POST WAR PROBLEMS 9.1

border disputes, ethnic rivalries, militarism, harsh treaty, revenge,

weak League of Nations, isolationism, economic crises & rise of

extremists.

GERMAN’S CAN’T PAY AFTER WWI

Germany unable to make reparations payment.

France sent troops to occupy the Ruhr Valley to take German wealth from this industrial & mining center.

Germany paid workers NOT to work for French and used newly printed currency

runaway inflation.)

GERMAN MARK BECAME WORTHLESS (1 dollar = 4, 200, 000, 000, 000 marks!

Money carried in wheelbarrows!)

DISCUSS How does inflation hurt people even if

they have saved a lot of money over their lives?

PLANS TO EASE GERMAN PROBLEMS

Dawes Plan reduced reparations- smaller payments French left German Territory

Treaty of Locarno = Cooperation between Germany & France.

Germany joined League of Nations in 1926.

Kellogg-Briand Pact = agreement among 63 nations to “outlaw” war, but had no enforcement provisions.

THE GREAT DEPRESSION started in the mid-1920s with the

worldwide overproduction of farm products and the lower prices and profits for farmers.

Then in October, 1929 the U.S. stock market “crashed,” investors panicked, pulled their money out of Europe, sold their U.S. stocks at cut-rate prices, banks closed, industry declined, unemployment & numbers of homeless rose throughout the western world.

WHITE BOARDS 1. Which agreement outlawedWar? 2. Which agreement made it easier for

germans to pay back debt?

RISE OF DICTATORS

Discouraged masses began following dictatorial political leaders who offered “simple solutions” to problems.

The democratic Weimar Republic of Germany faced numerous problems = no outstanding leaders, runaway inflation, and the Great Depression, led to rise of extremists.

WHITE BOARDS What 3 dictators rose and from what

country were they?

GOV RESPONSE Govts. lowerd wages and raising

protective tariffs, made economies worse.protective tariffs-tax on imports so people

buy local goods Govts. Spent more money to help give

people jobsThe countries became more in debt

MARXIST IDEAS SUPPORTED Renewed interest among workers and

intellectuals in Marxist (i.e. Bolshevik, Communist) doctrines, whichpredicted the collapse of capitalism.

GREAT BRITAIN Great Britain’s economic problems led Britons to vote

out Labour Party & vote in the Conservative Party,

used balanced budgets & protective tariffs, so depression continued.

Did not spend money or go into debt to help create jobs for the poor

Conservatives rejected the doctrines of economist John Maynard Keynes. Deficit Spending “spend their way out of depressions” by putting people to

work in public works programs, People would have jobs and start to buy goods increasing

the economy Problem is the nations would be in debt

THE US The conservative

Herbert Hoover was voted out of office and Franklin D. Roosevelt became president

FDR’S ACTIONS AGAINST DEP New Deal

Public works programs to give people jobs

Welfare system to give poor money to buy food

Social Security act to give elderly pay once they retire

Programs do bring US into debt but more people had money in pocket

economy didn’t fully recover until WWII demand increased production of goods

SUMMARY QUESTION How did Germany suffer after WWI and

what things were done to try to help them out?

What differences were there in how the US and GB dealt with the great depression?

9.2 MUSSOLINI(FASCIST) & STALIN(COMMUNIST)

Benito Mussolini became dictator of Italy as head of the Fascist Party

(anti-individualism, pro-totalitarianism, pro-militarism, one-party rule, single leader)

POSTWAR ITALY faced severe economic

difficulties and middle class feared a Communist takeover.

Mussolini formed armed Fascists (squadristi, Blackshirts) to attack Socialist offices & newspapers and to break up strikes.

Business & large landowners supported Mussolini.(wealthy)

DISCUSS Why did a bad economy bring an

increase of socialism and communism? Why would people of the middle class

and the elite fear communism?

ANGER AMONGST ITALIANS Italians were angry that they didn’t

receive more land after WWI Mussolini demanded more land for Italy

with his patriotic and nationalistic speeches.

MARCH ON ROME Fascists threatened to march on Rome, so

King Victor Emmanual III made Mussolini the prime minister.

“Il Duce” created a dictatorship Ended Freedom of the press, made laws by decree, had one-party rule, gave police unrestricted authority and created the OVRA (secret police.)

WHITE BOARDS Why did the king give power to

Mussolini?

FASCIST GOALS Fascism blind faith in

leader, country, & a clear class system

Fascist youth group goal to create a new generation fit, disciplined and militaristic. School texts were re-written

w. Fascist propaganda. Fascists held onto

traditional roles of women as homemakers and mothers.

Mussolini however, was unable to create a true totalitarian state like Hitler or Stalin

WHITE BOARD What was the point of starting fascist

youth groups?

CHURCH & STATE UNITED Lateran Accords = Mussolini’s compromise

agreement w. the Catholic Church He granted the sovereignty of Vatican City,

money to the church and the recognition of Catholicism as the official state religion.

In return the pope urged Italians to support the Fascists.

SOVIET UNION Soviet Union (Russia) =

lost World War I, suffered civil war & communism, famine & industrial collapse.

WHITE BOARD In a communist country who controls

business and how is money distributed?

LENIN AND N.E.P. SAVES SOVIET ECONOMY New Economic. Policy (N.E.P.)

Capitalism-People could start small business for profits(without Gov Control)

Communism-heavy industry, banks, and mines remained in hands of govt.

Lenin Died in 19 24 Stalin and Leon Trotsky fight each other for

power

STRUGGLE FOR POWER OF SOVIET UNION

Trotsky’s group wanted to end the NEP & push for rapid industrialization & worldwide communist revolution.

Stalin’s group wanted to continue NEP, slower industrialization, build socialist state at home.

Stalin was the General Secretary of the Communists, who appointed party officials.

Stalin Appointed those who favored him into government.

Trotsky was expelled from the party and murdered while in exile in Mexico.

DISCUSS How dis Stalin's position help him take

power

STALIN TAKES POWER

Joseph Stalin’s real name = Dzhugashvili, adopted name “Stalin” (man of steel.)

Robbed bank for Bolshevikparty. He was a good organizer

In 1928 he launched his first Five-Year Plan (economic goals for five-year periods.) It emphasized maximum

production of arms, capital goods, oil & steel production.

INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL GROWTH Urban workers lived in

crowded gov apartments Propaganda stressed need

for individuals to sacrifice for the socialist state.

Collectivization of agriculture = private farms eliminated, govt. took land, people work for the state.

Hoarding of food and slaughter of livestock led famines of 1932 & 33 (10 million peasants died.)

WHITE BOARD List one similarity between Fascism and

Communism and one difference

GREAT PURGE Stalin’s quest for power and paranoid

personality led him to remove all opponents (imagined or real.) Old Bolsheviks targeted.

Eight million Russians were arrested, subjected to mock trials and forced “confessions”, sent to labor camps (gulags) in Siberia and/or executed.

BIG QUESTIONS ¼ page- Assess how Mussolini took

power and what changes did he bring. ¼ page- Assess how Stalin took power

and what changes did he bring.

SPANISH CIVIL WAR General Francisco

Franco overthrew the republican govt. w. the help of the fascist regimes of Italy & Germany and set up a dictatorship which supported clergy and the rich.

The Soviets and international volunteers unsuccessfully aided the republicans.

Spain became testing ground for new weapons & strategies of the Luftwaffe (German Air Force.) Pablo Picasso’s painting of “Guernica” reflected the suffering caused by the bombings.

CHAPTER 9, SECTION 3 HITLER

Adolf Hitler born in Austria, failed secondary school, rejected by art school in Vienna.

He was an ultra-nationalist (German “master race of Aryans”), anti-Semitic racist, anti-communist, militaristand expansionist

Gifted orator who effectively used the political party, propaganda and terror.

WHITE BOARD Why can Nationalism be bad?

HITLER IN WWI He fought for four years on the

western front, was wounded believed that the surrender of

Germany had been a “stab in the back” by liberals.

STARTS THE NAZI PARTY joined a right-wing extremist party in Munich took complete control and renamed Nazi

party. Its militia, known as the Storm Troops

or Brown shirts, used brutal force vs. opponents.

Uprising crushed Hitler was imprisoned, where he wrote Mein Kampf,

Wrote of German Superiority and need for more living space(Lebensraum)

NAZI PARTY GROWS realized that Nazis would have to come to

power through legal means. After prison, he greatly expanded his party’s

membership throughout Germany. By 1932, the Nazis were largest political party

in the Reichstag.

WHITE BOARD What group in the US makes Laws like

the Reichstag did in Germany

Unemployment and depression made extremists more popular. Right-wing elites looked to Hitler.

He was a charismatic orator, “When the speech was over, there was roaring enthusiasm and applause… menlook up to him… as their helper, their savior, their deliverer from unbearable distress.”

HITLER TAKES POWER In 1933, President Hindenburg

appointed Hitler as chancellor. The Reichstag building was burned

and a communist was arrested. Hitler responded with the “legal

seizure”of govt. with Enabling Act. It allowed Hitler to ignore the constitution for 4 years.

Government jobs were purged of Jews and democrats.

Concentration camps created for opponents.

all other political parties made illegal.

DISCUSS Why is it said that Hitler did not break

the rules to take power

HITLER BECOMES DICTATOR

Hindenburg died in 1934, presidency was abolished & Hitler became dictator.

Public officials and soldiers required to pledge total loyalty to him as “Fuhrer.”

Nazi goal was create a totalitarian Aryan racial state of the Third Reich, which was to rule for 1,000 yrs!

DISCUSS THIS QUOTE Then every activity and every need of

every individual will be regulated… by the party… there are no longer any free realms in which the individual belongs to himself… The time of personalhappiness is over.” (Hitler)

The Schutzstaffeln (S.S.) was an elite force under the direction of Heinrich Himmler that used terror and ideology to coerce, repress, persecute and murder millions.

Massive public works and government rearmament programs solved unemployment problem.

Mass demonstrations and rallies (as in Nuremberg) used propaganda and emotional frenzy to stir up fanaticism among youth, women, soldiers, workers, & professionals.

ATTACKING JEWS Nazis had traditional views

towards the role of women as wives & mothers to raise “good Nazi families.”

Nuremberg Laws excluded Jews from German citizenship, from marriage to Gentiles and were required to wear yellow Stars of David.

WHITE BOARD What are some forms of Nazi

propoganda?

Kristallnacht burned synagogues, destroyed Jewish businesses, killed many and sent 30,000 to “camps.”

Jews were barred from public transportation, buildings, schools, hospitals & prohibited from owning or working in stores. Forced to clean up the damage of Kristallnacht and encouraged to “emigrate.”

NAZI GERMANY YOUTH All German youth expected to join

Hitler Youth. “I swear to devote all my energies and my strength to the savior of our country, Adolf Hitler. I am willing & ready to give up my life for him, so help me God.”

Male activities were competitions to encourage values such as: duty, obedience, strength & violence.Uniforms, military drills and weapons training were expected of boys ages 10-18.

League of German Girls also had uniforms & physical training, but also taught domestic skills.

WHITE BOARD What would communist women be

trained to do in the USSR?

NAZI PROPOGANDA Media was also used for govt.

propaganda. Joseph Goebbels headed Nazi Propaganda Ministry. “Triumph of the Will” was a documentary of 1934 Nuremberg Nazi rally produced by Leni Riefenstahl.

CHAPTER 9, SECTION CULTURE AND INTELLECTUAL CHANGES

NEW MEDIA technologies led the way

in creating a “Mass Culture” in communications and entertainment.

Broadcasting facilities, mass production of radios & popularity of movies allowed the masses to listen to or watch these programs and share in same cultural experiences.

MASS LEISURE = shortened work-days & work-weeks,

creation of the “weekend” and holidays allowed people from all classes more free time. Professional sports at large stadiums, vacation resorts, beaches and

new transportation methods became popular.

Kraft durch Freude (Strength through Joy) was a Nazi program that controlled peoples’ leisure activities.

THE LOST GENERATION WWI, Great Depression and rise of

fascism left many Europeans w. a sense of despair & uncertainty.

The Lost Generation of writers, musicians and painters (eg. Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Gertrude Stein) moved frantically from one European city to another, trying to find meaning in life (new info!)

ART MOVEMENT The world does not make sense, so why

should art?” = & surrealism. Surrealistic art was inspired by the

unconscious world, portraying fantasies, dreams & nightmares.

Salvador Dali of Spain painted everyday objects separated from their normal contexts

Hitler & Nazis rejected “modern” art as degenerate, “shameless arrogance or of a simply shocking lack of skill (modern art) might have been produced by untalented children…”

Nazi art glorified the strong, healthy and heroic values of the “Aryan race.”

SCIENCE *Revolution in physics = Contrary to Isaac Newton’s theory that the universe was certain, predictable and

orderly, later physicists described an uncertain universe.

*Marie Curie (radium gives off energy, atoms not solid but active),

Albert Einstein (theory of relativity, matter is a form of atomic energy),

Ernest Rutherford (atoms can split) and Werner Heisenberg (uncertainty principle

= behavior of subatomic particles is unpredictable & random.)

CH 9 ESSAY QUESTION Compare and contrast Nazi Germany

under Hitler to the Soviet Union under Stalin. In your opinion which nation was more successful in their distinctive goals?