pom perception 1

8/2/2019 POM Perception 1

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Principles ofManagement

PerceptionandAttitudes


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The Window


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A youngcouple moves

into a newneighborhood.

The next morning, while they are eating breakfast,the young woman sees her neighbor hang the wash

outside.


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Her husband lookedon, but remained

silent.

That laundryis not very

clean. Shedoesnt knowhow to wash

correctly.Perhaps sheneeds better

laundry soap,

she said

.


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Every time herneighbor would

hang her wash to

dry, the youngwoman would make

the samecomments.


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About one month later, the woman was surprised to see anice clean wash on the line and said to her husband:

Look! She has learned how to wash correctly. I wonderwho taught her this.


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The husband said:

I got up early this morning andcleaned our windows!


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And so it is with life:What we see whenwatching others,

depends on the purity ofthe window through

which we look.

Before we give anycriticism, it might be agood idea to check ourstate of mind and ask

ourselves if we areready to see the good

rather than to belooking for something inthe person we are about

to judge.

. .


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we dont see things as they

are, we see things as we are.


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?


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?


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?


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?


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Gestalt Principle

Whole is greater than sum of its parts!


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Perception-Concepts & Applications

Peoples behavior is

based on their

perception of what

reality is, not onreality itself.

The world as it is

perceived is the worldthat is behaviorally

important.


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Factors Influencing PerceptionFactors in the perceiver

Attitudes

Motives

Interests

Experience

Expectations

PerceptionFactors in the Perceived

Novelty

Motion

Sounds

Size

Background

Proximity

Similarity

Factors in the situation

Time

Work Setting

Social Setting


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Characteristics of the Perceived


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Figure andground

People tend to organizeperceptions into figure-and-ground

relationships. The ground is usually

hazy.

Marketers usually designso the figure is thenoticed stimuli.

Principles


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Lacostes campaign uses a very

plain ground so the symbol

really shows.


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Grouping People group stimulito form a unifiedimpression or

concept. Grouping helps

memory and recall.

Principles


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Closure People have a need forclosure and organizeperceptions to form a

complete picture. Will often fill in missing

pieces Incomplete messages

remembered more thancomplete

Principles


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Person Perception: Making Judgments About

Others

Distinctiveness: Shows different behaviors in different situations.

Consensus: Response is the same as others to same situation.

Consistency: Responds in the same way over time.


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Attribution Theory

Observation Interpretation Attribution of cause

Consistency

Consensus

Distictinctiveness

Individual behavior

Internal

External

Internal

External

Internal

ExternalH

L

H

L

H

L

H high L- Low


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Example

Consistency is High

Distinctiveness is Low

Consensus is Low

Internal Attribute(X is inefficient)

X delays the

project


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Why did the students fall asleep during the

lecture? E.g. The majority of the

students fell asleep in VijiMams lecture on theories ofattribution. They also fellasleep during her otherlectures, but not lectures givenby other teaching staff.

High consensus High consistency

High distinctiveness

Boringlecturer?


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Why did the students fall asleep during the

lecture?

E.g. The majority of thestudents fell asleep in Viji

Mams lecture on theories of

attribution. They never fellasleep during her other

lectures, or in lectures given by

other teaching staff. High consensus

Low consistency

High distinctiveness

Monday morningblues?

After lunch?


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To Test You

Kohli: Absent a lot, his team mates are seldom

absent, he was absent a lot on his previous job

(before coming to cricket) .

Sachin: Doesnt absent himself a lot, his team

mates are also absent a lot, and was almost never

absent in previous job.

b Th l


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Describe These People


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/ prejudice

E l f St t i


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Examples of Stereotyping

timid; devious; crafty flatterers; given to emptythreats; marginal honesty; minimum

generosity; provincial; eccentric; submissive.

honest; just; quiet; empty threats;kind; selfish; unreliable in crisis;

cowardly flatterers.

provincial; selfish; garrulous; cliquish; simple;intelligent; cowardly; unreliable.

honest; innocent; cliquish; generous; good;quick to anger; rash; lawless; obstinate;

boastful; hardworking.

Source: Grimshaw, A.D. Social epithet in India - a Hindi example. J. Soc. Psychol. 1967, 72.

E d Bi i Att ib ti


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Errors and Biases in Attributions


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Errors and Biases in Attributions (contd)


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Frequently Used Shortcuts in Judging Others


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/ horns effect


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Stereotypes People hold meaningsrelated to stimuli

Stereotypes influencehow stimuli are

perceived

Interpretation

Perceptual Distortion


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First Impressions

First impressions arelasting

The perceiver is tryingto determine which

stimuli are relevant,important, orpredictive

Interpretation



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Jumping toConclusions

People tend not tolisten to all theinformation beforemaking conclusion

Important to putpersuasive argumentsfirst in advertising

Interpretation



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The halo effect

helps Adidas

break into new

product

categories.

Self fulfilling Prophecy/ Pygmalion Effect


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Self-fulfilling Prophecy/ Pygmalion Effect

power of expectation

Goethe said, "Treat a man as he is and he

will remain as he is. Treat a man as he can

and should be and he will become as he can

and should be."

P li Eff


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Pygmalion EffectThe difference between a lady and a flower

girl is not how she behaves, but how shestreated. I shall always be a flower girl to

Professor Higgins, because he always treats

me as a flower girl and always will, but I know

I can be a lady to you, because you always

treat me as a lady and always will.

Eliza Doolittle in George Bernard

Shaws Pygmalion

Whether you think you can or

can'tyou are right.

Galatea

Effect

d


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How Good is Your Memory?

1. Pygmalion

2. Attribution Error

3. Stereotype

4. Consensus

5. Self-Serving Bias

6. Halo Effect

7. Selective Perception

8. Galatea Effect

9. Power of Expectation

10. Contrast Effect

P i Eff t


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Primacy Effect(First Impression)

Recency Effect During appraisals and exams last minutepreparation!!!

S ifi A li i i O i i


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Specific Applications in Organizations

Employment Interview

Perceptual biases affect the accuracy of

interviewers judgments of applicants.

Performance Appraisals

Appraisals are subjective perceptions of

performance.

Leniency, harshness, central tendency ratings

Team Work

Perceptual bias, attribution


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How we perceive affects our

attitude


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There were Stone-cutters toiling on the roadside


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When asked for theirResponses, one replied with

pains, No choice! I have got to do this

Labor for my child


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Another said with pride,Our roads are getting built;I do it as Duty to my Nation


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While the third calmly said, I do it as Worship of the Lord

at the Temple that is beingbuilt.


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The Child of the first became A Stonecutter,

An Army Officer of the Second,

And A Renowned Architect of thethird


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They were doing the same job -Stonecutting-

buttheir ATTITUDE made the

whole difference.


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A candidate for a news broadcasters post was

rejected by officials since his voice was not fit for

a news broadcaster.

He was also told that with his obnoxiously longname, he would never be famous.

He is ???

A candidate for a news broadcasters post was

rejected by officials since his voice was not fit for

a news broadcaster.

He was also told that with his obnoxiously long

name, he would never be famous.

He is ???


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A little girl the 20th of 22 children was


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A little girl - the 20th of 22 children, was

born prematurely and her survival was doubtful.

When she was 4 years old, she contracted double

pneumonia and scarlet fever, which left her with aparalyzed left leg.

At age 9, she removed the metal

leg brace she had been dependent on and began to walk

without it.

By 13 she had developed a rhythmic walk,which doctors said was a miracle.

That same year she decided to become a runner. She

entered a race and came in last. For the next few

years every race she entered, she came in last.

Everyone told her to quit, but she kept on running.

One day she actually won a race. And then another.

From then on she won every race she entered.

Eventually this little girl -, went on

to win three Olympic gold medals.

A little girl - the 20th of 22 children, was

born prematurely and her survival was doubtful.

When she was 4 years old, she contracted double

pneumonia and scarlet fever, which left her with a paralyzed left leg.

At age 9, she removed the metal leg brace she had been dependent on

and began to walk without it.

By 13 she had developed a rhythmic walk, which doctors said was a miracle.

She decided to become a runner. She entered a race and came in last.

For the next few years every race she entered, she came in last.

Everyone told her to quit, but she kept on running.

One day she actually won a race. And then another.

From then on she won every race she entered.


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Wilma Rudolph (won three Olympic goldmedals. )


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In 1962, four nervous young musicians played their

first record audition for the executives of the Decca

recording Company.

The executives were not impressed. While turning down

this group of musicians, one executive said, "We don't

like their sound. Groups of guitars are on the way out."

The group was called ????.


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In 1944, Emmeline Snively, director of the Blue Book

Modeling Agency told a hopeful, struggling modelNorma Jean Baker,

"You'd better learn secretarial work or else

get married."

She went on and becameA LEGEND


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In 1954, Jimmy Denny, manager of the Grand Ole Oprah,

Fired a singer after one performance.

He told him,

"You ain't goin' nowhere....son. You ought to

go back to drivin' a truck."

He went on to become on of the legends

in the era of music .


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When he invented the light bulb, he tried

over 2000 experiments before he got it to work.

A young reporter asked him how it felt to fail so many times.

He said, -

"I never failed once. I invented the light

bulb. It just happened to be a 2000-step process."


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A school teacher scolded a boy for not paying

attention to his mathematics and for not being

able to solve simple problems.

She told him that you would not become anybody in

life. The boy grew up to be

A MATHEMATICS WIZKID


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No one can make

you feel inferior

without yourconsent.


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A small boy - the fifth amongst seven siblings of a poor father,

was selling newspapers in a small village to earn his living.

He was not exceptionally smart at school but was fascinated

by religion and rockets. The first rocket he built crashed.

A missile that he built crashed multiple times and

he was made a butt of ridicule.

He is the person to have scripted the Space Odyssey of India

single-handedly


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C t f Attit d


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Concept of Attitudes

An attitude is a predisposition to act

or feel a certain way towards a

person or thing.

Attitudes are positive or negative

feelings about objects, people, or

events.

Exercise 1


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Make a chart on the board with three columns: At work, At

home, and At college. Then ask: What causes you to have a

bad attitude in each of these areas?

According to your responses, who controls your attitude,

you or people aroundyou?

x

Tri Component Model of Attitude


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Affect

(How I feel about it)

Behavioural/ Conative

(Tendency to act)

Cognitions

(What I think or know)

Affective Cognitive

Behavioral

Tri-Component Model of Attitude

Is A Happy Worker A Productive Worker?


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ppy

Over the years, one of the most strongly held beliefs among

managers and I/O psychologists is that there is a relationship

between a workers job satisfaction and his/her job performance.

In 60 years worth of research I/O psychologists have found

highly variable linkages between job satisfaction and job

performance.

The most recent examination by Timothy Judge and his

colleagues suggests a correlation of .30 between satisfaction and

performance, a small but meaningful association.

Job Attitudes The Variety


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1. Job Satisfaction

2. Job Involvement

3. Organizational Commitment

4. Organizational Citizenship Behavior

5. Organizational Justice

6. Employee Engagement

Job Attitudes The Variety


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So

What is YOURattitude?

pom perception 1

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