power quality measurement capabilities in smart revenue...

Power Quality Measurement Capabilities in

Smart Revenue Meters

November 5, 2014

Tom Cooke

Project Manager, EPRI

Power Quality Monitoring and Analytics

2 © 2014 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Overview

• Benefits of PQ in Smart Revenue Meters

• Barriers

• Assessment of Meters

• PQ Measurement Standards

• Standardizing PQ Measurements for Smart Revenue

Meters

• Questions / Discussions


Continuous Disturbance Monitoring Gap

Edge of the Grid

?

?

?

? ?

? Courtesy OpenDSS

Electric Power

Distribution System Simulator


POTENTIAL USE Historical

Data

Real Time

Data

Use of

Network

Load Forecasting X

On-Line Power Flow and State Estimation X X

Fault Location, Isolation, and Service Restoration X X X

Faulted Circuit Indicator Monitoring X X

Predictive Fault Location X X

Voltage Control X X X

VAR Management X X

Integrated Volt-VAR Control X X X

Switch Order Management X X

Emergency Load Shedding X

Optimal Network Reconfiguration X X

Integration of Distributed Generation X X

Monitoring and Control of Microgrids on Distribution

Circuits X

Plug-in Electric Hybrid Vehicle Management and Control X X

Topology Analysis X X

Contingency Analysis X

Opportunities with Smart Meters


Barriers

• Current communications infrastructure cannot

accommodate bandwidth

• Current data storage systems are not

configured for long-term storage

• The cost of enabling PQ functions is too high

• Limited or no PQ capabilities in existing meter

model.

• Limit “high-end” Meters to strategic

locations (Bellwether Meters)

• Parameter based meters use less

communication bandwidth and

storage

• PQ and Smart Meter Standards

• IEEE 1159 (Recommend

Practice for PQ Monitoring)

• IEC 61000-4-30 (correct PQ

measurement algorithms )

• ANSI C12.19 (Utility Industry

End Device [Smart Meter] Data

Tables)

• ANSI 12.22 (Specification for

Interfacing to Data

Communication Networks)

Barriers to Implementation Potential Solutions


Smart Meter Test Laboratory

• GE (KV2c, i210+c)

• Itron (Sentinel, Centron)

• Elster (A3 Alpha, Rex2)

• Landis & Gyr (E330, E650)

• Echelon (ANSI 2S)


Power System Simulations

• Replicate Daily Feeder Trends

• Simulate System Faults

• Generate Various Load Profiles


What must it record and report to be a power

quality monitor?

Event Data (Waveforms)

Transients

Short Duration Variations

Long Duration Variations

Steady-State Data (Data derived from Waveforms)

Voltage Imbalance

Waveform Distortion

Voltage Fluctuations

Power Frequency Variations

Power Quality Phenomena defined in IEEE Std 1159 Fault Events

Steady-State


Standards for Monitoring and PQ Data Calculations

• IEC Standard 61000-4-7, “Testing and measurement techniques – General guide on

harmonics and interharmonics measurements and instrumentation, for power supply systems

and equipment connected thereto”

• IEC Standard 61000-4-15, “Testing and measurement techniques – Flicker meter – Functional

and design specifications”

• IEC Standard 61000-4-30, “Testing and measurement techniques – Power quality

measurement methods

• IEEE Standard 112, “Standard Test Procedure for Polyphase Induction Motors and

Generators”

• IEEE Standard 519, “Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in

Electrical Power Systems”

• IEEE Standard 1159, “IEEE Recommended Practices for Monitoring Electric Power Quality”

• IEEE Standard 1159.3, “IEEE Recommended Practice for the Transfer of Power Quality Data”

• NERC Standard PRC-002-1, “Define Regional Disturbance Monitoring and Reporting

Requirements”


Event Capture Assessment (Voltage Sags)

$800, $150, $300, $100, $400, $2200, $2000, $300, $450, $4400


Single Phase Example Results


Example of Three

Phase Meter

Results


Parameter Trending Concern


Sustained Interruption Test (Outage / Restoration)


Parameter Performance Summary


Descriptions of ANSI C12.19 PQ Tables

The meter must have the capability to perform these functions and store them in this table.


Conclusions from Testing

• Present PQ capabilities are limited in smart meters

– Need to adopt parts of PQ Standards (keep cost low)

– Parameter trends below three seconds (simple change?)

– Ride-through capability during events. (mitigation?)

• ANSI PQ data tables are not being fully utilized.

• Beware of Claims and Terminology

– “Measures Fundamental and Harmonic Frequencies”

– “Waveform Capture”

• Benefits

– Single-phase did well with Outage / Restoration

– Three-phase meters exceed single-phase with PQ capabilities —

especially from traditional PQ manufacturers.

– Strategic location of each (deliver max benefit for the cost)


Requirements of PQ Capabilities in Smart Revenue

Meters – Draft for Review

• Intended to give minimal measurement

requirements for each PQ phenomena

• Tier levels are designed to give meter

manufactures some flexibility in

choosing methods that may work with

existing meter infrastructure or budget.

• To be reviewed by industry experts,

electric service providers, and meter

manufacturers.

• Feedback to [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]


Sample Requirement

Voltage Interruptions, Sags, Swells

•Tier 1

• Voltage Waveform recording at the beginning and end of the event, with least

32 samples per cycle, and pre and post event recording of at least 3 cycles.

• Voltage RMS plot with 0.5 cycle resolution during the whole duration of the

event, with pre and post event recording of at least 1 second.

•Tier 2

• Voltage RMS plot with 0.5 cycle resolution during the whole duration of the

event, with pre and post event recording of at least 1 second.

• RMS is calculated from a waveform sampling at least 16 points per cycle.

•Tier 3

• Log report or tabular data with minimum, average, and maximum RMS voltage

amplitude recordings during an event, as well as the duration of the event.

• Statistical RMS recordings are derived from a 1 cycle RMS of a waveform

sampled at least 16 points per cycle.

•Tier 4

• Log report or tabular data with minimum, average, and maximum RMS voltage

amplitude recordings during an event, as well as the duration of the event

• Statistical RMS recordings are derived from a 12 cycle RMS of a waveform

sampled at least 8 points per cycle


Bandwidth and Storage: Event Reporting Format

2,000 - 20,000 bytes 36 bytes 17 bytes


Sampling Resolution

Calculation Envelope Waveform Sampling


Capabilities: Waveform Sample Rates


Requirements

Document

Summary of Tier

Requirements


Requirements

Document

Manufacturers

Cost versus

Needs Guidance

1. Interruptions 2. Sags/Swells 3. Parameters

Limits

15. Flicker 14. Ind. Harm. 13. Transients

9. THD


Requirements Document Download

3002001345


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