salicaceae fagaceae betulaceae - university of...
TRANSCRIPT
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Rosids (fabids part II), plant biogeography
Today’s lecture
• Salicaceae • Fagaceae • Betulaceae
– Class exercise
• Biogeography – Exam review
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Soltis et al., 2011
Monocots'
ANITA'grade'
Magnoliids'
Ranunculaceae'
Caryophyllales'
Saxifragales'
Rosids'
Angiosperm phylogeny
Basal eudicots
Asterids Rosids
Eudicots (Tricolpates)
Angiosperm phylogeny
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Rosids
Rosids
2 genera; 435 species as narrowly defined (sensu stricto) (Populus, Salix) Habit: Leaves:
Salicaceae s.s.
Woody trees or shrubs
Simple, alternate Salicoid teeth Deciduous
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Salicaceae s.s.
2 genera; 435 species
Salix spp. Dioecious
Salicaceae s.s.
Symmetry: Perianth parts: Stamens: Pistils: Ovary position: Fruit type:
Radial
absent
2-4; male plants with catkins
1 compound pistil (2-4 carpels, many-seeded) female plants with catkins
Superior
Capsule, seeds hairy
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Manos and Steele 1997
No nectaries
Unisexual flowers with reduced perianth Inferior ovary with 1 or 2 ovules per locule Indehiscent fruits
Fagales
Betulaceae
Fagaceae Monoecious
9 genera; 900 species Habit: Leaves:
Fagaceae
Woody trees or shrubs
Simple, alternate Lobed or entire Deciduous or evergreen
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Fagaceae
Castanea spp.
Symmetry: Perianth parts: Stamens: Pistils: Ovary position: Fruit type:
Radial
Usually 6 tepals inconspicuous
4-40; staminate flowers in catkins
1 compound pistil (usually 3 carpels) pistillate flowers solitary
Inferior
Nut cupule (involucre)
Fagaceae
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Fagaceae
6 genera, 157 species Habit: Leaves:
Betulaceae
Woody trees or shrubs
Simple, alternate Margins doubly serrate Deciduous
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Betulaceae
Corylus spp.
Betulaceae
Symmetry: Perianth parts: Stamens: Pistils: Ovary position: Fruit type:
Radial
1-4 tepals, or none inconspicuous
4; staminate flowers in catkins
1 compound pistil (2 carpels); pistillate flowers in catkins
Inferior
achene, samara
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The age of European exploration
Ortelius world map, 1564
Biogeography
Patterns of geographic variation in nature What are the processes which result in
these patterns?
Biotic assemblages vary according to climate and environment; Environmentally similar regions that are isolated from one another have distinct biotic assemblages (Buffon s Law)
Ecological Biogeography
Historical Biogeography
Biogeography
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Maple Cherry Wattle
Rhododendron Dahlia
Iris
Protea Peony
Orchid
Washington state (USA), China, Brazil, Mexico, Australia, France, Japan, South Africa, Canada
Class exercise – biogeography
Global plant diversity Biogeography
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Short timescales, functional groups (communities), environmental constraints (niches)
How does the environment influence plant assemblages?
WA ecological biogeography
Ecological Biogeography
Spokane
Ellensburg Mt. Rainier
Steven s Pass
Snoqualmie Pass Tacoma
WA ecological biogeography
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Alpine and subalpine: high elevation, short, cool growing season
Shrub-steppe: sagebrush, low rainfall
Temperate rainforest: epiphytes, >2m of rainfall per year
Montane and lowland forest: forest canopy, med-low elevation, med-long growing season
WA ecological biogeography
NOAA Satellite and Information service, 1961 - 1990 Mean annual precipitation
WA ecological biogeography
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NOAA Satellite and Information service, 1961 - 1990 Minimum winter temperature
WA ecological biogeography
NOAA Satellite and Information service, 1961 - 1990 Maximum summer temperature
WA ecological biogeography
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Shrub-steppe Lowland and montane forest
Alpine
Alpine Rainforest
Rainforest
WA ecological biogeography
Long timescales, taxonomic groups (clades), biogeographic events
How do patterns in geographic distributions arise?
Historical Biogeography
A B
C
A B C
A B
C
Dispersal
Vicariance
WA historical biogeography
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Mesic coniferous forest of the Pacific Northwest Climax Tsuga heterophylla and Thuja plicata; cedar-hemlock zone Western slopes of the Cascades, narrow band on the east, northern Rockies to Clearwater Disjunction between same spp. In the Cascades (coast) and Rockies (inland)
WA historical biogeography
WA historical biogeography
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Cascades
Rockies
Salix melanopsis
Pinus albicaulis
Sullivan lab, U Idaho
WA historical biogeography
Dispersal or vicariance?
Dispersal Rockies to Cascades via a northern route
Carstens et al, 2005
WA historical biogeography
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Summary Patterns in the geographic distributions of different kinds of organisms; The processes behind those patterns: Ecological biogeography Historical biogeography
Proof illustration entitled Characteristic Mammals of a Canadian Forest for Wallace's book “The Geographical Distribution of Animals”, dated 1876. British Natural History Museum.
WA historical biogeography