positive computing: technology for wellbeing

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POSITIVE COMPUTING Technology for psychological wellbeing Prof. Rafael A. Calvo ARC Future Fellow, Engineering The University of Sydney

Presented at: The Center for Compassion and Altruism Research and Education

(CCARE) Stanford University January 22, 2015

Dorian Peters Creative Leader, Education and Social Work The University of Sydney

About the University of Sydney •  50,200 students; 7,500 Staff •  First University in Australia (1850)

Digital Experience timeline.

1970 1980 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2014

Are we any happier?

Wealth, technology, happiness

Diener, E., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Beyond money. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 5(1), 1–31.

We design for… •  ProducOvity •  Efficiency •  Accuracy •  Speed

•  Performance •  SaOsfacOon •  Pleasure •  Desire

The Tyranny of Productivity

We design for proxies

Why design for proxies when we can design for the real thing?

Technology should be designed to support psychological wellbeing.

POSITIVE COMPUTING “The research and development of technology to support wellbeing and human potential”

Outline Technologies that change us

Multidisciplinary foundations

Wellbeing measures and factors

Current Projects

Technology already changes us... 1.   Facebook Use Predicts Declines in Subjec8ve Well-‐Being in Young Adults. Kross E,

Verduyn P, Demiralp E, Park J, Lee DS, et al. (2013) PLoS ONE 8(8): e69841. 2.   Experimental evidence of massive-‐scale emo8onal contagion through social networks

Kramer, A, J.E. Guillory, and J.T. Hancock. PNAS 2014 3.   Detec8ng Emo8onal Contagion in Massive Social Networks. Coviello, Lorenzo, et al.

PloS one 9.3 (2014): e90315. 4.   Growing Closer on Facebook: Changes in Tie Strength Through Social Network Site Use

Moira Burke et. al CHI 2014 5.   A wandering mind is an unhappy mind. Killingsworth, M.A. and Gilbert, D.T.

Science 330, 6006 (2010), 932. (Experience sampling using smartphones) 6.   A 61-‐million-‐person experiment in social influence and poliOcal mobilizaOon. Bond, R.M.,

Fariss, C.J., Jones, J.J., et al. Nature 489, 7415 (2012), 295–298.

Cognitive Computing Understanding what people think via wriOng

J. Villalón, P. Kearney, R.A. Calvo, P. Reimann. (2008) “Glosser: Enhanced Feedback for Student WriOng Tasks”.

•  essays, •  journals •  CBT

Behavioural Analytics Understanding what people do and the impacts of interven8ons

Example: R.A. Calvo, A. Aditomo, V. Southavilay and K. Yacef. (2012) "The use of text and process mining techniques to study the impact of feedback on students’ wriOng processes". InternaOonal Conference on the Learning Sciences.

Faculty Research Award

Affective Computing Understanding what people feel

Facial Expressions Physiology

TeleHealth Training applica/on



Physiology

The Oxford Handbook ofAFFECTIVE COMPUTING

O X F O R D L I B R A R Y O F P S Y C H O L O G Y

EDITED BY

RAFAEL A.CALVOSIDNEYD’MELLOJONATHANGRATCHARVIDKAPPAS

Cognition, Behavior & Affect in Computing

Technology for Wellbeing �

Research Foundations for a Field of Positive Computing

•  HCI & UX •  Human-Centered Design •  Values-Sensitive Design •  Emotional design •  Architecture

•  HCI •  Affective computing •  Personal informatics •  Persuasive tehnologies •  Attentive technologies

COMPUTING PSYCHOLOGY & BRAIN SCIENCE

DESIGN

•  Positive psychology •  Subjective Wellbeing •  Psychiatry •  Neuroscience

•  Behavioral Economics •  Personal development •  Learning technologies •  Media Studies •  Social Work

EDUCATION & SOCIAL SCIENCES

Research Foundations Many areas can contribute to our understanding of wellbeing and how to apply it to technology.

Foundations in Psychology

MODELS OF POSITIVE MENTAL HEALTH 1.   Clinical

DSM Global Assessment of FuncOoning (e.g. CES-‐D < 16)

2.   Posi8ve Psychology (e.g. Seligman, Lyubimorski, Huppert ) 3.   Socio-‐emo8onal intelligence (e.g. Salovey, Mayer & Caruso) 4.   Self-‐determina8on Theory (Ryan & Deci) 5.   Subjec8ve well-‐being (e.g. Diener, Kahneman)

6.   Neuroscience and Physiology (e.g., Panksepp, Davidson)

COMPONENTS Autonomy, connectedness, competence (Deci), Meaning, Posi8ve Emo8ons, Engagement, (Seligman)

Mindfulness (Davidson) ...

Population-wide measures UN’s first World Happiness Report (Helliwell, Layard, & Sachs, 2012) Happy Planet Index which combines data on experienced wellbeing, life expectancy and economic footprint First UK happiness report released in 2012 with staOsOcs on QoL and SBW Gallup-‐Healthways Well-‐being Index undertakes and an impressive live daily assessment of health and wellbeing measures across the U.S. (see well-‐beingindex.com)

  Experienced U8lity -‐ Average of posiOve & negaOve emoOons. sampled over Ome (Kahneman & Krueger, 2006)

  Experience Sampling (Csikszentmihalyi & Larson, 1987) or Day ReconstrucOon Method

  Affec8ve Compu8ng techniques The model contemplates accounOng for engagement.

Measures of Subjective Wellbeing

Kahneman, D., Diener, E., & Schwarz, N. (Eds.). (1999). Well-‐Being: The Founda/ons of Hedonic Psychology. New York: Rusell Sage FoundaOon. Kahneman, D., & Krueger, A. B. (2006). Developments in the measurement of subjecOve well-‐being. The journal of economic perspec/ves, 20(1), 3–24. Layard, R. (2006). Happiness: Lessons from a new science. Penguin.

Moving the population towards flourishing Pe

rcen

tage of P

opula8

on

Common Mental Disorder

Languishing Moderate Mental Health

Flourishing

Psychological Resources

Source: Felicia Huppert, Cambridge Wellbeing InsOtute

Designing to support Determinants of Wellbeing

•  PosiOve emoOons •  Autonomy •  Connectedness •  Self-‐awareness •  Resilience •  Engagement & flow

•  Meaning •  Mindfulness •  Empathy •  Compassion &

altruism

  Emotional Design

  Aesthetics

  Fun, “Delighters”

  Casual Games reduce stress & depression (eg. Rusoniello et.al.)

Positive Emotions Jane McGonigal Game designer and author Institute for the Future

Don Norman One of World’s most in7luential designers (Newsweek)

Positive Emotions not Created Equal

Seeking-‐focused Affilia8ve-‐focused Drive, excitement Contentment, connectedness

Gilbert, P. (2014), The origins and nature of compassion focused therapy. BriOsh Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53: 6–41. Depue, R.A., & Morrone-‐Strupinsky, J.V. (2005). A neurobehavioral model of affiliaOve bonding. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 28, 313–395.

Positive Emotions in Technology

  Catching up with email

  Organizing your week's events on a calendar

  Preparing a talk in powerpoint

  “Meforming” on twiser

  Combat simulaOon

  A round of candy crush

  Online shopping

  Searching for informaOon

  Tracking exercise

  Anything gamified

Striving-achievement (dopaminergic)

•  TexOng playfully with spouse •  GraOtude journal app •  Praising someone on facebook

Affiliative-contentment (opiate system, oxytocin)

Empathy

peacemakergame.com

FronOers-‐game.com InteracOve Guide to EmoOons

Understanding and experiencing other’s emotions.

“I like” vs. “I appreciate this”

New Design tradeoffs example: speed vs. gratitude

Praise is valuable to both sides LinkedIn & Yammer: speed vs. psychological benefits?

Payroll as a celebration

Reviving, donating & helping in games

Opportunities for awe & inspiration

Compassion vs. Empathy

1.  Addressing appraisals of deservedness 2.  SupporOng feelings of agency 3.  Providing opportuniOes for the pracOce of

altruism 4.  Providing opportuniOes for elevaOon

5.  SupporOng compassion training pracOces. Peters, D, & R Calvo. "Compassion vs. empathy: designing for resilience.” Interac/ons 21.5 (2014): 48-‐53.a Goetz, J. L., Keltner, D., & Simon-‐Thomas, E. (2010). Compassion: An evoluOonary analysis and empirical review. Psychological BulleOn, 136(3), 351.

Altruism Developing helping behaviors with VR

Rosenberg, R. S., Baughman, S. L., & Bailenson, J. N. (2013). Virtual Superheroes: Using Superpowers in Virtual Reality to Encourage Prosocial Behavior. PloS one, 8(1).

Superhero experiment, Stanford (images from Catalyst, ABC)

Envisioning Positive Computing Current work and future visions

Types of integration Types&of&positive&computing&technologies&

A&4&Not&positive&computing&&

Wellbeing(&(human(potential(were(not(considered(in(the(design(of(the(technology((

B&–&Preventative&integration&&&

Obstacles(or(compromises(to(wellbeing(are(treated(as(errors.(

C&4&Active&integration&&

Technology(is(designed(to(actively(support(components(of(wellbeing(or(human(potential(in(an(application(that(has(a(different(overall(goal((

(

D&4&Dedicated&integration&&

A(technology(that(is(purpose=built(and(dedicated(to(fostering(wellbeing(and/or(human(potential(in(some(way.((

•  Word redesigned to support flow •  Social media redesigned to support

social intelligence

•  Posi/ve psychology interven/ons •  Game for developing empathy

Examples

•  Redesign to prevent trolling or cyberbullying

Framework for Research and Practice Operationalizing wellbeing research for technology design

!Factor! Literature!&!Theory! Strategies!

Methods!&!Measures!

Self!(Intrapersonal)!

Positive!Emotions!

• Hedonic!Psychology!

(Kahneman)!

• Subjective!Wellbeing!(Deiner)!

• Building!&!Broadening!Effect!

(Fredrickson)!

• Savouring!

• Positive!ruminating!

• Reframing!

• Compassion!

meditation!

PANAS!scales;!General!

wellbeing!measures!such!

as!SWB,!SWLS!and!QoL!

scales.!

Motivation!&!Engagement!!

• SelfOdetermination!Theory!

(Ryan!&!Deci)!!

• Flow!Theory!Csikszentmihalyi)!

• Intrinsic!and!extrinsic!rewards!

The!Motivation!and!

Engagement!Scale;!SelfO

Regulation!

Questionnaires!

Self<awareness!

• Cognitive!Behavioral!Therapy!(Aaron!Beck)!

• Emotional!Intelligence!(Mayer!

&!Salovey)!

• Life!summary!

• Online!CBT!study!• TechnologyOMediated!Reflection!

Emotional!Intelligence!

measures!(eg.!MSCEIT);!

wellbeing!measures!such!

as!Life!Satisfaction!

Mindfulness! MindfulnessObased!Stress!

Reduction!!(KabatOZinn)!

MinfulnessObased!Cognitive!

Therapy!(Segal,!Williams!&!

Teasdale)!

• Mindfulness!

meditation!

• MBSR!strategies!

• MBCT!strategies!

MAAS;!Freiburg!

Mindfulness!Inventory!

Resilience! psychology!of!resilience!

(Seligman,!Keyes)!!

Building!&!Broadening!Effect!

(Fredrickson)!!

• Positive!psychology!interventions!

• SuperBetter!

Resilience!Scale;!!

Social!(Interpersonal)!

Gratitude! Emmons!&!McCullough!

Psychology2of2Gratitude!• Gratitude!visit!

• Gratitude!journal!

Gratitude!Questionnaire!

Empathy! Emotional!Intelligence!(Salovey!&!

Mayer;!Goleman),!Affective!and!

Cognitive!empathy!(Gerdes!etal;!

Singer)!

• RoleOplaying!

• PerspectiveOtaking!

• Emotion!recognition!

training!

EQ;!Interpersonal!

Reactivity!Index;!

Children's!Empathic!

Attitudes!Questionnaire!

Transcendent!(Extra:personal)!

Compassion! CompassionOFocused!Therapy!

(Paul!Gilbert)!

• Compassion!

Meditation!

SelfOcompassion!Scale;!

Prosocial!Orientation!

Scale;!Hostile!Attribution!

Bias!Questionnaire!Altruism!

!

Batson!(empathyOAltruism!

!

• Prosocial!games!

• RoleOplaying!helping!

behavior!

Wisdom! • Psychology!of!wisdom!

(Staudinger)!

• Balance!Theory!of!Wisdom!

(Sternberg)!

• 16!principles!of!

teaching!for!wisdom!

(Sternberg)!!

SelfOassessed!Wisdom!

Scale;!ThreeOdimensional!

Wisdom!scale!

From: Positive Computing

Expert Perspectives Multidisciplinary views of wellbeing technology (in the book)

Don Norman One of World’s most influential designers (Newsweek)

Prof . Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi Founder of the Quality of Life Research Center.

Prof. Mark Williams Director, Oxford Mindfulness Centre, University of Oxford

Mary-Helen Immordino-Yang Brain and Creativity Institute USC

Jeremy Bailenson Augmented Virtual Reality Stanford University

danah boyd Social Media researcher at Harvard & Microsoft

Prof . Felicia Huppert Director of Cambridge Well-being Institute

Prof . David Caruso Yale

Jonathan Nicholas CEO Reachout Foundation

Prof. Jane Burns CEO, Young and Well CRC .

Moderator Assistant - Helping those who help others [Resilience, meaning]

In Partnership with:

Moderator Assistant

Ming Liu, Rafael A. Calvo, Tracey Davenport, Ian Hickie "Moderator Assistant: helping those who help via online mental health support groups". Social Technologies for Health and Wellbeing' workshop at OzChi 2013. Nov 25 & 26. Adelaide, South Australia

Self-management in health

In Partnership:

In Partnership with: Charles Perkins Centre | Children’s Hospital at Westmead | Asthma Australia

[Autonomy]

MH promotion in emergency services workplace

Men @ Work – workplace wellbeing [Resilience, Compassion]

ARC Future Fellowship (2015-2019)

Identifying software design strategies that can foster various determinant factors of wellbeing

  Understanding expert/disciplinary concep8ons.

  Iden8fying design strategies

  Measurement – Evalua8ng proposed design strategies in specific projects

In collaboraOon with:

Positive Computing workshops Competence: Feeling that one has sufficient ability/experOse relevant to an experience.

Autonomy: Feeling that one has the power to influence or endorse the outcome of an experience. “Internal perceived locus of causality”.

Meaning: Find a deep sense of fulfilment by employing our unique strengths for a purpose greater than ourselves.

Posi8ve emo8ons: eg. joy, graOtude, serenity, interest, hope, pride, amusement, inspiraOon, awe, love.

Engagement: taking part in acOviOes that absorb one completely, state of flow (loss of self-‐consciousness, no mind-‐wandering)

Relatedness: Belongingness and connectedness with others, ”secure relaOonal base”

With support from the Charles Perkins Centre RA Calvo, D. Peters, D. Johnson, Y. Rogers “Autonomy in Technology Design” CHI ’14

Conclusions 1.  Technology changes us. 2.  There are psychological factors known to increase

wellbeing (described in psychological theories) 3.  These factors can be used to inform the design of

technologies that beser support wellbeing 4.  PosiOve compuOng provides a framework to support

effort by: •  Drawing on mulO-‐disciplinary work and theoreOcal

frameworks that can serve as an evidence base for pracOce

•  Helping pracOoners manage design for wellbeing by addressing determinants

•  TargeOng the promoOon of flourishing in all technology

Thank you. PosiOveCompuOng.org

Journal CHI 2015 Positive Computing Course in Seoul 27 April 2015.

Special Issue Psychology of Well-Being (Springer) CFP Deadline July 1st, 2015