

• Pollinator – organism that transfers pollen between flowers, is rewarded with nectar

• Self Pollination – flowers that complete  pollination inside the flowers before they  open and are visited but do not need  pollinators• Solanaceae, most peas/beans and lettuces

Page 2: Pollination, Wildflowers, and Importance of Beneficial Insects · Pollination, Wildflowers, and Importance of Beneficial Insects Andy Waltke, M.S. Creighton University Common Soil

12/9/2016

2

Modes of Pollination

• BIOTIC – needing another organism to complete pollination• About 80% of all flowering plants

• ABIOTIC – without intervention by life• Wind – grasses, most conifers, many trees

• Water – aquatic plants• Typically are not fragrant…no need to attract pollinators

Flower Anatomy

Page 3: Pollination, Wildflowers, and Importance of Beneficial Insects · Pollination, Wildflowers, and Importance of Beneficial Insects Andy Waltke, M.S. Creighton University Common Soil

12/9/2016

3

Seeds from “Open Pollination”

• Seeds that will breed true or represent parents

• NOT the result of a controlled cross of plants

• Seeds pollinated by a natural means

• Why you want to space varieties apart from one another if you want “the seed to breed true”• Otherwise pollen from say 5 types of basil will all be mixed by pollinators if in close proximity 

Page 4: Pollination, Wildflowers, and Importance of Beneficial Insects · Pollination, Wildflowers, and Importance of Beneficial Insects Andy Waltke, M.S. Creighton University Common Soil

12/9/2016

4

Pollinators• Some 150‐200k species worldwide,  most insects

• Bees and some Wasps

• Moths/Butterflies

• Flies• Beetles

• About 1500 bird &

Mammal species• Hummingbirds

• Bats• Small Mammals

Diversity of Pollinators (Night to Day)

Page 5: Pollination, Wildflowers, and Importance of Beneficial Insects · Pollination, Wildflowers, and Importance of Beneficial Insects Andy Waltke, M.S. Creighton University Common Soil

12/9/2016

5

Good Bugs ‐ Bees

• Bees ‐ All bees gather and feed on nectar and pollen, which distinguishes them from wasps and hornets. 

• As they forage for food, bees transfer stray grains of pollen from flower to flower and pollinate the blooms. 

• There are some 20,000 species of bees worldwide, and nearly 5,000 in North America

Plant Adaptations

• Plants adapt to advertise to specific  pollinators through flower characteristics!

• Color

• Shape

• Scent

• Timing

Page 6: Pollination, Wildflowers, and Importance of Beneficial Insects · Pollination, Wildflowers, and Importance of Beneficial Insects Andy Waltke, M.S. Creighton University Common Soil

12/9/2016

6

Flower Adaptations• Flower color – white for moths or bats at  night, yellow is best for bees or insects

• Flower shape – long and skinny for  hummingbirds or moths, and flat for bees• very diverse in orchids (27,800 species)

• Flower scent – often attracts a single species  or group of organisms, • other plants have lost the need for fragrance

• Timing – open at night or day or in different  seasons

ant eception!

• Ophrys Orchids• Flowers have 

evolved to look like their bee pollinators!

• No nectar, the bee is tricked into having sex with the flower to pollinate it!

Page 7: Pollination, Wildflowers, and Importance of Beneficial Insects · Pollination, Wildflowers, and Importance of Beneficial Insects Andy Waltke, M.S. Creighton University Common Soil

12/9/2016

7

Bee Vision

• Plant adaptations go beyond what the eye can see…Most bees and insects can see into the UV spectrum of light.

• So plants respond by essentially making unseen targets to attract pollinators!

Adaptations for Mammal Pollinators

• Pradosia in the family Sapotaceae

Massive trees with tiny white flowers on top

Much smaller trees with scented red flowers on trunk

Page 8: Pollination, Wildflowers, and Importance of Beneficial Insects · Pollination, Wildflowers, and Importance of Beneficial Insects Andy Waltke, M.S. Creighton University Common Soil

12/9/2016

8

Coevolution

• Plants and insects evolving together becoming interdependent upon one another for reproduction.  

• Frequently when one species is lost the other will go extinct

• Flower adaptations restrict what pollinators can access nectar and hence complete pollination

Coevolution of Species

• Obligate pollinators – “with necessity”

• Creates host and pollinator relationships

• Exemplifies the importance of ecology!

• Examples:• Yucca moth

• Brazil Nut Ecology

Page 9: Pollination, Wildflowers, and Importance of Beneficial Insects · Pollination, Wildflowers, and Importance of Beneficial Insects Andy Waltke, M.S. Creighton University Common Soil

12/9/2016

9

Yucca moth and plant

• Only female moth with modified mouthparts to successfully transfer pollen between flowers

• Lays eggs in ovary of flower and larvae can only live off Yucca seeds

• Without moth these plants could not complete cross pollination• Without the seeds, the moth could not complete its life cycle!

Yucca filamentosa

Moth in Flower

Holes from larvae

Page 10: Pollination, Wildflowers, and Importance of Beneficial Insects · Pollination, Wildflowers, and Importance of Beneficial Insects Andy Waltke, M.S. Creighton University Common Soil

12/9/2016

10

Brazil Nuts• Brazil nuts are the most valuable annual crop in the Amazon beyond timber.

• In 2014, Bolivia alone had $175 million in exports 

• Massive emergent trees in the tropics!

Brazil Nut Ecology

• Pollinated by Neotropical Euglossine bees, and a few other large bodied solitary bees.

• Annual crops are completely dependent upon these bees

Page 11: Pollination, Wildflowers, and Importance of Beneficial Insects · Pollination, Wildflowers, and Importance of Beneficial Insects Andy Waltke, M.S. Creighton University Common Soil

12/9/2016

11

Euglossine Bees • Large bees are the only bugs capable of entering pollen area of Brazil nut flowers

• Males bees need scent from specific orchids to court females and complete their lifecycle

• Solitary, so cannot move hives for plantations, MUST move plantations!

• Also pollinate vanilla orchids!

• Metallic and with long tongue

Therefore…

• Without the bees, there are no Brazil nuts!

• BUT without the orchids there will be no bees!

• The trees therefore DEPEND on the orchids!

• With enough disturbance and clear cutting, the sensitive orchids will not replenish in time or have large trees to grow in• Or orchids may be too far from trees to matter

Page 12: Pollination, Wildflowers, and Importance of Beneficial Insects · Pollination, Wildflowers, and Importance of Beneficial Insects Andy Waltke, M.S. Creighton University Common Soil

12/9/2016

12

Pollinators Are At Risk!

Chemical exposure and habitat loss!

Page 13: Pollination, Wildflowers, and Importance of Beneficial Insects · Pollination, Wildflowers, and Importance of Beneficial Insects Andy Waltke, M.S. Creighton University Common Soil

12/9/2016

13

WHY IMPORTANT?

Beyond Pollination…Good Bugs

• Insect predators of other pest bugs!

• Ladybugs, lacewings, spiders, mantids, & wasps!

Page 14: Pollination, Wildflowers, and Importance of Beneficial Insects · Pollination, Wildflowers, and Importance of Beneficial Insects Andy Waltke, M.S. Creighton University Common Soil

12/9/2016

14

Green Lacewings

Lacewing Eggs!

Pollinator Friendly Practices• Use native plants and avoid hybrids as pollen,  nectar or scent production may have been lost

• Provide a variety of flower shapes and colors for  different pollinators

• Plant many flower types to bloom spring to fall and  plant those in clusters not singly

• Leave patches of bare earth (water/minerals)

• Build a bee condo or leave out limbs for shelter

• Provide shallow water dishes with rocks!

Page 15: Pollination, Wildflowers, and Importance of Beneficial Insects · Pollination, Wildflowers, and Importance of Beneficial Insects Andy Waltke, M.S. Creighton University Common Soil

12/9/2016

15

Pollinator Checklist

• Food• Need flowers for nectar (diverse and all season)• Need bare soil for minerals/water

• Water• Shallow water dishes so they do not drown

• Shelter• Bug hotels, brush piles or stacked logs

Lacewing Hotel

Page 16: Pollination, Wildflowers, and Importance of Beneficial Insects · Pollination, Wildflowers, and Importance of Beneficial Insects Andy Waltke, M.S. Creighton University Common Soil

12/9/2016

16

Insect Hotels

Insect Water Dishes

Shallow water bowl with rocks or marbles so the insects do not drown!

Page 17: Pollination, Wildflowers, and Importance of Beneficial Insects · Pollination, Wildflowers, and Importance of Beneficial Insects Andy Waltke, M.S. Creighton University Common Soil

12/9/2016

17

Favorite Plants of Pollinators

• Bees: daisies, asters, sunflowers, salvia, mint, lavender

• Hummingbirds: trumpet vine, honeysuckle, hollyhocks, sage

• Butterflies: zinnia, echinaceae, black‐eyed Susan, coreopsis

• Etc…

Favorite Pollinator Plants

• Wildflowers but also…

• In particular the:• Aster Family (Asteraceae)

• Mint Family (Lamiaceae)

• Carrot Family (Apiaceae)

Page 18: Pollination, Wildflowers, and Importance of Beneficial Insects · Pollination, Wildflowers, and Importance of Beneficial Insects Andy Waltke, M.S. Creighton University Common Soil

12/9/2016

18

In conclusion

• Begin to think about and cultivate and complete food web in your backyard garden! There is so much nature to be had!

• Pollination shows the millions of adaptations and relationships plants have created in the natural world to complete their survival.

• They show the interconnectedness of nature but also point to blatant future vulnerabilities if action is not taken to help these vital creatures out! 

Further Resources

• Wikipedia – greatt hub of information related to pollination, pollinators and further reading!

• Xerces Society (www.xerces.org/fact‐sheets/)• Resources tab of page

• Pollinator Partnership (www.pollinator.org/)

Prairie Parkland Province• Download Planting Guide