wind pollinated monocots, pollination biologycourses.washington.edu/bot113/summer/lectnotes/... ·...
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Wind pollinated monocots, pollination biology
Orchidaceae Araceae Liliaceae Iridaceae
Cyperaceae Juncaceae Poaceae
Monocot phylogeny
Animal pollinated Wind pollinated
Wind pollination
• flowers exposed/appear before leaves • flowers often unisexual • large numbers of small flowers, densely packed (eg. spikelets) • individual flowers small and inconspicuous • large quantities of pollen produced • large feathery stigmas facilitate pollen capture
Photo by Pam Fray
Wind pollination
• flowers exposed/appear before leaves • flowers often unisexual • large numbers of small flowers, densely packed (eg. spikelets) • individual flowers small and inconspicuous • large quantities of pollen produced • large feathery stigmas facilitate pollen capture
(Graham et al. 2006)
Monocot phylogeny
6 genera, 400 species (Juncus, Luzula) Habit: Stems: Leaves:
Juncaceae
Juncus dichotomous Luzula multiflora
Herbaceous, aquatic or terrestrial
Round, solid pith
3-ranked, open sheath
Symmetry: Perianth parts: Stamens: Pistils: Ovary position: Fruit type:
Juncaceae
radial
6 tepals
6
1, compound (3 carpels)
superior
capsule
104 genera, 4,500 species Habit: Stems: Leaves:
Cyperaceae
Herbaceous, aquatic or terrestrial
Triangular, solid or hollow
3-ranked, closed sheath
Inflorescence:
Cyperaceae
Spikelet, subtended by a single bract
Cyperaceae
Symmetry: Perianth parts: Stamens: Pistils: Ovary position: Fruit type:
radial
Absent or reduced
1-3
1, compound (2-3 carpels)
superior
achene perigynium*
650 genera, 9,700 species
Habit: Stems: Leaves:
Note: Alternate family names with an -ae ending are accepted for a few families.
Poaceae (Gramineae)
Herbaceous
Round, hollow, jointed
2-ranked, open sheath
Poaceae (Gramineae)
Oryza sativa
Poaceae (Gramineae)
Triticum aestivum
Poaceae (Gramineae)
Zea mays
Poaceae (Gramineae)
Inflorescence: Spikelet, subtended by two bracts
palea*
lemma*
glumes*
floret*spikelet*
Poaceae (Gramineae)
Symmetry: Perianth parts: Stamens: Pistils: Ovary position: Fruit type:
bilateral
Absent or reduced
3
1, compound (2-3 carpels)
superior
caryopsis
Poaceae Cyperaceae Juncaceae
Perianth reduced to lodicules
reduced to bristles
6 tepals
Stem jointed, round, and usually hollow
triangular, solid or hollow
round, solid
Ligule present usually no ligule, but Carex is exception
absent
Fruit caryopsis achene capsule
Grasses vs. sedges vs. rushes
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/grseru2.gif
Grasses vs. sedges vs. rushes
Pollination biology
Biotic vs. Abiotic
High efficiency
High specificity
Low pollen/ovule ratio
Greater diversification
Low efficiency
Low specificity
High pollen/ovule ratio
Less diversification
Syndrome: suite of traits, developmentally unlinked, which are all related to a particular function
Pollination biology
Pollination biology
Buzz pollination • flowers pendant • anthers opening by terminal pores • pollen dislodged by sonication • often pollen reward
Moth pollination • flowers often white, with strong fragrance • flowers open in the evening • nectar reward • flowers often long and tubular
Pollination biology
Carrion fly pollination • flowers red-purple, or brown • flowers often close to the ground • strong odor, like decomposing flesh
Pollination biology
Pollination biology
Hummingbird pollination • flowers red, with tubular corollas • flowers exposed, on long inflorescence • large quantity of sugar-rich nectar