• 1

Seddik BACHA , G2Elab / Université Grenoble AlpesBruno Luscan Alstom Grid

Power Electronics Offers for the future Supergrid

S. Bacha , Prof University Grenoble Alpes

Summary

The Actual Grid and related challenge

The Super Grid

FACTS and HVDC structures

H2020 Opportunities

Examples

Distribution Side

Two examples

28 February 2014 •3

Fossil Fuels Nuclear Hydroelectricity Other renewables

196519732012

Global Consumption 125003755 MTOE5418

Ahmad M.

Renewables Evolution exept large hydropower

121 GW in Europe , 6 GW offshore•4

Global Installed Capacity

0

50 000

100 000

150 000

200 000

250 000

300 000

350 000

400 000

450 000

1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Me

ga

wa

tts

Geothermal Photovoltaic (PV) Wind turbine

5

Power flow

Protection

Voltage, frequency

Power Quality

Interaction between

different producers

The first revolution

5

TRANSMISSION GRID

DISTRIBUTIONGRID

Photovoltaic

CHP

Wind

µ-Hydro

Fuel cell

• 6

From the Transmission side

Motivations

Huge growth of the demand > Production

Long distance path from production to the usage

Renewable rise

Losses mitigation

Necessity to increase exchange capacity

Security issues

Interoperability

Ecological concerns (to debate)

Problems

Too many actors with antithetic objectives

Intermittency

Conservatism

Some obsolete or dangerous technologies

Protection

Economic constraints

Deregulation, lack of common standards

Different no synchronized zones

Smart Grids, Super GridsMyth or Reality ?

by André MERLINPresident CIGRE & MEDGRID

President Supervisory Board RTE & ERDF

9

Montenegrin NC of CIGRE Session16 - 19 of May 2011

….But some people have a dream

RESEAU

EP

P1, Q1, D1

g

V1 V2

P2, Q2, D2 V

Grid

EP

P1, Q1, D1

CHARGE

P2, Q2, D2

I

Series

Shunt

EP

PASIVE

EP

ACTIVE

EP

PASIVE

EP

ACTIVE

• FACTS

•Objectives : Acting on the lines parameters to increase robustness

With an existing grid

Applications:

- Voltage profile

- Operation improvement

- Energy fluxes control

• FACTS

•Objectives : Acting on the lines parameters to increase robustness

With an existing grid

rx I

V2

Vq

V2

rx

V1

I

C

(a) (b)

V1

U1

I2

U2

jx I

ϕ

Iq

jx Iq

13

AROUND THE WORLD (HTTP://CLIMATETODAY.ORG)

HVDC Basic Framework

DC

AC

AC

DC

r

ACAC

The DC voltage (or current) as control variableHigh sensibility to DC voltage profile

Technologies on development

High power density transferConnecting asynchronous areas

Submarine cables

Va VbP

MTDC Framework

DC

AC

AC

DC

ACAC Va VbP

DC

AC

AC

Where is the master, the slavesWhat OPF?Grid codes

Frequency control participatingInertial Reserves?

Source : The ABC’s of HVDC Transmission Technologies , M.P. Bahrman et al, IEEE Power and energy Magazine 2007

LCC Based HVDC

VSC based Power electronics converters

MMC HVVSC Standards

Alstom, Siemens…

NPCABB, ANPC : Controlled switches instead diodes

Flying caps (FC) : intersting , Capacitior downsized more flexibilityMore complex control, starting, short ircuit behaviour

Components

mercury-arc valve 150 kV, 1800 A

ThyristorsGTO

IGCT

Transitors : Techno SiC?

19TITRE DE LA PRESENTATION - INTERVENANT - DATE -

Future Grid Resarch(source SuperGrid Institute)

The Grid

Architectures

Control

Stability issues

2- Monitoring , switches

3- Power conversion

Lines/cables

19

5- Storage and other ressources

- HVDC Architectures- Hybrid HVAC/HVDC- Security, protections- FACTS- Network architectures – protection, design & optimisation- Renewable energy technologies and their integration- Load management , Intelligent Load Sheading - Ancillary services- Economic and social issues- Communication and power system (Criticity)- Transmission & Distribution interaction with DG- New semiconductors- New dielectrics- Cables- Storages direct and indirect- Forcasting , prevision

Other Related Issues

HVDC Transmission Grid ProtectionHVDC Transmission Grid ProtectionHVDC Transmission Grid ProtectionHVDC Transmission Grid Protection

Challenges for the system:Challenges for the system:Challenges for the system:Challenges for the system:

- Very fast collapse of the entire DC grid voltage, leading to transmission capacity loss

- Very fast short-circuit-current increase in the faulty line

- Need to protect power electronic converter semi-conductors during faultChallenges for the circuitChallenges for the circuitChallenges for the circuitChallenges for the circuit----breaker:breaker:breaker:breaker:

- Interruption of short-circuit current with no natural zero crossing

- HVDC circuit-breaker are expected to be ten times faster than HVAC circuit-breaker

Completely new protection schemes and circuitCompletely new protection schemes and circuitCompletely new protection schemes and circuitCompletely new protection schemes and circuit----breaker technologies are required, breaker technologies are required, breaker technologies are required, breaker technologies are required,

compared to AC Transmission compared to AC Transmission compared to AC Transmission compared to AC Transmission

AC/DC Optimal Power Flow

Primary reserves providing

Inertia Reserves Emulation

Stability issues

Assets management

wholesale market

Meshed HVDC control

….

Grid operation

HORIZON 2020 WORK PROGRAMME 2014 – 2015

10. Secure, clean and efficient energy

Modernising the European electricity grid

Providing the energy system with flexibility through enhanced energy storage technologies

Opportunities H2020

LCE 5 – 2015: Innovation and technologies for the de ployment of meshed off-shore

Expected impacts :

Accelerating the deployment of meshed HVDC off-shore grids, with particular emphasis on Northern Seas partner countries, before 2020.

Deployment readiness for other European regions

Interoperability of technologies (Plug and Play) Nextpath project

Opportunities H2020

LCE 6 – 2015: Transmission grid and wholesale marketExpected impact: :

Opening up the deployment of solutions for improving flexibility and available capacity of European electricity grids at high voltage levels to integrate renewable and other new electricity producers and users,

Demonstrating advanced grid technologies and system architectures and further developing the competitiveness of European industries .

Devising new market architectures and business models,. Mitigating capital and operational costs of the grid modernisation required for the energy transition, and minimising environmental impact.

….

Opportunities H2020

LCE 9 – 2015: Large scale energy storage

A wider use of storage technologies in the energy system through validation of solutions with reduced cost, increased efficiencies, and lower environmental impact.

Provision of services for increased renewable energy integration

Deferred investment for transmission grid reinforcements

Integration with ICT tools for the control and management of electricity networks.

•27

Measurement WG- P, Q

- vitesse du vent- Pdispo, Qdispo

Measurements- V, I - f- P, Q - ...

InformationTSO/DSO

Offshore : Example of grid operation ability

Fixed speed

Variable speed

AC

AC

AC

AC

Grid Requirements

Centralized management

QFarm_RefVoltageControl

Pfarm_Ref FrequencycontrolReferences

- PRef_i, QRef_i

- ...

System of References génération

Emergency functions integratedindividualy

Control

EmulationSimulation

AC

DC

AC

DC

DC

AC

G

AC

DC

AC

DC

DC

AC

G

DC

AC

DC

AC

AC

DC

AC

DC

DC

AC

G

AC

DC

AC

DC

DC

AC

G

Example of Architectures : Offshore wind farms connection

Fluxes control designStability issues

Grid codes complianceProtections

DDPDegraded modes management

…

Example of architecture :MVDC Distribution associated with HVDC

DC

AC

AC

DC

DC

AC

DC

AC

DC

AC

DC

AC

MVDC

HVDC

Topology studies

Converters studies, modelling validation for MMC.

Energy fluxes optimization

LCC/VSC mix…MTDC G

04/07/2014 TITRE

AC

DC

DC

AC

Back-to-Back Two Level Converters

GRID

Grid side ConverterGenerator side ConverterPMSG

PWMPWM

isa

isb

isc

Hydraulic Turbine

DC Bus

Efficiency hill curves

Rs, Ls

DCI ff LR ,

QPh ,

*GΩ

Storage :Variable speed STEP

Contrôle de la puissance

Non real-time digital simulation

- simplif.- hypoth.- speed

Real-time digital

simulation

- real-time constraint

- no external

disturbance

Real-time HIL and

PHILsimulation

- real conditions- prototype

testing

Academics : Simulation platforms

Model and control

algorithm design,

phenomena study

VIRTUAL REALITY

Implanta-tion,

industriali-zation

TRL Scale1 2 3 3+

• 32

From the Distribution side

Grid… problematics, risks, solutions…From the centralized to the distributedproduction , Renewables integration

()

Modifiying the behaviour

New questionsIncreasing the stress

Risks on the operation

Renewables intermittency

Solutions

Energy unbalances

Frequency / voltage collapses

Overloads , overproduction

Ancillary services Spinning reserves for voltage and

frequencyMeans?How?

Demand side managementSources control

Means?How?

EnBW source , Wind generation

l’incident « Suisse/Italie » du

ERROR: syntaxerror

OFFENDING COMMAND: --nostringval--

STACK:

22

3628

1