polymeric materials for aerospace power and propulsion an
TRANSCRIPT
Polymeric Materials for Aerospace Power and Propulsion An Overview of Polymers Related Research at NASA Glenn
Michael A. Meador Chief, Polymeric Materials Branch Materials and Structures Division
NASA Glenn Research Center Cleveland, Ohio 44135 Phone: (216) 433-9518
E-mail: [email protected]
Weight, durability and performance are all major concerns for any NASA mission. Use of lightweight materials, such as fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites can lead to significant reductions in vehicle weight and improvements in vehicle performance. Research in the Polymeric Materials Branch at NASA Glenn is focused on improving the durability, properties, processability and performance of polymeric materials by utilizing both conventional polymer science and engineering as well as nanotechnology and bio-inspired approaches. This presentation will provide an overview of these efforts and highlight recent progress.
1
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Pol
ymer
ic M
ater
ials
for A
eros
pace
Pow
er a
nd
Pro
puls
ion
Ove
rvie
w o
f Pol
ymer
Res
earc
h at
NA
SA
Gle
nn
Hig
h Te
mpl
e X
XV
IIS
edon
a, A
ZFe
brua
ry 1
2-15
, 200
7
Mic
hael
A. M
eado
r(2
16) 4
33-9
518
Mic
hael
.A.M
eado
r@na
sa.g
ov
2
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Lith
ium
/Pol
ymer
B
atte
ries
Fuel
Cel
ls
Pol
ymer
s fo
r Aer
ospa
ce P
ower
and
P
ropu
lsio
n
Prop
ulsi
on
Nan
otec
hnol
ogy
16 n
m
3
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Aer
onau
tics
Res
truct
urin
g at
NA
SA
•N
ew A
ssoc
iate
Adm
inis
trato
r, D
r. Li
sa P
orte
r (D
AR
PA
), ap
poin
ted
in 2
006
•C
hang
ing
focu
s fro
m d
evel
opin
g te
chno
logi
es fo
r a s
peci
fic
vehi
cle
–Fe
elin
g th
at w
orki
ng to
war
d a
sing
le “p
oint
des
ign”
is n
ot th
e be
st
use
of N
AS
A re
sour
ces
–C
onst
ruct
ion
of d
emon
stra
tor v
ehic
les
is e
xpen
sive
•A
ssoc
iate
Adm
inis
trato
r wan
ts to
dev
elop
gen
eric
tech
nolo
gies
th
at c
an s
uppo
rt de
velo
pmen
t of a
spe
cific
cla
ss o
f veh
icle
s an
dcr
oss-
cutti
ng a
reas
–S
ubso
nics
-Fi
xed
and
Rot
ary
Win
g–
Sup
erso
nics
–H
yper
soni
cs–
IVH
M, A
ging
Airc
raft,
IRA
C•
Look
ing
for g
reat
er c
ost-s
hare
d pa
rtner
ing
with
indu
stry
•
Usi
ng N
RA
as
the
prim
ary
(onl
y) v
ehic
le fo
r gra
nts
and
cont
ract
s
4
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
GR
C P
olym
eric
Mat
eria
ls R
esea
rch
Effo
rts in
A
eron
autic
s•
Sub
soni
c R
otar
y W
ing
Airc
raft
–M
ultif
unct
iona
l mat
eria
ls fo
r aco
ustic
dam
ping
•S
ubso
nic
Fixe
d W
ing
Airc
raft
–M
ultif
unct
iona
l mat
eria
ls fo
r ultr
alig
htw
eigh
tbal
listic
impa
ct
prot
ectio
n–
Ada
ptiv
e m
ater
ials
for t
ip-c
lear
ance
sea
ls•
Sup
erso
nics
–R
TM p
roce
ssab
le60
0°F
resi
ns fo
r byp
ass
duct
s an
d co
ntai
nmen
t sys
tem
s–
Hig
h te
mpe
ratu
re c
onta
inm
ent (
500-
600°
F)•
Hyp
erso
nics
–Th
erm
al p
rote
ctio
n sy
stem
s•
Agi
ng A
ircra
ft–
Effe
cts
of a
ging
on
balli
stic
impa
ct b
ehav
ior o
f com
posi
tes
5
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
RTM
/RFI
Pro
cess
able
Poly
mer
s fo
r Pr
opul
sion
Com
pone
nts
Obj
ectiv
e:D
evel
op lo
w m
elt v
isco
sity
pol
ymer
s fo
r R
TM, V
AR
TM o
r RFI
pro
cess
ing
of h
igh
tem
pera
ture
pro
puls
ion
com
pone
nts
-Mel
t vis
cosi
ties
belo
w 2
0Poi
se-T
gan
d TO
S s
uita
ble
for u
se fr
om
500-
600°
FA
ppro
ach:
•Mod
ify o
ligom
erch
emis
try to
redu
ce
visc
osity
with
min
imal
effe
ct o
n Tg
and
TOS
-Mol
ecul
ar m
orph
olog
y –
bran
chin
g,
twis
ts, a
sym
met
ry-F
orm
ulat
ed m
olec
ular
wei
ght
-End
cap
chem
istry
•Inv
estig
ate
use
of n
anos
cale
filer
s to
en
hanc
e TO
S a
nd p
rope
rties
Part
ners
: B
oein
g, C
lark
Atla
nta
U, M
&P
Tec
hnol
ogie
s
RFI
Pro
cess
ed H
FPE
Pane
l
RTM
Pro
cess
ed
PR-5
20 L
H2
Duc
t
6
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Hig
h Te
mpe
ratu
re R
TM P
roce
ssab
leR
esin
D
evel
opm
ent 23
C
288
C31
5 C
050100
150
200
250
300
350
Open-Hole Compression Strength (MPa)
RTM
370
RTM
350
RTM
330
BM
I-527
0-1
•Res
in s
cale
-up
effo
rts u
nder
way
•Pur
suin
g co
mm
erci
aliz
atio
n th
roug
h G
ATE
pro
gram
Low
Vis
cosi
ties,
Lon
g Po
t-Liv
esG
ood
Hig
h Te
mpe
ratu
re P
rope
rty
Ret
entio
n
Chu
ang,
Cris
s, M
cCor
kle,
Min
tz, N
guye
n an
d S
chei
man
n
7
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Com
posi
te M
ater
ials
for E
ngin
e C
onta
inm
ent C
ases
Stru
ctur
al L
oadi
ng T
ests
•Sim
ulat
e ro
tor o
ut-o
f-ba
lanc
e lo
ads
•Mea
sure
s res
ista
nce
to c
rack
gro
wth
Res
in M
echa
nica
l Tes
ts•H
igh
stra
in ra
te c
onst
itutiv
e m
odel
s•T
ough
ened
mat
eria
l eva
luat
ion
Bal
listic
Impa
ct T
ests
: Pan
els
•Mat
eria
ls sc
reen
ing
•Com
posi
te m
ater
ial a
nd fa
ilure
mod
els
Com
posi
te F
an C
ase
Fabr
icat
ion
•A&
P Te
chno
logy
-bra
ided
pre
form
s•N
orth
Coa
st C
ompo
site
s-m
oldi
ng (R
TM)
Bal
listic
Impa
ct T
ests
: Fan
Cas
es•S
imul
ate
blad
e im
pact
•Mea
sure
s res
ista
nce
to p
enet
ratio
n
Engi
ne B
lade
-Out
Sim
ulat
ion
•Def
ine
balli
stic
impa
ct te
st p
aram
eter
s•V
alid
ate
anal
ysis
met
hods
for c
ertif
icat
ion
8
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Nan
ocom
posi
tes
•In
vest
igat
ing
effe
cts
of a
va
riety
of n
anos
cale
fille
rs o
n pr
oper
ties
of p
olym
ers
–O
rgan
ical
ly m
odifi
ed c
lays
–Fu
nctio
naliz
ed g
raph
ene
shee
ts (F
EG
sak
aTE
GO
)–
Car
bon
nano
tube
s
•P
oten
tial a
pplic
atio
ns:
–C
ryot
anks
–re
duce
d pe
rmea
bilit
y, e
nhan
ced
mic
rocr
ack
resi
stan
ce–
Fan
cont
ainm
ent –
impr
oved
to
ughn
ess
–H
igh
tem
pera
ture
eng
ine
stru
ctur
es –
impr
oved
TO
S,
mec
hani
cal p
rope
rties
Lebr
on-C
olon
, Mill
er, G
inte
rtC
olla
bora
tions
with
: U o
f Akr
on, P
rince
ton,
Nor
thw
este
rn, M
SU
9
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Nan
ocom
posi
tes
Hav
e P
oten
tial f
or U
se in
Li
ghtw
eigh
t Cry
ogen
Pro
pella
nt T
anks
050100
150
200
250
CTE (μm/moC)
0%
cla
y2
% 3
0B
5% 3
0B
2%
OD
A
5% O
DA
024681012
J/m
Red
uced
CTE
by
25%
Two-
fold
Incr
ease
in N
otch
ed Iz
odTo
ughn
ess
0.00
E+00
5.00
E-08
1.00
E-07
1.50
E-07
2.00
E-07
977-
2/2% B1
8
8552
EPO
N86
286
2/2%
30B
862
2%B1
8
Helium Permeability (mbar.l/s )
60%
Red
uctio
n in
H2
Perm
eabi
lity
Five
-fold
low
er le
ak ra
te
Mill
er, J
ohns
ton,
MS
U
10
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
T 1T 2
Cl.
30B
280°
C40
0°C
AP
ND
+C12
365°
C60
0°C
T 1=
Tem
pera
ture
at 5
% w
eigh
t los
s
T 2=
Tem
pera
ture
at m
axim
um ra
te o
f w
eigh
t los
sAP
ND
Clo
isite
®30
B O
rgan
ic T
reat
men
t
dode
cyla
min
e(C
12)
Com
bina
tion
of a
rom
atic
and
alip
hatic
cla
y tre
atm
ent i
ncre
ases
TO
S
com
pare
d to
alip
hatic
trea
tmen
t alo
ne.
Ther
mal
Oxi
dativ
e S
tabi
lity
of C
lay
Influ
ence
d by
M
odifi
er
TGA
Res
ults
in A
ir
Gin
tert,
Jan
a, M
iller
11
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Intra
galle
ry R
esin
Ela
stic
ity a
nd
Extra
galle
ry R
esin
Vis
cosi
ty
0.00
E+00
1.00
E+06
2.00
E+06
3.00
E+06
4.00
E+06
5.00
E+06 29
0030
0031
0032
0033
0034
00tim
e (s
ec)
dynes/cm2 or Poise
PMR-
5 G
'PM
R-10
G'
PMR-
15 G
'PM
R-15
Vis
cosi
ty
PMR
-5
G’
PMR
-10
G’
PMR
-15
G’
PMR
-15
η*
Low
er M
W p
rodu
ces
high
er G
’dur
ing
curin
g du
e to
hig
her c
ross
link
dens
ity.
Diff
eren
ce in
cro
sslin
k de
nsity
resu
lts in
Hig
h el
astic
forc
ein
side
clay
laye
rsLo
w v
isco
us fo
rce
outs
ide
clay
laye
rs
Inte
rcal
atio
n of
Cla
y La
yers
with
Low
MW
O
ligom
ers
Pro
mot
es E
xfol
iatio
n
Exf
olia
tion
12
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
•Inc
reas
es d
urin
g cu
re re
actio
n fo
r re
activ
e A
PND
-trea
ted
clay
•Dec
reas
esdu
ring
cure
reac
tion
for
alip
hatic
-trea
ted
clay
(mod
ifier
de
com
posi
tion)
Full
exfo
liatio
nre
sults
!
Inte
rgal
lery
Spa
cing
sC
hang
e D
urin
g R
eact
ion
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
AC
/5 2
.5%
AC
/5 5
%30
/5 2
.5%
30/5
5%
clay spacing (nm)
B-s
tage
dC
ured
13
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Air
Nitr
ogen
Add
ition
of C
lays
Incr
ease
s T 2
*in
Air
T 2=
tem
pera
ture
at m
ax ra
te o
f wei
ght l
oss
in T
GA
•Add
ition
of c
lay
prot
ects
resi
n fro
m o
xida
tion
by re
duci
ng ra
teof
O2
diffu
sion
•Enh
ance
d ex
folia
tion
(add
ition
of P
MR
-5) c
reat
es m
ore
tortu
ous
path
for
diffu
sion
672
701
731
697
730
350
450
550
650
750
850
T2
Temperature (°C)
Nea
t PM
R-1
515
/30
15/3
0/5
15/A
C15
/AC
/5
574
564
560
576
569
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
Temp (°C)
Nea
t PM
R-1
515
/30
15/3
0/5
15/A
C15
/AC
/5
14
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Gla
ssy
Reg
ion
Nea
r Tg
Enh
ance
d E
xfol
iatio
n Le
ads
to a
n In
crea
se in
S
tiffn
ess
G' @
50°
C
2608
2559
2679
2754
2526
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
G' (MPa)
Nea
t PM
R-1
515
/30
15/3
0/5
15/A
C15
/AC
/5
G' @
300
°C
1634
1608
1524
1534
1511
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
G' (MPa)
Nea
t PM
R-1
515
/30
15/3
0/5
15/A
C15
/AC
/5
15
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Car
bon
Nan
otub
e B
ased
Mat
eria
ls
Cru
de
-11939597999
020
040
060
080
010
00Te
mpe
ratu
re (º
C)
Weight (%)
Purif
ied
SWN
Ts A
dditi
ve, w
t %0.
00.
20.
41.
53.
55.
5
Tensile Strength, MPa
020406080100
120
140
160
180
F-SW
NTs
SW
NTs
Puri
ficat
ion
SWN
Ts85909510
0
SWN
T/Py
rene
com
plex
859095100 %T
Pyre
ne70809010
0
1000
15
00
2000
25
00
3000
35
00
4000
Func
tiona
lizat
ion
SWN
Ts A
dditi
ve, w
t%
02
46
810
Resistivity Log, Ohm-cm
1e+2
1e+3
1e+4
1e+5
1e+6
1e+7
1e+8
1e+9
1e+1
0
1e+1
1
1e+1
2
1e+1
3
1e+1
4F-
SWN
TsSW
NTs
Eva
luat
ion
16
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Issu
es o
f Sin
gle
Wal
l Car
bon
Nan
otub
es•
Poo
r pr
oces
sabi
lity
and
inso
lubi
lity
in
any
solv
ents
.•
Thei
r de
gree
of
disp
ersi
on d
ecre
ases
si
gnifi
cant
ly
afte
r th
e pu
rific
atio
n pr
oces
s.
•G
oal:
–D
evel
opm
ent
a te
chni
que
to
stim
ulat
e di
sper
sion
of
in
divi
dual
S
WN
T ro
pes
in o
rgan
ic s
olve
nts.
•O
bjec
tives
:–
Ena
ble
hom
ogen
eous
di
sper
sion
of
nan
otub
es in
pol
ymer
mat
rix.
–E
mph
asis
is o
n re
peat
able
, sim
ple
func
tiona
lizat
ion
met
hods
tha
t do
no
t ad
vers
ely
affe
ct
SW
NTs
pr
oper
ties.
Figu
re 1
. SW
NTs
in to
luen
e:
(a) a
s rec
eive
d,
(b) a
fter p
urifi
catio
na
b
Cov
alen
t o
r N
onco
vale
nt F
unct
iona
lizat
ion
Nan
ocom
posi
teLe
bron
-Col
on
17
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Func
tiona
lizat
ion
of S
WN
Ts
•O
xyge
n fu
nctio
naliz
ed
SW
NTs
ca
n se
rve
as
anch
or
prec
urso
r for
furth
er fu
nctio
naliz
atio
n.
•Th
e m
ost
com
mon
rea
gent
s us
ed t
o ge
nera
te a
cidi
c fu
nctio
nal g
roup
s on
the
ends
and
wal
ls o
f SW
NTs
hav
e be
en:
–co
ncen
trate
d H
NO
3
–or
a m
ix o
f H2S
O4
with
HN
O3,
H2O
2, or
KM
nO4
•Th
e co
ntin
ue
expo
sure
of
S
WN
Ts
to
acid
le
ads
to
dam
age
whi
ch m
ay a
ffect
thei
r pro
perti
es.
O-
O- O-
OH
O-
O
18
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Pho
toox
idat
ion
of S
ingl
e W
all C
arbo
n N
anot
ubes
707580859095
100
%T
707580859095
100
%T
1000
15
00
2000
25
00
3000
35
00
4000
Wav
enum
bers
(cm
-1)
C-O
-C- O
-C=O
OH
-C=O
O-H
CO
Irrad
iatio
n of
oxy
gen
satu
rate
d D
MF
susp
ensi
on o
f SW
NTs
(450
W H
gla
mp,
18
h)
Bef
ore
Afte
r
19
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
•A
dec
reas
e in
wei
ght o
f the
func
tiona
lized
SW
NTs
app
ears
at a
bout
200
ºC
as
cons
eque
nce
of th
e ph
oto-
oxid
atio
n tre
atm
ent.
•Th
e th
erm
al d
ecom
posi
tion
of th
e S
WN
Ts s
till a
roun
d 60
0 ºC
ver
y ne
ar t
o th
e pr
istin
e S
WN
Ts.TG
A A
naly
sis
of S
WN
Ts
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
02
00
40
060
08
00
10
00
Tem
per
atu
res
(ºC
)
Weight (%)
a
b
Figu
re 5
.TG
A (a
) SW
NTs
and
(b) p
hoto
-oxi
dize
d SW
NTs
.
20
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
0 50Raman intensity
0 50
Absorbance
0 50
Raman intensity
500
10
00
1500
Wa
venum
bers (
cm-1)
•R
aman
ban
ds d
imin
ish
in in
tens
ity a
fter p
hoto
oxid
atio
n.
•A
nnea
ling
phot
ooxi
dize
dtu
bes
lead
to
re
cove
ry
of
Ram
an
band
s in
dica
ting
sub
stan
tial
redu
ctio
n or
com
plet
e el
imin
atio
n of
the
oxyg
en
grou
ps.
Ram
an S
pect
ra S
ugge
st R
egen
erat
ion
of S
WN
Ts a
t H
igh
Tem
pera
ture
sB
efor
e Irr
adia
tion
Afte
r Irr
adia
tion
Afte
r hea
ting
at 5
00°C
in A
r for
1 h
our
21
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Gra
phite
Offe
rs B
enef
its O
bser
ved
with
bot
h La
yere
d S
ilica
te a
nd C
NT
Gra
phite
is c
ompo
sed
of a
gra
phen
e la
yers
hel
d to
geth
er b
y va
n de
rWaa
l fo
rces
1 .G
raph
ite is
ani
sotro
pic,
with
goo
d el
ectri
cal a
nd th
erm
al c
ondu
ctiv
ity
with
in la
yers
, not
in p
erpe
ndic
ular
di
rect
ion.
2
grap
hene
laye
r
d-sp
acin
g of
0.3
4nm
betw
een
grap
hene
laye
rs
1)Sa
ngye
obLe
e, D
ongh
wan
cho,
and
LT
Drz
al, “
Rea
l-tim
e ob
serv
atio
n of
the
expa
nsio
n be
havi
or o
f int
erca
late
d gr
aphi
te fl
ake”
, J. M
at. S
ci, 4
0 (2
005)
231
-234
.2)
D.D
.L C
hun,
“R
evie
w G
raph
ite”,
Jour
nal o
f Mat
eria
ls S
cien
ce 3
7 (2
002)
147
5-14
89.
Pla
tele
t mor
phol
ogy
may
prov
ide
gas
barr
ier
enha
ncem
ents
.
She
et e
dges
may
be
func
tiona
lized
.
22
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Initi
al P
erm
eabi
lity
Mea
sure
men
ts S
how
Red
uctio
ns
Com
para
ble
to L
ayer
ed S
ilica
te
•D
ispe
rsio
n of
1w
t%
expa
nded
gra
phite
sho
ws
over
20%
redu
ctio
n in
ox
ygen
per
mea
bilit
y.
•S
ampl
e is
a th
erm
opla
stic
po
lyim
ide
that
was
so
nica
ted
with
gra
phite
in
dich
loro
met
hane
.0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0% g
raph
ite1
wt%
gra
phite
Permeability (cc mil)/(m2 day) M
easu
rem
ents
wer
e m
ade
at M
ichi
gan
Stat
e U
nive
rsity
.
23
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Exf
olia
ted
Gra
phite
(EG
) and
Fun
ctio
naliz
ed G
raph
ene
She
ets
(FG
S)
Diff
eren
ce in
sur
face
are
a du
e to
the
sepa
ratio
n of
the
grap
hite
laye
rs.
EG
exh
ibits
a s
trong
diff
ract
ion
peak
by
WA
XD
, FG
S is
am
orph
ous.
FGS
par
ticle
siz
e is
rela
tivel
y sm
all,
mak
ing
it ea
sier
to d
ispe
rse
C
HO
OH
C O C
H
CH
C
HCH
2
O
H
OH
OH
O
O O
OH
OO
HO
O
OH
O
OO
O
C
HOO
H
C O C
H
CH
C
HCH2
O
H
OH
OH
O
O O
OH
OO
HO
O
OH
O
OO
O
O
O
O
OH
24
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
FGS
Dis
pers
es W
ell i
n E
poxy
FGS
had
goo
d di
sper
sion
in
Epo
nre
sins
, bot
h 86
2 an
d 82
6.
Sam
ples
wer
e pr
epar
ed b
y so
nica
ting
epox
y re
sin
with
FG
S
for s
ever
al h
ours
.T
EM
of E
PON
862
/ 0.
5 w
t% F
GS
SEM
of E
PON
826
/DY
3601
and
0.5
wt%
FG
S (f
ract
ured
)
25
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Red
uctio
n in
Res
in C
oeffi
cien
t of T
herm
al
Exp
ansi
on
Cyc
ling
com
posi
tes
at fr
om lo
w
tem
p to
room
tem
pera
ture
bu
ilds
stre
sses
in a
com
posi
te
due
to th
e m
ism
atch
of C
TE.
Red
ucin
g th
e C
TE o
f the
mat
rix
may
redu
ce m
icro
crac
king
in
the
com
posi
te.
CTE
redu
ctio
n si
mila
r to
that
ob
serv
ed in
laye
red
silic
ate-
epox
y na
noco
mpo
site
s.
CTE
(μm
/mo C
)
247
218
207
0.50
231
220
194
0.25
228
212
163
0.10
266
270
0
10%
Exc
ess
Am
ine
C18
Mod
ified
FG
SU
nmod
ified
FG
SFG
S Sa
mpl
e Lo
adin
g (w
t%)
26
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Tens
ile T
ests
Sho
w In
crea
se in
Mec
hani
cal
Pro
perti
es
Inte
rfaci
al c
hem
istry
affe
cts
nano
com
posi
te fa
ilure
du
ring
tens
ile te
stin
g.
Ener
gy to
Bre
ak (N
*m)
1.01
5 ±
0.56
0.39
5 ±
0.19
1.00
0 ±
0.10
0.50
0.80
4 ±
0.11
0.72
5 ±
0.06
0.89
8 ±
0.10
0.25
0.98
1 ±
0.02
0.72
4 ±
0.11
0.91
4 ±
0.18
0.10
0.31
4 ±
0.11
0.87
5 ±
0.27
0
10%
Exc
ess
Am
ine
C18
Mod
ified
FG
SU
nmod
ified
FG
SFG
S Sa
mpl
e Lo
adin
g (w
t%)
27
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Ele
ctric
al C
ondu
ctiv
ity is
Obt
aine
d at
Hig
her
Load
ing
Con
duct
ive
1 E
+ 6
1.0
Cap
aciti
ve5
E +
10
0.5
Qui
ckly
dec
ays
to n
o cu
rren
t4
E +
100.
1
Not
esR
esis
tivity
(ohm
-cm
)Sa
mpl
e(w
t% F
GS
)
00.
20.
40.
60.
811.
2
0% T
EG
O0.
5%TE
GO
1% T
EG
O
Energy to Break (N-m)
Std
Dev
Ene
rgy
to B
reak
FGS
dis
pers
es w
ell a
t 1
wt%
load
ing.
Con
duct
ivity
is o
bser
ved
at
the
1wt%
load
ing
Mec
hani
cal p
rope
rties
dro
p-of
f
28
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Aer
ogel
sno
npor
ous
prim
ary
parti
cles
(<
1 nm
; den
se s
ilica
)
mes
opor
esch
anne
ls to
m
icro
pore
s
poro
us
seco
ndar
y pa
rticl
es
(den
sity
~ 1
/2 s
ilica
)
~5-1
0 nm
•P
rope
rties
–Lo
w d
ensi
ty (0
.05-
0.5
g/cc
)–
Hig
h po
rosi
ty–
Hig
h su
rface
are
a (3
00-1
000
m2 /g
)
•U
ses
–P
oor t
herm
al c
ondu
ctor
s; G
ood
insu
lato
rs (s
ee
pict
ure)
–G
ood
elec
trica
l ins
ulat
ors;
SiO
2-lo
w d
iele
ctric
<2
–G
ood
elec
trica
l con
duct
ors;
RuO
x, V
Ox
–P
hoto
phys
ical
prop
ertie
s; o
ptic
s–
Sen
sors
; Opt
ical
, Mag
netic
and
Ele
ctro
nic
–C
atal
ysts
; Hig
h su
rface
are
a in
crea
ses
effic
ienc
y of
reac
tions
Sca
nnin
g E
lect
ron
Mic
rosc
opy
Silic
on D
ioxi
de A
erog
el
Cap
adon
a, L
even
tis, M
eado
r, N
guye
nC
olla
bora
tions
with
: Cla
rk A
tlant
a, U
of A
kron
, Par
ker H
anni
fin,A
SI,
Asp
en A
erog
els
29
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
X-A
erog
els
Hav
e P
oten
tial a
s S
truct
ural
Mat
eria
ls
O Si
OO
Si OOO
SiO
SiO
OO
Si
O Si
OO O
O
SiH
OSiH
OSiH
O
OH
OH O
HOH
Si
OH
Si OH
Si
HO
HO
HO
OO
OO
parti
cle
NC
ON
CO
Cro
ss-L
inki
ng S
ilica
with
Diis
ocya
nate
2.8
- 4.8
nm
O Si OO
Si OOO
SiO
SiO
OO
Si O SiOO O
O
SiOSi
OSiO
OO
OOSi O
Si
OS
i
OO
O
OO
OO
HNHNO
di/tr
i iso
cyan
ate
NH
NH
O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
OH
2
OH
2
OH
2 OH
2
Vers
atile
Cro
ss-li
nkin
g C
hem
istr
yTa
ilora
ble
prop
ertie
s
Enha
nced
Mec
hani
cal P
rope
rtie
sSi
mpl
ified
(am
bien
t pre
ssur
e) p
roce
ssin
g
30
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Oth
er p
rope
rtie
s of
x-a
erog
els
para
llel
nativ
e ae
roge
ls…
Rayl
eigh
sc
atte
ring
Low
dens
ity
…bu
t x-a
erog
els
are
muc
h st
rong
er
31
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Pote
ntia
l App
licat
ions
for D
urab
le
Aer
ogel
s in
Aer
onau
tics
Poly
mer
-cla
y na
noco
mpo
site
X-ae
roge
l
Ultr
alig
htw
eigh
t, M
ultif
unct
iona
l Sa
ndw
ich
Stru
ctur
es
Prop
ella
nt T
anks
Fan
Engi
ne C
onta
inm
ent
(Bal
listic
Pro
tect
ion)
32
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
SOL
GEL
4 wa
shes
(t
o ge
t ri
d of
wat
er,
alco
hols
)
Sila
nes
in s
olve
ntH
2O/s
olve
nt
15 m
in
Typi
cal A
erog
el C
ross
-link
ing
Proc
ess
Soak
in
mon
omer
ba
th
heat
Cros
slin
ked
SCF
dryi
ng
(CO
2)
Cros
slin
ked
Aer
ogel
4 wa
shes
(to
get
rid
of
exce
ss
poly
mer
)
33
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Sur
face
mod
ifica
tion
of s
ilica
par
ticle
s op
ens
door
s to
oth
er p
olym
er s
yste
ms
silica
X X XX
XX
silica
XX
XX
XX
silicaX
XX
X
X X
TMO
S,
(EtO
) 3-S
i-X,
Solv
ent
Wat
er,
cata
lyst
,So
lven
t
Polyac
rylate
Polyim
ide
Epox
ies
Polystyr
enePolyur
ea
Acr
ylat
es
Anh
ydri
des
Epox
ySt
yren
e
Isoc
yana
tes
X =
am
ines
, acr
ylat
e,
doub
le b
ond,
etc
.
34
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Pro
cess
/Pro
perty
Opt
imiz
atio
n Th
roug
h S
tatis
tical
Exp
erim
enta
l Des
ign
Empi
rical
mod
els…
…us
ed fo
r pre
dict
ions
of o
ptim
a
Low
den
sity
...
…to
hig
h de
nsity
…an
d ev
eryt
hing
in
-bet
wee
n
Mea
dor
et a
l, Ch
emis
try
of M
ater
ials
, in
pres
s
35
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Com
paris
on o
f Pro
perti
es o
f X-A
erog
els
and
Var
ious
Foa
ms
Can
tailo
r aer
ogel
pro
perti
es b
y po
lym
er s
elec
tion
and
adju
stin
g si
lica,
pol
ymer
and
wat
er c
onte
nt
durin
g pr
oces
sing
mW/mK mg/cc
MPa
36
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Sim
plifi
ed p
roce
ssin
g—on
e po
t pr
epar
atio
n of
wet
gel
•C
once
pt:
–In
trodu
ce la
tent
cro
sslin
keri
nto
sol r
ight
from
the
star
t–
Mus
t be
iner
t to
gela
tion
–H
eat o
r lig
ht to
initi
ate
cros
slin
king
afte
r gel
atio
n•
Dem
onst
rate
d w
ith p
olyi
mid
es, a
cryl
ates
, iso
cyan
ates
, bis
-mal
eim
ides
•R
educ
es p
roce
ssin
g tim
e in
at l
east
hal
f
gel
sol
Cros
slin
ked
aero
gel
37
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Incl
usio
n of
car
bon
nano
fiber
s
Fibe
r in
aer
ogel
Fibe
r
38
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Dev
elop
men
t of l
arge
sca
le m
anuf
actu
ring
•G
ATE
Pla
tform
Tec
hnol
ogy
deve
lopm
ent
–P
arke
r-Han
nifin
cont
inuo
us p
roce
ss to
man
ufac
ture
tu
bing
–U
nive
rsity
of A
kron
CM
PD
thin
film
cas
ting,
inco
rpor
atio
n of
ele
ctro
spun
fiber
s–
App
lied
Scie
nces
, Inc
. in
corp
orat
ion
of c
arbo
n na
nofib
ers
•P
artn
ersh
ip w
ith A
spen
Aer
ogel
s–
Aer
ogel
com
posi
tes
–E
arly
intro
duct
ion
tech
nolo
gy–
Can
sol
ve s
ome
issu
es
rela
ted
to o
ther
type
s of
man
ufac
turin
g
39
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
GR
C P
olym
ers
Res
earc
h fo
r Exp
lora
tion
and
Sci
ence
•H
igh
Tem
pera
ture
PM
C R
adia
tors
•C
ompo
site
Ove
rwra
pP
ress
ure
Ves
sels
•Fl
exib
le A
erog
el In
sula
tion
for E
VA
Sui
ts
40
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Com
posi
te O
verw
rapp
edP
ress
ure
Ves
sels
: Shu
ttle
& IS
S
NES
C S
TRU
CTU
RES
& M
ATE
RIA
LS T
EAM
:•I
nves
tigat
ing
stre
sses
in li
ners
and
ove
rwra
ps•D
eter
min
ing
relia
bilit
y of
Kev
lar o
verw
rap
subj
ecte
d to
con
stan
tstre
ss
•Com
putin
g su
rviv
al p
roba
bilit
y of
indi
vidu
al a
nd s
yste
m-le
vel C
OP
Vs
•Inv
estig
atin
g da
mag
e to
lera
nce
(ana
lysi
s an
d te
stin
g)•E
stab
lishi
ng re
liabi
lity
of th
e in
divi
dual
as
wel
l as
the
syst
emof
ves
sels
is
of p
aram
ount
impo
rtanc
e•I
nves
tigat
ing
vario
us c
ombi
natio
ns o
f Wei
bull-
base
d an
alys
es to
arr
ive
at a
sys
tem
-leve
l sur
viva
l pro
babi
lity
Pro
vide
d im
prov
ed c
ompo
site
ov
erw
rap
repa
ir m
etho
ds•R
evis
ed C
OP
V m
ater
ial r
ecer
tific
atio
n•I
dent
ified
Kev
lar®
49 fa
ilure
mec
hani
sms
base
d on
mat
eria
l im
purit
ies
•Lin
ked
impo
rtanc
e of
Kev
lar®
49 v
inta
ge to
CO
PV
qua
lity
issu
es•T
eam
Inte
grat
ed w
ith O
rbite
r Offi
ce
41
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Hig
h Te
mpe
ratu
re P
MC
Rad
iato
rsCr
ew E
xplo
ratio
n Ve
hicle
(C
EV)
Larg
er a
rea,
sig
nific
ant
mas
s dr
iver
Wid
er r
ange
of
tem
pera
ture
s (2
00 –
550°
F)So
phis
ticat
ed d
eplo
ymen
t, p
ossi
bly
sim
ilar
to I
SS
PMC
with
hig
h th
erm
al c
ondu
ctiv
ity c
arbo
n fib
ers
(Coa
l tar
pitc
h-ba
sed
w/
up t
o 10
00 W
/mK)
H
ighe
r po
tent
ial!
Fiss
ion
Surfa
ce P
ower
(FSP
)
Jupi
ter I
cy M
oons
Orb
iter (
JIMO)
42
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
App
roac
hes
to P
MC
Rad
iato
rSa
ndw
ich
Ove
rwra
p
Expl
orin
g D
iffer
ent D
esig
n C
once
pts
Util
izin
g C
onve
ntio
nal C
arbo
n Fi
bers
and
Nan
osca
leFi
llers
Shi
n, B
owm
an, B
each
, Qua
de
Bon
ded
Wei
ght,
Dur
abili
ty a
nd C
ondu
ctiv
ity a
re C
ritic
al•I
nves
tigat
ing
vario
us d
esig
n co
ncep
ts fo
r red
uced
wei
ght
•Exp
lorin
g ne
w m
ater
ials
to c
ontr
ol C
TE, m
axim
ize
ther
mal
con
duct
ivity
43
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Low
er d
ensi
ty x
-aer
ogel
s
•Lo
wes
t den
sitie
s ap
proa
chin
g 36
m
g/cm
3
•S
ampl
es <
50 m
g/cm
3ar
e fle
xibl
e
25 C
mod
el71
C m
odel
25 C
dat
a71
C d
ata
Capa
dona
et
al, P
olym
er, 2
006,
47,
575
4-57
61
44
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
How
to g
et m
ore
flexi
bilit
y in
the
aero
gels
•U
se m
ore
flexi
ble
poly
mer
cr
ossl
inks
–R
ubbe
rs–
Blo
ck c
opol
ymer
s•
Mak
e th
e un
derly
ing
silic
a m
ore
flexi
ble
–Le
ss b
onds
to s
ilica
–In
corp
orat
ion
of
shor
t cha
ins
(
) n
Rao
, Bha
gata
, Hira
shim
aban
d P
ajon
k,
J. C
ollo
id In
terfa
ce S
ci.3
00(2
006)
279
–285
45
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Col
labo
ratio
ns a
nd T
ech
Tran
sfer
46
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Gle
nn A
llian
ce fo
r Tec
hnol
ogy
Exc
hang
e (G
ATE
)
•Fu
nded
by
Con
gres
sion
al E
arm
ark
in 2
005
to
NA
SA
/OA
I/Glit
ech
Team
•C
omm
erci
aliz
atio
n of
NA
SA
Gle
nn d
evel
oped
te
chno
logi
es
–P
artn
er G
rant
s (G
litec
h) –
NA
SA
and
indu
stry
($50
K e
ach)
•U
V C
ured
Pol
ymer
s •
Aer
ogel
s –
Tech
nolo
gy P
latfo
rms
(OA
I)-•
Cos
t-sha
red
indu
stry
con
sorti
a–
Aer
ogel
s–
Hig
h Te
mpe
ratu
re P
olym
ers
–Fl
uore
scen
ce B
ased
Mol
ecul
ar S
enso
rs
47
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Fund
ing
Opp
ortu
nitie
s
•A
eron
autic
s M
issi
on D
irect
orat
e N
RA
–ht
tp://
ww
w.a
eros
pace
.nas
a.go
v/nr
a.ht
m–
Topi
cs a
lread
y lis
ted
for S
uper
soni
cs a
nd S
ubso
nics
Rot
ary
Win
g, S
ubso
nics
-Fix
ed W
ing
expe
cted
soo
n
•S
BIR
/STT
R–
http
://nc
tn.h
q.na
sa.g
ov–
Pha
se I-
6 m
onth
s, $
100K
; Pha
se II
–2
year
s, $
600K
–D
ates
-TB
D–
SB
IR S
ubm
issi
on D
eadl
ines
-Ty
pica
lly L
ate
Sum
mer
/Ear
ly
Fall
•20
06 d
eadl
ine
for S
BIR
Pha
se I
prop
osal
s w
as S
epte
mbe
r 7