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Population UNIT II

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Page 1: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

Population

UNIT II

Page 2: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

Key Questions• Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could

lead to a global crisis?• What patterns exist in the earth’s population densities and

distributions?• Why are populations growing faster in some areas of the

world than in others?• How have governments and religions attempted to

influence population growth trends?• How do geographers measure and study human population

patterns?• What are the current and past patterns of population

migration and movements?• What political, economic, and social factors influence

population migration streams?

Page 3: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

Population

• Demography– Study of human populations

• Infrastructure– Support systems (housing, food, education,

healthcare, roadways)

• Scale of Inquiry– Size of geographic investigation…global vs.

regional vs. local

Page 4: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

Trends

• Populations are growing in poorer areas– Ex. Africa and Asia

• Critical issue not the growing population– Critical issue is growth without support

Page 5: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

Demographic Accounting equations

• Global population accounting equation– P0= population at start– P1= population at end– B= Births within time interval– D= Deaths within time interval

– P1=P0 + B - D

Page 6: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

What about on a regional/subglobal level?

• Similar but adds two factors• IMMIGRATION…think Into• EMMIGRATION…think Exiting

Page 7: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

Demographic Accounting equations

• Sub-Global population accounting equation– P0= population at start– P1= population at end– B= Births within time interval– D= Deaths within time interval– I= Immigration– E= Emmigration

– P1=P0 + B – D + I - E

Page 8: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

Population Distribution

• Distribution– Pattern of people across the earth’s surface

• Throughout history it has been UNEVEN• Cluster around RESOURCES• ¾ of people live only on 5% of the earth’s surface• ECUMENE- Earth’s surface where people can live• 50/50 split (Urban vs. Rural)

Page 9: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

Global Pop Distribution

• ~81% of pop lives in LDCs• 2 countries have over 1 billion people each• 7 Billion worldwide• 1 in 2 live in Asia• 3 in 5 live in Asia/Europe• Largest concentration: East Asia (China, Japan,

Taiwan, Korea)• Second largest concentration: S. Asia (India,

Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Pakistan)

Page 10: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

Cont…

• Natural Increase rate– The percentage growth of a population in a year,

computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate

– India’s NIR is higher than China’s … what does that mean?

– Most Asians are subsistence farmers

Page 11: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

Cont…

• Third largest concentration: Europe… From Atlantic to the Ural Mtns.– Mainly due to Industrial Revolution– Most Europeans are Urban Dwellers

– Although Asian has a greater number of Urban Dwellers due to greater population

Page 12: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

Density• Arithmetic Density/Population Density– Total number of people divided by total land area– Egypt: 177 people per sq mile

• Physiological Density– Number of people divided by arable land– Arable = Farmland– Ex. Egypt:8,000 per sq mile of arable land

• Agricultural Density– Farmers per unit of arable land– Low agri density suggests large farms– High agri density= many farmers on each piece of

farmland

Page 13: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

Overpopulation

• Carrying Capacity– The number of people the area can

sustain/support

– Efforts to increase C.C.• Japan imports food and supplies• Israel has improved irrigation• Saudi Arabia has desalination plants

Page 14: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

Cont.

• Overpopulation– When a region outgrows its carrying capacity

Page 15: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

Population Pyramids

• Age-Sex structures• Helps to evaluate the distribution of ages and

genders in a given population• Cohort– A group of people of the same age

– Pop Pyramids can help predict future growth or problems

Page 16: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

Population Pyramids

• Can look towards history to help explain– Ex. Baby boom

Page 17: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

Graying Population

• Dependency ratio– Ration of people 15-64 vs. the rest– Why this group?– In US and Europe the Ratio is growing

– In 2000… first time 60 and overs outnumbered people under 14

Page 18: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

Population explosion

• We are growing EXPONENTIALLY• Different than linear or arithmetic

• 1st agricultural rev.• Industrial rev.• 2nd ag revolution

Page 19: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

Theories of Pop Growth

• Thomas Malthus – Said pop was growing GEOMETRICALLY– Said food was growing ARITHMETICALLY

– Advocated birth control and celibacy (positive checks)

– Negative checks (war, starvation, disease)

Page 20: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

Pop

• 1650-1/2 billion• 1820- 1 billion• 1930- 2 billion• 1975- 4 billion• 2000- 6 billion• 2012- 7 billion

Page 21: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

Other theories

• Karl Marx-uneven distribution of resources• Boserup- increase subsistence farming• Neo-Malthusians-we must reach a sustainable

level

Page 22: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

Demographer’s tools• Crude birth rate: number of live births per 1000

people• Crude death rate: number of deaths per 1000

people• Infant mortality rate: infant deaths per 1000

births• Life expectancy• Fecundity: ability of a woman to conceive• General Fertility rate: number of births per 1000

women in the Fecund years

Page 23: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

Cont…

• Total fertility rate: predicted number of births a woman will have thru the fecund years– A TFR of 2.1 in called replacement level fertility…

leads to zero pop growth

– Global NIR or RNI in 2006 was 1.2 (0 means no growth)

– MDCs = .1– LDCs = 1.5

Page 24: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

China

• Female infanticide due to 1 child policy• Leads to increased HIV

Page 25: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

The Demographic

Transition(Ch 2.3A)

Page 26: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

The Classic Stages of Demographic Transition

Time

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4

Naturalincrease

Birth rate

Death rate

Note: Natural increase is produced from the excess of births over deaths.

Lesson Plan: The Demographic Transition, Activity One

Page 27: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

Stage 1: Low Growth• Very high birth/death rates• Occurred during most of human

history…no country in stage one today• #of births = #of deaths (zero population

growth)

Page 28: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

Stage 2: High Growth• Very high birth rates/declining death rates• Very high rate of natural increase• New technologies developed during the Industrial

Revolution helped farmers produce more food -especially in N. America & Europe (@1800)

• Diffusion of medical technologies helped populations of LDC’s in Africa, Asia, and Latin America grow in the mid-20th century.

Page 29: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

Stage 3: Moderate Growth

•birth rates rapidly decline/death rates continue to fall/rate of natural increase slows

Page 30: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

Stage 4: Low Growth

• Very low birth/death rates • slow rate of natural

increase• Zero population growth

Page 31: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

Scatter graphs• Used to investigate the relationship between two

variables for a set of paired data. • Trend line should be drawn that…

– Follow the trend of the data– Join as many points as possible– Leave an equal number of unjoined points on either

side

                                                                 

                                                                 

Strong positive correlation

Strong negative correlation

Page 32: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

Epidemiological Transition model• Focuses on causes of death at each stage of the

Demographic transition model• 4 stages (matches DTM)• Stage 1- Pestilence and Famine– Ex. Black plague

• Stage 2- Receding Pandemics• Stage 3- Degenerative and Human created diseases– Cancer, heart attacks, etc…

• Stage 4- Delayed Degenerative disease– Still there but doesn’t occur as fast

• Stage 5?- Reemergence of infectious and parasitic disease– Increase mobility

Page 33: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

Migration

Page 34: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

Population Movement

• Friction of Distance– Difficulty of distance– It has been reduced

• Space time compression– Friction of distance being reduced through tech

• Spatial interaction– Interaction between two places

Page 35: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

Migration

• The process of PERMANENTLY moving from your home region and crossing an administrative boundary

• Current…174 million have migrated outside their home country

Page 36: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

Migration Stream

• A pathway from a place of origin to a destination

• PLACE DESIRABILITY– Possession of Positive features

• Net in-migration– More IMMIGRATION

• Net out-migration– More EMMIGRATION

Page 37: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

Migration Streams

• Usually have COUNTERSTREAMS

Page 38: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

Push/Pull factors

• PUSH… negative factors• PULL… positive factors

Page 39: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

Voluntary vs. Involuntary

• Voluntary– They have the option

• Involuntary– They are pushed from their land• Ex. N. Atlantic slave trade

Page 40: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

Refugees

• Migrants that flee some sort of persecution or abuse

• INTERNATIONAL REFUGEES– Flee to other countries

• INTRANATIONAL REFUGEES– Flee to another area of the country they live in– AKA internally displaced people

Page 41: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

Major areas of Dislocation and Refugees

Page 42: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

Sub-Saharan Africa

• Largest refugee crisis• Rwanda and Congo- Tribal/Ethnic conflicts• Darfur region(Sudan)- Religious/Ethnic tension

between North and South, Muslims and Animists, and government and rebels have led to dislocation

• Zaire, Tanzania, Sierra Leone, Angola, Burundi– War related refugees

Page 43: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

Middle East

• (may include N. Africa)• Migration streams include– Palestinians after formation of Israeli state to

neighboring SW Asia: Jordan, Syria, and Egypt– Kurdish from Iraq and Afghanistan during Soviet

occupation in the 1980s

Page 44: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

Europe

• In the Balkins… Fall of Yugoslavia led to largest refugee crisis in Europe since WWII…nearly 7 million

Page 45: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

SE Asia

• The Vietnam war created 2 million refugees• Cambodia– Violent government transition led to 300,000

refugees

• Burma– (now Myanmar)– Dislocated thousands

Page 46: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

S. Asia

• Afghani refugees to neighboring Pakistan• Sri Lanka … nearly 1 million citizens dislocated

by a feud with the Sinhalese government

Page 47: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

Internal Migration

• Interregional Migration• Intraregional Migration• Urban Migration– CounterUrbanization

Page 48: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

US migration patterns

• Have shifted west and south

• Great Migration– African Americans moving North after 1900

(~WWI)– 1970s they moved back South

– Overall shift South for better weather and opportunities (Jobs moved South)

Page 49: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

Aging Industry

• Rustbelt (northeast)• Sunbelt (South)

Page 50: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

After WWII migration

• Jewish immigrants to Israel from all over including Russia and Germany

• E. German emigration to other areas to avoid Soviet control

• Asia (Philippines, Vietnam, India) => USA• N. Africa/Turkey to Europe (France, Germany,

and England)

Page 51: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

Migration Selectivity

• Decision to migrate is a predictable pattern based on age, income, and other socioeconomic factors

• Age most relevant (18-30)

Page 52: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

Brain Drain

• Most educated leave for more distant job opportunities

• Ex. Appalachian region in Kentucky

Page 53: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

Gravity Model

• Larger places attract more migrants• Also… closer places also attract more migrants

than farther places• Migration is therefore directly proportionate

to population size and inversely proportionate to the distance between two places

Page 54: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

Ravenstein Migration Laws

• Majority of migrants travel short distances– Step migration– Intervening opportunities– Intervening Obstacles

Page 55: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

Cont…

• Migrants who travel farther will tend to move to large cities

• Rural residents are more likely to migrate• Families are less likely to migrate across

borders• Every migration steam has a counterstream

Page 56: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

Chain Migration

Page 57: Population UNIT II. Key Questions Will the earth’s population increase to a level that could lead to a global crisis? What patterns exist in the earth’s

Migration transition

• Stage 1- searching local for necessities• Stage 2- Countries are taxed for resources

(due to NIR) so people move out• Stage 3-Internal Migration… cities to suburbs• Stage 4- Intraregional


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