1.3

1.3.1 (Polymer)

PPoollyymmeerr == PPoollyy (()) ++ mmeerr (())

MMaaccrroommoolleeccuulleess == MMaaccrroo (()) ++ mmoolleeccuullee(())

(polymer)

. .

(macromolecule) .

1.3.2 (Monomer) (Polymerization)

(monomer) (polymer) ,

,

(polymerization) .

MMoonnoommeerr == MMoonnoo (()) ++ mmeerr (())

(Dimer), 3 (Trimer),,,

, ~ (Oligomer) .

DDiimmeerr == DDii (()) ++ mmeerr,, TTrriimmeerr == TTrrii (()) ++ mmeerr

OOlliiggoommeerr == OOlliiggoo (()) ++ mmeerr

(polymer) , ~

. , .

2 (function group) , 2

, 3

.

C-C-C-C

2 .

:: 22 C=C CC CC

:: +A-B- +A-B

- +A-B

- +A-B

-

1. : ,

2. : (+) (-), (amphoteric

monomer)

1.3.3

(main chain)

(side chain) . (end groups) .

H R H H H H R H

A-C-C-C-C------C-C-C-C-B

H H H R H H R H R: -(CH2)n

p3 ,

: Polyethylene

1.3.4

,

.

, ,

. (

) Poly . , () .

(ethylene) (polyethylene), (styrene)

(polystyrene), (vinyl chloride)

(poly(vinyl chloride)) .

poly , (bonding group) . *(ester)

(polyester), **(peptide) (polypeptide) .

(Polyethylene) .

( polyethylene )

CH2=CH2 -CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2- -[-CH2-]n-

[ ]- , n [] .

.

.

.

(protein) (polypeptide).

( polypeptide )

R O H R O |

nH2N-C-COH -[-N-C-C-]n-+ nH2O

H H

*

Ester , . **

Peptide amide group (CONH-) .

1.4

1.4.1

DNA, ,

.

1832 cellulose nitrate .

1839 ,

. 1970 (camphor)

(celluloid) .

,

1884 Viscose Rayon . cellophane

.

1832, cellulose nitrate 1839, Vulcanized rubber () 1870, Celloloid: cellulose 1884, Rayon (viscose process; cellophane)

(synthetic polymer) 1905 phenol-formaldehyde

,

. 1916 2,3-dimethylbutadiene

methyl rubber .

1920 2

, 1 .

1930 ,

.

Dupont

Wallace Carothers 1934 nylon .

, , ,

,

.

1905, phenol-formaldehyde Resin 1934, Nylon, Polyester

,

,

.

1.4.2

.

Case:

Polystyrene

PET

Poly(vinyl chloride)

Filter

Polycarbonate

Polyethyleneterephthalate (PET)

Thickener: hydroxyethyl cellulose

Conditioner: silicones

NylonPE

: Polypropylene,

microwave:

Poly(ether sulfones)

Hair spray: Polyvinylpyrrolidone

Cellulose & Nylon

PET Composites: Graphite Fiber

Nylon

T-shirts: cellulose

Polybutadiene

Polycarbonate Polyisoprene

: ABS resin

Tire cord:

Nylon, PET,

Kevlar, Metal

side: Polyisoprene

outer: SBS

inner: Polyisobutylene

cellulose

Nylon

Polystyrene

Epoxy resin

HIPS

Polypropylene

Melamine-formaldehyde resinPET

PE

ChloroprenePolydicyclopentadien

Polyisoprene

Polyurethane

& Kevlar

PVC

Nylon

Nylon

SBSPolyurethane

Gore-Tex:

PTFE and Polyurethane

PE

Ionomer,

Thermoplastic

elastomer

Polyurethane

Nylon

Carbon Fiber or

Titanum Fiber

Medical Biomaterials

PAN

PE+PU

Ti

PHEMA PU

PCL+Si

PVA

PLA

Cellulose

PMMA+Ti alloy

2.

2.1

2.1.1

.

Cellulose, Protein, Rubber,

, Silk ,

, , , Asphalt,

.

, , ,

,

Polysilicate, Polysulfurnitride, graphite

.

2.1.2

() , , ,

, .

,

,

.

(bulk)

, .

(a) ( Linear polymers )

2 .

(b) ( Branched polymers )

3 2

.

,

.

.

(c) ( Network polymers )

3

3 .

( Ladder polymers )

.

, ,

,

.

.

, ,

.

( Starburst polymers )

,

(sphere) .

( Cyclo polymers )

(tenacity)

.

2.1.3

, ,

(thermoplastic) (thermosetting) .

( Thermoplastic )

, .

(PE), (PVC),

(PET), (PS)

, .

( Thermosetting )

. , , ,

, .

2.1.4

( homopolymer ) (a) , -aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa-

( copolymer ) ,

.

- (Alternating copolymer) (a b) : -ababababababababababab-

- (Block copolymer) (a b) , -aaaaaaaabbbbbbbaaaaaaa-

- (Random copolymer) (a b) , -aabaabbbabaabbabbbaaab-

p62

- (Graft copolymer) (a) (b) ,

-aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa- b b b b b b b b b b bbbb

- (Crosslinked copolymer) (a) (b) ,

-aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa- b b b bbbbb b b

-aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa-

,

,

.

poly () ,

(ab)

co- .

, poly(a-co-b) .

, poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile)

block- , graft- .

, poly(styrene-block-butadiene)