welcome to biol 317 – plant identification and...

•  Please take 10 minutes to complete the green worksheet.

•  This will get you thinking about plant

diversity (it’s not graded)!

•  Pass it down to the front when you’re done.

Class exercise – entry quiz

Welcome to BIOL 317 – Plant Identification and Classification!

Biol 317: Plant Classification & Identification Spring 2014

Instructor: Dr. Pat Lu-Irving Office: 408 Hitchcock Office hours: Tue & Wed, 10-11am (or by appointment) Email: [email protected] TAs: John Chau (AA/AC)

Cameron Newell (AB/AD) Elisha Harris (AE/AF)

Peer TAs: Jesus Martinez-Gomez (AA)

Andrew Lee (AB) Rachael Whitehead (AC/AD) Divya Ramachandra (AE) Ben Meersman (AF)

Class website: http://courses.washington.edu/bot113/

Learn about plant diversity, with focus on the angiosperm flora of Washington state.

Course objectives

Most land plants are flowering plants

There are approximately 300,000 species of angiosperms, with 3,000 occurring in WA

WA natives

Incl. grasses, roses, lilies, daisies; producing both flowers and fruits

Compare with mammals: only 5,500 on Earth

Understand the principles and philosophy of plant classification.

Course objectives

In modern classification, our goal is to recognize monophyletic groups

Monocots

Eudicots

Knowledge of phylogeny is vital to plant classification

Course objectives

Identify 40 important plant families by sight. Key unknown plants to species using published floras.

Orchidaceae Araceae

Ericaceae Boraginaceae

Corallorhiza maculata Lysichiton americanus

Elliottia pyroliflora Myosotis sylvatica

Knowledge of morphology is vital to plant identification

sepal

stem

leaf

corolla

stamen

ovary

Course objectives

Gain a greater appreciation for nature, and your connection with it. Triticum aestivum Hevea brasiliensis

Saccharum officinarum

Erythroxylum coca

Wheat flour Natural rubber

Cane sugar

Course objectives

Gain a greater appreciation for nature, and your connection with it.

Today’s lecture

Nomenclature and classification

Nomenclature

“potato”

papas

pomme de terre

kartoffel

patate

감자

��

��

aardappel картофель

πατάτα

البطاطس

आल#

viazi

ziemniaki

“spud”

Solanum tuberosum

Nomenclature

Solanum tuberosum Ipomoea batatas

�potato� = Solanum tuberosum, Dioscorea bulbifera, Apios americana, Dioscorea batatas, Solanopteris bifrons, Plectranthus rotundifolius, Allium cepa, Gastrodia sesamoides, Ipomoea batatas, Solanum macranthum, Ipomoea pandurata, Solanum jasminoides, Dioscorea esculenta (Mabberley, 1997 – The Plant Book)

“potato”

Nomenclature

“cedar”

Cedrus deodara Thuja plicata

India Washington

Binomial nomenclature Genus + species epithet = scientific name

Carl von Linné, AKA Carolus Linnaeus Species Plantarum (1753)

Latin binomial nomenclature

Cedrus deodara

Thuja plicata

Solanum tuberosum

Ipomoea batatas

Triticum aestivum

Hevea brasiliensis


Erythroxylum coca

Corallorhiza maculata

Lysichiton americanus

Elliottia pyroliflora

Myosotis sylvatica

Carolus Linnaeus, detail of a portrait by Alexander Roslin, 1775; in the Svenska Porträttarkivet, Stockholm.

Homo sapiens





Cedrus deodara

Thuja plicata

Solanum tuberosum

Ipomoea batatas

Triticum aestivum

Hevea brasiliensis


Erythroxylum coca




Myosotis sylvatica Homo sapiens

Genus = a group of species





Cedrus deodara

Thuja plicata

Solanum tuberosum

Ipomoea batatas

Triticum aestivum

Hevea brasiliensis


Erythroxylum coca




Myosotis sylvatica Homo sapiens

Species epithet = an identifier that is unique within a genus




Latin binomial nomenclature: species name

C. deodara

T. plicata

S. tuberosum

I. batatas

T. aestivum

H. brasiliensis

S. officinarum

E. coca

C. maculata

L. americanus

E. pyroliflora

M. sylvatica H. sapiens

The genus in a binomial name is sometimes abbreviated

Class exercise – classification

What is Classification? The sorting of things into groups and the assigning of names to those groups. As an area of Biology: Taxonomy, defining groups of organisms based on shared characteristics. A taxon (plural: taxa) is any group thus named.

Classification

Classification (taxonomy) may be considered a sub-discipline of Systematics

Heirarchical system of ranks Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primates Family Hominidae Genus Homo Species H. sapiens Carolus Linnaeus, detail of a portrait

by Alexander Roslin, 1775; in the Svenska Porträttarkivet, Stockholm.

Carl von Linné, AKA Carolus Linnaeus Systema Naturae (1735)

Linnean taxonomy

H. sapiens

Allows us to organize and communicate about biodiversity

Kingdom Plantae Phylum (Division) Magnoliophyta Class Magnoliopsida

Order Solanales Family Solanaceae Genus Solanum Species Solanum tuberosum L.

Linnean taxonomy

Define and name sets of nested groups

Kingdom Plantae Phylum (Division) Pinophyta Class Pinopsida

Order Pinales Family Cupressaceae Genus Thuja Species Thuja plicata Donn

Solanum tuberosum

Thuja plicata

Kingdom Plantae Phylum (Division) Magnoliophyta Class Magnoliopsida

Order Solanales Family Solanaceae Genus Solanum Species Solanum tuberosum L.

Linnean taxonomy

Kingdom Plantae Phylum (Division) Pinophyta Class Pinopsida

Order Pinales Family Cupressaceae Genus Thuja Species Thuja plicata Donn

Solanum tuberosum

Thuja plicata

Define and name sets of nested groups

Kingdom Plantae Phylum Magnoliophyta Class Magnoliopsida

Subclass Asteridae Order Solanales Family Solanaceae Subfamily Solanoideae Tribe Solaneae Genus Solanum Species Solanum tuberosum L. Subspecies S. tuberosum ssp. andigena

Linnean taxonomy

Solanum tuberosum

Ranks can be subdivided, allowing for some flexibility

Species Plantarum (1753): sexual system

Used floral sex organs as the basis for classification Genera were grouped into classes according to number of stamens Classes were grouped into orders according to number of styles

Linnean taxonomy

Artificial classification: Does not correspond with evolutionary relationship

1837 notebook

Natural vs. artificial classification

On the Origin of Species, 1859

Charles Darwin On the Origin of Species (1859)

Charles Darwin photo by Leonard Darwin, 1874. From Woodall, 1884: Transactions of the Shropshire Archaeological Society

“all true classification is genealogical”

Natural vs. artificial classification

Artificial classification: Does not correspond with evolutionary relationship

Natural classification: Representative of evolutionary relationship

Allows comparison of equivalent units Invests names with predictive power

Giseke, 1792

History of plant classification

Linnaeus, 1753

Bessey, 1915


Takhtajan, 1967


Heirarchical grouping of taxa according to authority Natural or artificial, subjective

Cronquist, 1981

Phylogenetic classification

Chase et al., 1993; APG II, III – classification based on phylogeny inferred from DNA sequences (rbcL)

Heirarchical grouping of taxa according to phylogenetic relationships Natural, objective, and transparent

Phylogeny = the pattern of evolutionary relationships among species, their descent from common ancestors

What is phylogeny?

“… the great Tree of Life, which fills with its dead and broken branches the crust of the earth, and covers the surface with its ever-branching and beautiful ramifications.” Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species (1859)

Haeckel, 1866 Haeckel, 1874 Heinrich Bronn, 1858 Augustin Augier, 1801

welcome to biol 317 – plant identification and...

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