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SWrucWural Analysis of HisWorical ConsWrucWions – Jerzy Jasieńko (ed) © 2012 DPNH ProcławH PolandH ISSN 0860-2395H ISBN 978-83-7125-216-7

pTorCTroAi CeAoACTEofpTfC lc ToAafTflNAi tllaEN elrpEp fN plrTe NfApI fNalNEpfA pK eanazatoNI TK eanazatoOI vK rekitaPI hK pato4I hK kittoRI hK lnoSI pK voyokTI mK aianantaUI bK mradiptoVI AK kakataniNM

ABpToACT fndonesia consists of many islands and is a multiracial countryK bach ethnic group has their own type of traditional wooden housesK jost of them have survived against the past large earthquakes in such seismic areasK As they have been maintained by the traditional ways so farI it is worth preserving them from a historical point of viewK qhe purpose of the present research is to evaluate the structural characteristics specific to the traditional wooden houses in the southern area in kias islandK curthermoreI qhe structural restoration using the traditional techniques was discussed to propose the appropriate method for the structural conservationK qhe traditional wooden houses in pouth kias are characterized by an elevatedJfloor structureK te conducted the microJtremor measurements and architectural structural survey in Bawomataruo to study the structural characteristics of those traditional wooden housesK As the result of microJtremor measurementsI the natural frequency in span direction was lower than that in ridge direction because of wooden braces and wooden walls effectK qhe vibration mode shows that the rigidity distribution along the height of omosebua is irregularK Although the architectural structural form of them still remains as it used to beI we found out that the deterioration has been progressing and that the houses suffred serious damage by termiteK qhese damages might have reduced the original seismic resistanceK qhe present reserch indicates that the structural restoration should be needed to conserve the heritage structuresK

heywords: Traditional wooden housesI Micro-tremorI Conservation I fndonesiaI kias NK fNTolarCTflN fndonesia is composed of many islands and a multiracial countryK bach ethnic group has original cultureK ft has various types of traditional wooden housesK fn the present studyI we focus on the village of bawomataluo in pouth kiasI fndonesiaI shown in cigK NK As they have been maintained by the traditional ways so farI it is worth preserving them from an architectural historical point of viewK barthquakes often occurred in fndonesiaK jost of them have survived against the past large earthquakes as they are constructed in consideration of seismic resistanceK qhe village of _awomataruo is fortress village located on the hill with the steep approachesK qhe omo sebua Ea headman lived in formerlyF is center of the village shown in cigK OK qraditional wooden house in pouth kias is a elevatedJfloor styleK qhick columns EexK diameter of approximately RM cm at lmosebuaI PM cm at general houseF and braces support the space of living of which two sides are of wooden thick

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wallsK pome columns standing up on the floor support the roof frame shown as cigK PK fn additionI no nails are used for constructionK

cigK N iocation of Bawomataruo EoeferenceW doogle japI tikipediaF

cigK O corm of village EBawomataruoF xOz cigK P Composition of a house xOz

OK MfCol-ToEMlo MEAproEMENT

OKNK murpose te conducted the microJtremor measurement at lmosebua Ea headman lived in formerlyF and other general housesK Epee cigK OI cigK RF deneral houses have two kinds of roof materialsX iron and sago palm leavesK As a resultI the dynamic characteristics of these houses as well as the predominant periods of ground motions are evaluatedK OKOK Methods jicroJtremor measurements were carried out by using S microJtremor sensorsI shown as cigK 4K pampling duration was SM seconds for each record with sampling frequency of NMM ez using a portable monitoring equipment of pmCJRNAK cigK N and cigK P show the representative measuring pointsK then we measure the ground motionI we put sensors on the center path which is paved with stonesI indicating firm ground and being effected by noise easilyK

cigK 4 Aggangement cigK R lmo sebua

fn additionI we conducted free vibration experiment by human power excitationK fn the present paperI the span and ridge directions are defined as u and v directionsI respectivelyK

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cigK S Arrangement of general houses

cigK T pensors cigK U deneral houses

OKPK oesults of measurement OKPKNK lmo sebua qransfer function from the structure to the base showed that the natural frequency in u and v directions were OKM ez and PKN ezI respectively at lmosebuaK Epee cigK SF qhe damping factor was calculated from the waveform of free vibration testX OKRB and OKNB in u and v directionI respectivelyK

cigK 9 qransfer function Efrom the structure to the baseF

cigK NM sibration mode Eomo sebuaF

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cigKNM shows the first vibration mode figured out from transfer functionK ft indicates that rigidity distribution along the height is irregularK qraditional houses consist of three partsX roofI floor and underJfloorK rnderJfloor part is so stiff in both directions because of thick bracesK ln the other handI there is significant difference in stiffness of structural layer of living space between u and v directionsI which is caused by the wall’s effectK ft is considered that large story drift at the layer of living space in u direction can be noticed in cigK NMK _races are also effective in roof part in u directionI while there are no braces for v directionK

OKPKOK deneral eouses qransfer function of the micro tremor records showed that the natural frequency was PK4 ez in u direction at the general housesK qhe roof of house koKNI OI 4 are iron and koK P is a roof thatched with sago palm leavesK curthere survey will be needed to discuss dynamic performance of these general houses are considered to be affected by the roof’s materialsK qhose houses are connected by nonJstructural membersK ft is characterised by one entrance for two housesK qhe coupling effect was observed in u direction during the manJpower excitation testI shown in cigK NNK qhe predominant periods of the ground motions was evaluated to be 4KTez judging from the eLs spectrumK

cigK NN Coupling effect

OK4K Conclusion ft was found that u direction natural frequency is lower than v direction namelyX u direction structure is more flexible for both lmosebua and the general housesK qhe location of braces or walls causes irregularity of rigidity distributionK fn this surveyI the fundamental dynamic characteristics were clarifiedK crom this point further survey would be needed to study the earthquake resistance capacityK PK fNpmECTflN lN aETEofloATflN ANa aEcloMATflN PKNK murpose fnspection on deterioration and deformation was conducted to perceive damaged parts of lmosebuaK _ased on itI necessity or methods of restoration is consideredK

PKOK Methods aegradation survey was conducted in five pointX NKvisual observationI OKpercussion test with wooden hammer to find out decay or harm by antsI PKusing iaser jarking bquipment to probe a lean of frame or differential settlementI 4Kmeasurement of height with laser rangefinderI RKobserving the temperature and humidity simultaneously with times and iatitudeLiongitude as well as making a record with taking picturesK

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PKPK oesults of survey [P] PKPKNK coundation/dround eowever drain ditch is trenched around the structureI it does not work wellK qhe inner part of the underJfloor has high humidityI which causes deterioration in the bottom of the columnK PKPKOK rnder the floor EcigK NOF rnder the floor was very humid especially the corner of northeast which is adjacent to the house next doorK ft is conceivable that deterioration of the base of columns effected by humidityI while both of columns and braces have remarkable harms by antsK Approximately PM columns have to be replaced because of itK EcigK NMF As most of them seem to be new members or secondJhand membersI it is difficult to identify the members initially usedK As for the inclination and unequal settling of the columnsI the inspection results have significant disparityK qhe maximum angle of inclination was NMLNMMK ft is significant that particularly the pilaster columns incline much toward insideI which was caused by the pumatra earthquakeK qhe values of unequal settlement are also significantI including one as large as NPcmK ft seems that the traditional method of column replacement caused the dispersion of deformationK

PKPKPK ppace of living EAbove the floorF qhis is a living area on the raised floorK pignificant degradation on the floor was inner inclination of side column and settlement of floor lineK qhe inclinations of the side pillars are inward with SLNMM at the maximumK oegarding the condition of sagging floorI the central part of the hall EfrontJhalf of the houseF is highI of which maximum value is as much as NS cmK AlsoI damages by termites occurred to living space which located backJhalf of the houseK ft is considered that the cause for these are not only related to the damage in the underJfloor structureI but also due to mutual influence between inclination of the pillars above the floor and floorJsaggingK

PKPK4K ooof frame EcigK NPF qhe ridgeJheight is as high as OP m from the groundK eowever the roof had thatched with sago palm leavesI it is currently roofed with steel sheetsK qhese roof trusses and roof members were severely damaged by the pumatra earthquakeK fn particularI due to the earthquakeI part of the roof members peeled off or had aperturesI which resulted to rainwater leakage to decay the roof membersK fn additionI termites damage has been causedI which requires urgent restoration workK

cigK NO rnder the floor cigK NP ooof frame PK4K Conclusion Although the form of traditional type remainsI we found out the degradation and termite damage everywhereK mroper restoration as replacement of woods is readily necessaryK fron roofI which is more likely to cause high temperature and high humidity compared to roof thatched with sago palm leavesI accelerates deterioration of the roof trussesK ft is required to reconsider the traditional techniqueK 4K MEAproEMENT lc afMENpflNp

4KNK murpose ko nails are used for the traditional houses to constructI therefore the detail of joints are important to understand the dynamic characteristicsK te conducted the measurement survey to measure the details of jointsK

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4KOK Methods te observed omosebua and the genenral houses Eespecially house thatched with sagoF and recording details or dimensions with using tape measure and laser range finderK 4KPK oesults of survey cigK N4 shows the parts of common passage which connect two houses of the general housesK qhe detail of these connections is important to evaluate the coupling effectK EcfK cigK NNF cigK NR shows the joint between columns of underJfloor and floor support for both lmosebua and the general housesK qhe structural condition of joints is mostly used penetrating beamsK qhere are difference in numbers and dimensions of roof frame in each general houseK qhereforeI it is considered that each house has different natural frequency because of different height and roof materialsI indicating that coupling effect would be causedI and responce would be reduced during earthquakesK curther inspection would be neededK

cigK N4 Connection between houses

cigK NR goint of column and floor support xOz

RK ClNCirafNd oEMAohp As a result of microJtremor measurementI the natural frequency of traditional houses in kias are close to gapanese traditional wooden housesK curthermoreI most of those houses survived against the past earthquakesK qhese two facts indicate that they have considerable earthquake resistant capacityK eoweverI we found rigidity distribution of height is irregularK joreoverI the traditional houses have tilting that was caused by the earthquakes or aging deteriorationK puch two structural problem would reduce earthquake resistant capacity of traditional housesK lur survey suggests that the traditional houses should be structurally restoredK

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AChNltiEadEMENTp qhe present international research project is financially supported by drantsJinJAid for pcientific oesearch “fnternational joint research concerning the conservation of wooden buildings in fndonesia” Eoesearch leaderW rekitaKvF f would like to thank jrKwagoto to give me generous supportK oEcEoENCEp xNz AndoK hI edK ENVUOF pettlement pattern in kiasI fndonesiaI pummaries of technical papers of

annual meeting Architectural fnstitute of gapa nI USVJUTMK xOz fnoueK jI edK ENVUOF eousing construction method in kiasI fndonesiaI pummaries of technical

papers of annual meeting Architectural fnstitute of gapanI UTNJUTOK xPz kittoK hI et alKI edsK EOMNOF fnspection on deteriorationLdeformation of the lmo sebua building –

Conservation for tooden _uildings of qraditional sillages in kias fslandI fndonesia koK NI pummaries of technical papers of annual meeting Architectural fnstitute of gapanK

x4z Alain jK siaroI Arlette wieglerI edK ENVUOF qraditional Architecture of kias fslandI vayasan musaka kiasK