population forecasts for kalgoorlie-boulder (c) 2006 to 2026€¦ · · 2018-05-01they use the...

February 2012

Western Australia TomorrowPopulation Report No. 7, 2006 to 2026

Forecast Profile

Kalgoorlie-Boulder (C)Local Government Area

Population Report No. 7

Western Australia Tomorrow

Forecast Profile for the Kalgoorlie-Boulder

(C) Local Government Area

Published by theWestern Australian Planning Commission140 William StreetPerth, Western Australia 6000

Authors: Tom Mulholland and Anna Piscicelli

Disclaimer: Any representation, statement opinion or advice ex-pressed or implied in this publication is made in good faith and onthe basis that the government, its employees and agents are notliable for any damage or loss whatsoever which may occur as a re-sult of action taken or not taken, as the case may be, in respect ofany representation. statement opinion or advice, referred to herein.Professional advice should be obtained before applying the infor-mation contained in this document to particular circumstances.

Foreword

Western Australia Tomorrow is a set of forecasts1 based on trendssince the 1980s. The forecasts represent the best estimate of futurepopulation size if trends in fertility, mortality and migration con-tinue. They use the latest information about changes in trends. Insome cases these have occurred since the 2006 base year.

Trend forecasts are used in a number of ways. One of them is toidentify those futures which we wish to build upon and some thatwe would rather avoid. As a result government has adopted plansand strategies that are expected to change future trends. These in-clude Directions 2031 and Beyond, Pilbara Cities and Supertowns.Each of the plans and strategies has included a forecast of futurepopulation.

The forecasts within these plans and strategies differ from WA To-morrow in a number of ways. In some cases, such as Directions2031, the aggregate forecast has been consistent with WA Tomor-row. The emphasis in this plan is on meeting the requirement tofind room for future population growth while maintaining local en-vironments and valued quality of life. In other cases the forecastsrepresent an aspirational target which is seen as beneficial for thecommunities involved. The emphasis may not be on the forecastbut rather on what changes may be needed to change future pop-ulation. As a result the forecast is about direction and not theultimate size of population.

Future WA Tomorrow forecasts will incorporate the changes achievedthrough these plans and strategies. Sometimes it will be easy toknow how to incorporate the different views of the future. Readerswill need to fully understand what a particular plan or strategy istrying to achieve and make an assessment on the relevance of theplan or strategy.

Population forecasts for Kalgoorlie-Boulder (C) 2006 to 2026Overview

This population forecast is one of a set offorecasts for each Local Government Area inWestern Australia.

These forecasts have been prepared using10 0002 slightly different simulations. Thesimulations emulate the variability that isshown in past data. The simulations havebeen sorted by the size of population. They

have been broken into five bands, each with2 000 simulations. We have published the me-dian value of each band to give 5 forecasts.

Band A contains the lowest simulations.Band E has the highest simulations. Theforecast for Band C is also the median valuefor all forecasts as it is the middle band. TheBand C forecast is comparable with the pre-vious WA Tomorrow (2005) publication.

Figure 1: Forecast of total population

When assessing the probability of a fore-cast for a single region, users typically takeeach forecast to be independent.3 Past fore-casts have shown that there will be individualshires where the top of the range is easily met.The hard part is working out if Kalgoorlie-Boulder will be a region that does not followthe trend.

In addition to past instability, all levels ofgovernment have the task of changing trendsthrough planning processes. Users should be

aware of such initiatives and the impact thatthey may have in the future. In some casesit may help to use any population scenariosthat are included with such projects.

Population Change

Figure 1 shows each of the bands within theforecast. The bands have been coloured4 andthe median value of each band as at 2026 hasbeen printed on the chart.

WA Tomorrow Population Report No. 7 1 Forecast Profile

Population forecasts for Kalgoorlie-Boulder (C) 2006 to 2026

The range of these forecasts suggest thatusers need to be careful when making de-cisions based on these forecasts. There isa signifcant variation between Band A andBand E that should be taken into account.

One way of looking at growth is to calculatethe average annual growth rate or AAGR.The AAGR is the constant rate of changethat is required to reach the size of popula-tion in a particular year. It is likely that inthe long term there will be population growthin Kalgoorlie-Boulder. The average annualgrowth rate (AAGR) for Band C is 0.4%.

This compares with a lowest change rate of−0.3% and a high of 1.2%. The numberof births is significantly higher than deaths.Births are also a more important componentthan net migration.

Table 2 shows the range of AAGRs for 20,15 and 10 years. To put these figures in con-text the rates have been compared with theAustralian AAGRs prior to the recent stu-dent induced5 record growth rates. In relativeterms the potential AAGRs for Kalgoorlie-Boulder are low for both WA and Australianstandards.

Figure 2: Demographic Accounts

Demographic Accounts

These forecasts have been prepared using acohort component model that includes infor-mation about migration flows in and out ofregions within Australia, net migration intoAustralia, births and deaths.

A waterfall chart (Figure 2) gives a visuali-

sation of the cumulative effect of each com-ponent. Within each band the componentshave been ordered by the absolute size of theirimpact. The largest impacts are shown last.The cumulative effect of all components isequal to population change over the 20 yearperiod. The cumulative values6 are printed inred alongside the last component. The bandsare ordered so that the lowest band is on the

Forecast Profile 2 WA Tomorrow Population Report No. 7


left and the highest is on the right. A dashedline indicates no population change. This al-lows the user to see the overall balance of thecomponents.

A feature of these forecasts is an increase inthe assumptions for fertility and overseas mi-gration into Australia. The change in fertilityrates between those used here and the onesused in the 2005 edition of WA Tomorrow isvery large. Instead of a reduction in fertil-ity, this forecast continues the current high

rates of fertility for the horizon of the fore-cast. This means that births are playing amore significant role in population change,than they have previously.

The main component for both Band A andBand E was intrastate migration. As ex-pected the birth and death components werethe two most stable aspects of the model. Incontrast interstate migration showed a dis-tinct change between the various series.

Figure 3: Boxplots of demographic components

An alternative way at looking at the compo-nents is by the use of boxplots. These visual-isations allow the user to see the distributionof values in each band.

The dark-line in the centre of the boxplot isthe average (median) value of that band. 50%of the values are within the box. The whiskersattached to the box have a range that is 1.5times that of the mean to box edge. Finallyoutliers are shown as solid dots.

The boxplots show the structured way inwhich the demographic components changeeach other. There are distinct differences be-tween each of the bands. Close examinationof a single band shows that the range of val-ues used can be quite large.

Age and Sex Structure

Changes have been made in this forecast to



improve the accuracy of the age and sexstructure. A detailed analysis of past fore-casts suggested that the difference betweenthe forecast and what occurred was substan-tial. Figure 4 gives a visualisation of the dy-namics of the age structure throughout theforecast. The figure is split with both thetop and bottom parts sharing the same x axis(5 year age groups.)

The top part overlays the ranges (all bands)for each age group as a polygon. There isa polygon for each census year from 2006 to

2026. Each polygon has been hatched andcoloured. Cross hatching indicates the over-lap between census years. The bottom partshows the ranges (all bands) of the AAGR foreach age group. If the bottom chart is rela-tively flat it indicates that all age groups arechanging at the same rate. In this case theranges will all share the same shape. That ispeaks and troughs will all remain in the sameage. If AAGRs have a high rate of changethen the top chart will spread out revealingthe population increase.

Figure 4: Age structure for 2006, 2011, 2016, 2021 and 2026

If the AAGRs are not flat they indicate thatsome age groups are changing faster than oth-ers. This is nearly always the case for theolder age groups. This part of the chart en-ables the user to gauge how individual agegroups are changing in comparison to eachother.

During the period of these forecasts the agestructure has not changed to any extent. A

direct result is that it is difficult to clearly seethe individual ranges as they are plotted ontop of each other.

The AAGRs for young people (aged 0 to 19)centres around 0.1%. Those of working age(20 to 64) have a rate of about 0.4%. Olderpeople have a rate closer to 3.7%.

Analysis of the output from this model shows



the forecasts do not exhibit the universal agecreep7 that was a prominent feature of previ-ous forecasts. This was most noticeable in ar-eas where there were strong migration trendsthat suggested a stable age and sex struc-ture. These were typically associated withmining employment or attendance at an edu-cational institution. In past forecasts an ad-hoc adjustment was made using past trendsof changes in the structures. In line withacademic work8 the introduction of migrationflows appears to have resulted in improved es-timates of age and sex.

Assumptions used in the model for

Kalgoorlie-Boulder (C)

The assumptions for each area have been cre-ated using both local and State data. It hasbeen shown that local forecasts of populationare improved by adjusting each sub-region sothat the sum of the components results in the

same outcome as the State estimate.

Details of the assumptions used at a Statelevel are included in the summary publica-tions.

Mortality assumptions in Kalgoorlie-Boulder(C) are derived for both the Indigenous pop-ulation as well as the non-Indigenous popu-lation. While there is no way to accuratelydetermine the local mortality rates for Indige-nous people, it is well known that there arevery significant differences between the twogroups. The forecasts do this because in ar-eas with substantial Indigenous populations,even a crude estimate of Indigenous mortalitycan significantly improve the forecast.

Figure 5 is for the total population and takesaccount of all of the adjustments made in theforecast process. It is usual to transform therate by applying a log function. This enablesthe reader to see the subtle changes that arehappening.



Figure 5: Age specific mortality rates for the years 2011 to 2012, 2015 to 2016 and 2025 to2026

Figure 6: Age specific fertility rates for the years 2011 to 2012, 2015 to 2016 and 2025 to2026



The use of a State-wide assumption was madeafter looking at the spatial variations in mor-tality. A recent Australian Bureau of Statis-tics publication9 produced an article lookingat remoteness areas and found that there wasa difference between remote and non remoteareas. There seems to be a similarity betweenthis finding and the one used in this publi-cation. That is remoteness is also associatedwith higher proportions of Indigenous people.

This topic is part of ongoing discussion withthe Australian Bureau of Statistics to im-prove the quality of Indigenous statistics. Itdoes not appear that there is an obvious wayto spatially vary mortality rates at the mo-ment.

Local fertility assumptions were made byidentifying regions that had a similar fertil-ity pattern. For example the outer areas ofPerth have higher levels and a younger peakof age specific rates than the inner areas ofPerth. Likewise urban centres in the coun-try had lower rates and an older peak in agespecific rates than other country areas.

The rates for these groupings were used forall areas within the grouping. The variationin rates between individual areas is incorpo-rated in the uncertainty shown in Figure 6.

A single assumption was used for the Indige-nous mothers. The net effect of both assump-tions have been combined in Figure 6.

Figure 7: Age specific migration rates for the years 2006 to 2026

Rates for the three migration types used inthe model are shown in Figure 7. Theseare net migration rates. They are helpfulin understanding the change in populationsize. However, they also hide most of the mi-gration that actually occurs. Approximately

9% of the total population will have movedto Kalgoorlie-Boulder from elsewhere in WA,each year. Interstate migrants add another4%. The figure for net overseas migrants isnot calculated using flows. Therefore the in-ward component is unavailable. However as



with the other migration flows it is probablymuch larger than the net migration estimate.

Estimates of overseas migration have beenmade using linear regression. From this con-fidence intervals have been used to estimatethe levels of uncertainty. However past levelsof overseas migration have been influenced bychanges to government policy. These changeshave often been sudden and dramatic. Thistype of uncertainty is not included in theseforecasts.

The estimates for overseas migration mayincorrectly contain movements within Aus-tralia. This is because there is no direct wayof estimating who has moved overseas fromKalgoorlie-Boulder. It could be that peoplewho have left, failed to identify Kalgoorlie-Boulder as their previous address on the Cen-sus form. This will have most impact forgroups, such as young males, who tend to ei-ther be missed or fail to answer questions onthe Census form.



Notes

1As with the previous set of projectionsthe terms forecast and projection have thesame meaning within this document.

2 While this may seem like a large num-ber of runs, it is in fact less than would berequired to be able to say with any degreeof certainty that an alternative run of 10 000would not give significantly different figures.

For example, if we tried to select a combi-nation of factors that ensured each year hadfive runs that covered the possibilities be-tween low and high we would need 95 tril-lion unique runs to cover all possible permu-tations.

In the first year there would be five pos-sibilities. In the second year each of the fiveoptions have 5 more options. This is nor-mally shown as 52 or 5 to the power of 2 whichequals 25. The next year we have 53 or 5 tothe power of 3 which equals 125. To do the20 years in the forecast we need 521 or 95 367431 640 625 or 95 trillion.

Running this many simulations is notpossible. Our 10 000 simulations represent asample which we can use as representative ofthe minimum of 95 trillion possibilities. Us-ing a sample size calculator the best we canexpect of the mean of all simulations is thatthey are within 1% plus or minus and we areabout 95% confident about that. The use of1 000 runs changes that to 3%. The realityis that both figures are much larger as thereis no way that we only need 476 trillion sim-ulations. Most of them will be duplicates. Itseems likely that we are probably within theball park and not much else.

3 This forecast is part of a series. All ofthem are related to each other. Some will behigher and some will be lower. It is unrealistic

to expect them to all be average. For exam-ple if you throw six dice, you expect that oneof the dice will roll a six quite quickly. Indeedthere is a 66% chance that it will be thrownin the first 6 rolls and a 90% probability thata five or six will be thrown.

4 These colours have been selected so thatpeople with some of the more common typesof colour blindness can distinguish the differ-ences.

5 Recent population growth in Australiahas been connected with changes to the wayin which the population is counted. Thechange mainly relates to people who are inAustralia for longer than 1 year, but donot have permanent residence status, such asoverseas students. For a while a boom in vo-cational education encouraged high levels ofstudents hoping to gain permanent residencein Australia. Changes to migration processesin 2010 appear to have reduced the numbersof students.

6Since the forecasts are sorted in order torank the runs for each year, the median val-ues of the demographic components are notrequired to add to the size of the total popula-tion. For smaller areas the differences may belarge enough to notice. However the overallpattern will be correct. Using an individualrun could produce a run that was not rep-resentative of the change from band to band,although the sum of the components could beguaranteed to total correctly.

7 Age creep is the way the existing agestructure appears to age in place. That is af-ter 5 years a peak that was at age 20 nowpeaks at age 25, suggesting that the popula-tion is stable and therefore the 20 year oldsare most likely the same 15 year olds.

8Isserman, A. M. (1993). The RightPeople, the Right Rates Making PopulationEstimates and Forecasts with an InterregionalCohort-Component Model. Journal of the



American Planning Association 59(1): 45-64.

Kupiszewski, M. and P. Rees(1999). Lessons for the projection of inter-nal migration from studies in ten Europeancountries. Statistical Journal of the UnitedNations 16 281 - 295.

Rees, P. (1985). Developments in themodelling of spatial populations. PopulationStructures and Models: Development in spa-tial demography. R. Woods and P. Rees.London, Allen & Unwin: 97-124.

Rogers, A. (1975). Shrinking Large-

Scale Population Projection Models by Ag-gregation and decomposition. Laxenburg,IIASA. p. 60.

Wilson, T. and M. Bell (2004). Com-parative empirical evaluations of internal mi-gration models in subnational population pro-jections. Journal of Population Research21(2): 127-160.

9 ABS (2011). Deaths, Aus-tralia. 2010, 3302.0. Canberra, Aus-tralian Bureau of Statistics. Website:www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/mf/3302.0



Table 1: Population Forecasts by Bands 2006 to 2026

A B C D E2006 30 200 30 300 30 400 30 500 30 6002007 30 100 30 400 30 600 30 900 31 3002008 30 100 30 600 31 000 31 400 32 2002009 30 200 31 000 31 600 32 200 33 6002010 30 300 31 400 32 200 33 000 34 8002011 30 400 31 600 32 600 33 600 35 7002012 30 400 31 800 32 900 34 100 36 4002013 30 400 31 900 33 100 34 400 36 9002014 30 300 32 000 33 300 34 600 37 2002015 30 200 32 000 33 300 34 700 37 4002016 30 100 31 900 33 400 34 800 37 6002017 29 900 31 900 33 400 34 900 37 6002018 29 800 31 800 33 300 34 900 37 7002019 29 700 31 700 33 300 35 000 37 8002020 29 600 31 600 33 300 35 000 37 9002021 29 400 31 600 33 300 35 100 38 0002022 29 300 31 500 33 200 35 100 38 1002023 29 100 31 400 33 200 35 100 38 2002024 29 000 31 400 33 200 35 100 38 3002025 28 800 31 300 33 200 35 200 38 4002026 28 700 31 200 33 200 35 200 38 500

Table 2: AAGRs and Australian Ratio by Bands, 2026, 2021 and 2016

AAGR RatioA B C D E A B C D E

2026 −0.3 0.1 0.4 0.7 1.2 −0.2 0.1 0.3 0.6 1.02021 −0.2 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.5 −0.2 0.2 0.5 0.8 1.22016 0.0 0.5 0.9 1.3 2.1 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.1 1.8



Table 3: Population Forecasts by Age and Bands 2011

A B C D E0 to 4 2 800 2 900 3 000 3 000 3 2005 to 9 2 300 2 300 2 400 2 500 2 600

10 to 14 2 200 2 300 2 400 2 400 2 60015 to 19 2 200 2 200 2 300 2 400 2 50020 to 24 2 500 2 600 2 700 2 800 3 00025 to 29 2 700 2 900 3 100 3 200 3 50030 to 34 2 500 2 700 2 800 2 900 3 20035 to 39 2 400 2 600 2 700 2 800 3 00040 to 44 2 400 2 500 2 600 2 600 2 80045 to 49 2 200 2 300 2 400 2 400 2 60050 to 54 2 000 2 000 2 000 2 100 2 20055 to 59 1 400 1 500 1 500 1 600 1 60060 to 64 1 000 1 100 1 100 1 100 1 10065 to 69 630 650 660 680 71070 to 74 410 420 430 440 46075 to 79 280 290 300 300 31080 to 84 200 210 210 210 220

85 and over 190 200 200 200 210


A B C D E0 to 4 2 500 2 700 2 900 3 000 3 2005 to 9 2 400 2 600 2 700 2 800 2 900

10 to 14 2 000 2 100 2 200 2 300 2 50015 to 19 2 000 2 100 2 200 2 300 2 50020 to 24 2 400 2 500 2 600 2 700 2 90025 to 29 2 700 2 900 3 100 3 300 3 50030 to 34 2 600 2 900 3 000 3 200 3 50035 to 39 2 300 2 500 2 600 2 800 3 10040 to 44 2 200 2 300 2 500 2 600 2 80045 to 49 2 100 2 300 2 400 2 500 2 70050 to 54 2 000 2 100 2 100 2 200 2 40055 to 59 1 600 1 600 1 700 1 700 1 80060 to 64 1 100 1 100 1 200 1 200 1 30065 to 69 760 800 830 860 92070 to 74 480 510 530 550 58075 to 79 320 340 350 360 39080 to 84 220 230 240 250 260

85 and over 240 250 260 260 280




A B C D E0 to 4 2 400 2 600 2 800 2 900 3 2005 to 9 2 300 2 500 2 600 2 700 2 900

10 to 14 2 100 2 300 2 400 2 500 2 70015 to 19 1 800 2 000 2 100 2 200 2 40020 to 24 2 200 2 300 2 400 2 600 2 80025 to 29 2 500 2 700 2 900 3 100 3 30030 to 34 2 600 2 800 3 000 3 200 3 50035 to 39 2 400 2 600 2 800 3 000 3 30040 to 44 2 100 2 300 2 400 2 600 2 80045 to 49 2 000 2 100 2 300 2 400 2 60050 to 54 1 900 2 000 2 100 2 200 2 40055 to 59 1 500 1 600 1 700 1 800 1 90060 to 64 1 100 1 200 1 300 1 300 1 40065 to 69 790 850 890 930 1 00070 to 74 580 620 650 680 74075 to 79 390 410 430 450 49080 to 84 260 270 290 300 320

85 and over 280 300 310 320 340


A B C D E0 to 4 2 300 2 600 2 700 2 900 3 1005 to 9 2 200 2 400 2 500 2 700 2 900

10 to 14 2 100 2 200 2 400 2 500 2 70015 to 19 1 900 2 100 2 200 2 300 2 50020 to 24 2 000 2 200 2 300 2 500 2 70025 to 29 2 300 2 500 2 700 2 900 3 20030 to 34 2 400 2 600 2 800 3 000 3 30035 to 39 2 300 2 600 2 800 3 000 3 30040 to 44 2 200 2 400 2 600 2 800 3 10045 to 49 1 900 2 100 2 200 2 400 2 70050 to 54 1 800 1 900 2 000 2 200 2 40055 to 59 1 500 1 600 1 700 1 800 2 00060 to 64 1 100 1 200 1 300 1 400 1 50065 to 69 810 890 940 1 000 1 10070 to 74 600 660 700 740 80075 to 79 460 500 530 560 61080 to 84 310 330 350 370 400

85 and over 340 360 380 390 420



Table 7: Boxplot Values for Top 20%

Births Deaths Interstate Intrastate OverseasLower Whisker 12 400 -2 800 -2 400 -33 900 13 300

Box Bottom 12 800 -2 600 200 -27 500 18 100Median 13 100 -2 500 1 000 -25 000 20 900

Top Box 13 600 -2 500 1 900 -23 200 24 600Upper Whisker 14 800 -2 400 4 500 -20 400 33 800

Table 8: Boxplot Values for 60-80%


Box Bottom 12 100 -2 400 -400 -20 900 13 400Median 12 200 -2 400 400 -20 100 14 400

Top Box 12 400 -2 400 1 100 -19 400 15 400Upper Whisker 12 700 -2 300 3 300 -17 300 18 400

Table 9: Boxplot Values for Middle 20%


Box Bottom 11 600 -2 400 -2 100 -18 200 11 500Median 11 700 -2 400 -1 300 -17 600 12 300

Top Box 11 900 -2 300 -500 -16 900 13 100Upper Whisker 12 200 -2 200 1 600 -15 100 15 500

Table 10: Boxplot Values for Top 20-40%



Top Box 11 400 -2 300 -2 300 -14 400 11 100Upper Whisker 11 700 -2 200 -200 -12 400 13 500



Table 11: Boxplot Values for Bottom 20%



Top Box 10 800 -2 200 -4 500 -10 200 8 700Upper Whisker 11 100 -2 000 -1 700 -6 500 12 500


population forecasts for kalgoorlie-boulder (c) 2006 to 2026€¦ · · 2018-05-01they use the...

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