power quility

www.pea.co.th

200

10900

2548

200 10900

CONTENTS

1: 1-1 1. ? 1-1 2. ? 1-2

3. 1-4 ? 4. ? 1-6 5. ? 1-8 6. ? 1-9 7. ? 1-12 8. ? 1-13 9. ? 1-14 10. ? 1-14

200 10900

2: 2-1 1. ? 2-1 2. ? 2-2 3. ? 2-3

4. ? 2-6 5. ? 2-7 6. ? 2-8

7. ? 2-9 8. ? 2-11 9. (Down Conductor)

? 2-12 10. ? 2-13

11. ? 2-14

12. ? 2-15 13. (SPD) ? 2-18 14.

? 2-20 15. ? 2-22 16.

? 2-23 17.

? 2-25

200 10900

3: 3-1

1. (Short Interruption) ? 3-1 2. ? 3-2

3. ? 3-3 4. ? 3-5 5. Voltage Sag Voltage Dip

? 3-8 6. CBEMA Curve ? 3-9 7. ITIC Curve ? 3-9 8. SEMI Curve ? 3-10 9. (Single Line to Ground Fault) ? 3-11 10. Magnetic Contactor ? 3-12 11. ? 3-13 12. ? 3-16 13. (ASD) ? 3-19 14. Transfer Switch ? 3-22 15. Static Series Compensator ? 3-23 16. Backup Stored Energy Supply ? 3-25 17. Ferro-resonance Transformer ? 3-26

200 10900

18. Static Voltage Regulator ? 3-28 19. Dip Proof Inverters ? 3-30 20. Contactor ? 3-32 21. Dynamic Sag Corrector ? 3-32 22. Neutral Grounding Resistor

? 3-34 23. Under Voltage Trip Coil ? 3-36 24. Shunt Trip Coil ? 3-37 25. Air Circuit Breaker (ACB) ABB SACE ? 3-38 26. Air Circuit Breaker (ACB) Shunt Trip Coil ? 3-39 27. Air Circuit Breaker (ACB) Undervoltage Trip Coil ? 3-40 28. Air Circuit Breaker (ACB)

UPS ? 3-41 29. (ASD)

3-42

200 10900

4: 4-1 1. (Undervoltage) ? 4-1

2. ? 4-3 3. ? 4-5 4. ? 4-6 5. ? 4-7 6. Power Factor ? 4-9 7. Fixed Type ? 4-10

8. ? 4-13 9. (Overvoltage) ? 4-14 10. ? 4-15 5: 5-1

1. ? 5-1 2. ? 5-2 3. 3 ? 5-3 4. ? 5-4

200 10900

200 10900

6: ? 6-1 1. ? 6-1 2. ? 6-2 3. ? 6-3 4. ? 6-4 5. ? 6-5 6. ? 6-7 7. Skin Effect ? 6-7

8. Proximity Effect ? 6-8 9. ? 6-10 10. ? 6-10 11. ? 6-13 12. ? 6-14 7: / 7-1

1. ? 7-1 2. ? 7-2 3. ? 7-2 4. ? 7-3 5. ? 7-4

1-1

-Questions & Answers

1: 1. ?

(Reliability) (Interruption) IEEE Std.1159 7 I. Transient

- II. Short-Duration Variations

, III. Long-Duration Variations

,

200 10900

1-2

IV. Voltage Imbalance

V. Waveform Distortion / -

VI. Voltage Fluctuations -

VII. Power Frequency Variations

2. ?

AdjuRect

Microprocessor-Based Control

(Non-Listable-Speed Motor Drive, Switching Modifier

200

Power Electronic

near Load) On-Off e Power Supply, Power

10900

1-3

ASD

(Fault) (Voltage Sag)

High Temperature

(Transient)

Lightning

200 10900

1-4

3. ?

Power QMonitor

uality ing

PQ Audit

200 10900

1-5

(Analytical Model)

Power Quality Software Analysis

Sag Generator (Ride Through)

200 10900

1-6

Sag Generator & Contactor Testing

Contactor40 ms49%

EMO Relay(next gen)

10 ms78%

Main Contactor

40 ms,43%

EMORelay20 ms,52%

EMO Relay10 ms,61%

EMO Relay20 ms45%

4. ?

200 10900

1-7

. Arc Furnace DC Motor Drive DC Motor Drive

Capacitor

DC Drive

AC Drive

Lighting Load

200 10900

1-8

5. ?

, , , , ,

IEC, ANSI

EPRI CEA

200 10900

1-9

,

6. ?

12

1 () . 208 .- . . . 50000 6 , , , , , (053) 241-018 2 () . 350/9 .- . . . 65000 8 , , , , , , , (055) 241-960 (055) 258-014

200 10900

1-10

3 () . 13 . . . . 15000 6 , , , , , (036) 413-542 (036) 413-585 1 () . 92 . . . . 41000

7 , , , , , ,

(042) 221-199 (042) 222-091 2 () . 195 . . . . 34000 8 , , , , , , , (045) 242-434 436 3 () . 3 . ., . . 30000 4 , , , (044) 214-334 338 1 () . 46 . . . 13000 7 , , , , , , (035) 241-142 (035) 242-393

200 10900

1-11

2 () . 47/1 . . . 20000 5 , , , , (038) 285-795 796 3 () . 9/1 . . . 73120 4 , , , (034) 339-140 145 (034) 243-977 979 1 () . 86 .- . . . 76000 6 , , , ,, (032) 598-538 543 (032) 415-449 451 2 () . 167 . . . . 80000 6 , , , , ,

(075) 378-430 439 3 () .

59/27 . (-) . . . 95000 6 , , , , , (073) 212-875

200 10900

1-12

200 10900 (02) 590-5576

7. ?

Portable Type (Voltage Probe) 600 V Crocodile Clip, Va pire Clip Voltage Safety Probe 600 V (Current Probe) 0.05-1,000 A Clamp On

Power Quality

Monitoring

Clamp On: 0.05 30 A

Clamp On: 10 1,000 A

Vampire Clip Crocodile Clip

200

m

Voltage Safety Clamp

10900

1-13

8. ? ,

, , Email Address , Home Page , , ,

// , ,

(Single Line Diagram) , , , Connection

, Air Circuit Breaker

(Relay Setting) (Coordination)

Wiring Diagram Control Circuit (As- Build)

() ,

(Preventive Maintenance)

200 10900

1-14

9. ?

10. ?

, , , , ,

(Transient Overvoltage) 1 1 . Thunderstorm/Year

(Fault) , , , (PIC, SAG, ACSR), , () 1 1

200 10900

200 10900

1-15

1

Long Duration Variations 10 1 95 %

Negative Positive 10 1 95 % 2 %

2 1 95 % 1 95 % (Sampling) 10 1 15 2 19

2 10 Short Term Severity (Pst) 2 Long Term Severity (Plt) 1 2 IEC 868 IEC 61000-4-15 Standard Flicker Meter Pst 3 Channel Plt 3 Channel

2-1


2 1. ? (Rate (Impulse Tra (Oscillator T

Voltage Waveform L1 Inst. [Volts peak] Voltage Waveform L2 Inst. [Volts peak] Voltage Waveform L3 Inst. [Volts peak]

00.57 00.58 00.59 00.6 00.61 00.62 00.63 00.64Time10/15/99 11:37:00 10/15/99 11:37:00

-200

-100

010

020

030

0V

olts

pea

k

Impuls

Oscillator Transient

of Rise) 2

nsient) ransient)

e Transient

200 10900

2-2

2. ?

( 10 kV/cm) (Step Leader) (

Return Stroke) 1,000 250,000 A (Dart Reader)

+++

200 10900

2-3

3. ?

(Inductor: L) ( L diV = L dt ) di

dt

Insulation Failures are caused by Impulse Voltage

IEEE Std.1159 1.2/50 s 2,000 V 2,000 V 1.2 s 50 s

200 10900

2-4

2,000

1,000

0

1T2T

s

Magnitude (V)

Time

T1/T2 =1.2/50 s

,

(Flash Overvoltage) Overhead Ground Wire Overhead Ground Wire

200 10900

2-5

Return Stroke Overhead Ground Wire (Backflash)

200 Pin Insulation Failure

Suspension Insulator Failure

10900

2-6

4. ?

()

, , ,

200 10900

2-7

5. ? Overhead Ground Wire ,

(Electromagnetic Field)

LPZ 0ALPZ 0A

LPZ 2LPZ 2e.g. Computer Room

LPZ 0BLPZ 0B External Lightning Protection

Bonding Bar 1 at the Boundary of LPZ 0A, 0B and LPZ 1

LPZ 1LPZ 1

Cables, Lines

Local Bonding Bar 2 at the Boundary ofLPZ 1 and LPZ 2

Bonding of Shield 2

Room, Representing Shield 2

Structure Representing Shield 1

Earth Termination System

LPZ0A

LPZ0B

LPZ1 LPZ0B LPZ2 (Bonding)

(Shielding)

200 10900

2-8

6. ?

. 3

: :

(Loop)

200 10900

2-9

A

R

inducedV 0.2A diR dt

=

A = (m2) R = (m) didt

= (kA/s)

:

7. ?

(Air Terminal) (Down Conductor) (Inductance: L) di

dt

200 10900

2-10

L diV = L dt

,

Air Terminal

mm

200 3

10900

2-11

8. ?

... 4

R =

h = =

h

R

(kA)

R ( m)

(m)( )

(kA)

R ( m)

(m)( )

(kA)

R ( m)

(m)( )

1

2

3

4

2.9

5.4

10.1

15.7

20

30

45

60

5

10

15

20

1

2

3

4

2.9

5.4

10.1

15.7

20

30

45

60

5

10

15

20

1

2

3

4

2.9

5.4

10.1

15.7

20

30

45

60

5

10

15

20

200 10900

2-12

80706050403020100 0 10 20 30 40 50 6

h( m )0

1 2 3 4

* ( ) * h

9. (Down Conductor) ?

2040 6 1

200 10900

2-13

142317 79

225 82159

167 115 73

285

177 95

105142317 79

225 82159

167 115 73

285

177 95

105

0150 150

1091 9052

90 52 1091

95

65 95

650150 150

1091 9052

90 52 1091

95

65 95

65

022 22

50 50336

503 36 503

43

43 43

43022 22

50 50336

503 36 503

43

43 43

43

40 .

20 .

297

297 47933

33479

33

33

297

297

0

297

297 47933

33479

33

33

297

297

0

10. ?

(Down Conductor) (Step Voltage)

A

R

R A

A

R

R A

A

R

A

R

R A

A

R A

A R A

AA R A

11

200 33R R

10900

2-14

11. ? IEC 1024-1

(Bonding) (Bonding Bar) (Earth Termination System)

G

GG

Sealing compound

Sealing compound

20

20

200 10900

2-15

12. ? (Surge Protection Device: SPD)

IEC SPD SPD 4

8/80 ms (DIN VDE 48810)

10/350 ms (IEC 1024-1)

8/20 ms (IEC 60-1)100 200 300 400

8

10/350 ms (IEC 1024-1)

2010 350

100

60

15

25

50

30

7,512,5

IsnkAIsn

kA

tmst

ms

Class A Overhead Line Spark Gap

(Non-L

200 inear Disc) 5 kA

Silicon Carbide 8/20 s

Class A

10900

2-16

Class B 10/350 s SPD Class B Lightning Current Arresters Air Spark Gap (Partial Lightning Current) SPD M

copyright 1999 DEHN +

Behaviour of a Lightning Current Arrester

VoltageCurrentnot to Scale

946e

Sparkover Voltage of the Gliding Gap

Surge Voltage1.2/50 s Lightning

Surge Current

Arc Voltage

Syste

s Some 100 s A

100 kA

Class B

copyright 1999 DEHN +

Performance of an Overvoltage-Arresterat Metalloxid-Basis

945e 945e.ppt / 27.11.99 / ESC

System VoltageSurge Current 8/20s

System Voltage

Some 10 A

Some 10 s

VoltageCurrentnot to Scale

5 kA

Residual Voltage

Some 10 A

200

ain Follow Current LPZ0B LPZ1

on Spark Gap Basis

946e.ppt / 25.11.99 / ESC

m Follow Current

System Voltage

Quenching ofthe Gliding Gap

bout 10 ms

Some kA

Class C

10900

2-17

Class C 8/20 s SPD Surge Arrester Zinc Oxide Varistor Arrester LPZ1 LPZ2 Class D 8/20 s 1.2/50 s Zinc Oxide Varistor Spark Gap Class D

Filter High-Frequency Disturbance Voltage Class D

power Main distribution Sub distribution

Spark Gap MOV

B

200

L2L3NPE

End device

FI-

Sch

utzs

chal

ter

Device protection

CD

L1

10900

2-18

13. (SPD) ?

(SPD) , SPD (Energy Coordination) SPD SPD SPD SPD

V2 V1

IN VG VV VS OUT

VG< V2 +VV VV < V1+ VS

Surge Suppressor

MOV Varistor

Spark Gap

200 10900

2-19

Decoupling Element SPD SPD SPD (Inductance) 1 H/ PE SPD 15 ( L diL dtV = ) Energy Coordination

PE 1

SPD 5 Energy Coordination

200 10900

2-20

SPD 15 Decoupling Element (Inductance) ( L diV = L dt ) SPD

Decoupling Element 14. ?

(Steady State) ( 21 LI

2)

21 ( CV2

( (

) )

L) (C) ,

2IR

200 10900

2-21

115 / 22 kV

R, L R, L

C C

2nMVArC LkV=

2

12n n n

n

fL C

=

200 n

=

SCSystem

n

SC

MVA

kV

fM

MVA

VAr

10900

2-22

15. ? (Lagging)

Reactive Power Reactive Power Active Power

Reactive Power

115/22kV R + j X

230/115kV

2 x 24 MVAR

3 x 2.4

MVAR

R + j X

AC 50 Hz

R + j X

200 (Switching)

22,000/400-230V

10900

2-23

16. ?

IEEE Std.1159-1995 5 - 500 kHz 8 P.U. 20 s 10

(ms)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

( P

.U. )

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.00.5

1.01.5

2.02.5

200 10900

2-24

(Adjustable Speed Drive: ASD) ASD Rectifier Inverter DC Link DC Link DC Steady State AC Rectifier AC DC Link 120 % DC

ASD Inrush Current 300- 1,000 Hz DC Link ASD

AC

DCIn

Constant Voltage

DC Link

Fuse

50 Hz

AC to DC Rectifier

Voltage Smoothing

Variable

200 Motor

to AC verter

Voltage/Frequency Control

10900

2-25

17.

? Choke Inductor ASD

Inrush Current DC Link Choke Inductor 1.5 % , 3 % 5 % ASD ASD Choke Inductor ASD Choke Inductor Choke Inductor ASD

Choke InductorA

Choke Inductor 3 %

(> 5 % ) Choke Inductor

2 -4L% X V 10L = mH/Phase kVA

SD

900

800

700

600

50060 80 100 120 140

DC Link

3 % Choke

()

DC

No Choke

200 10900

2-26

Transient Voltage Surge Suppressor (TVSS) TVSS TVSS

TVSS

Filter Inductor

Filter Inductor AC Filter Inductor 200 10900

B C

A

3-1


3: 1. (Short Interruption) ?

( 1 ) 10 % (Re-closing)

Short Interruption

200 10900

3-2

2. ? ,,,,

(Fault) (Snake Guard), (Bird Guard), , (Space Aerial Cable) ,

200

SpaceAerial Cable

10900

3-3

3. ? (Voltage Sag/Dip)

(Fault) , ,

Time

0.04 sec Voltage Sag 1

1,000 A

Current

1,000 ATime = 0.04 Sec

1

2

2

50/51

50/51

100 1,000 10,000

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0.0

RMS

200 10900

3-4

2 (Three Phase Fault) Phase Shift 120 0

Phase to GrPhase Shift Phase ( Z=R+ jX )

Phase to Phase Fault, Double ound Fault Single Line to Ground Fault Shift Impedance X

R

200 10900

3-5

4. ?

(Magnitude of Voltage Sag/Dip): Voltage Divider Three Phase Fault

Line 2

Bus sourceSource Line 1 Line 2

ZV = VZ + Z + Z

Three Phase FaultBusV

SourceV

ZLine-1Zsource ZLine-2

Impedance ( ) Line-2Z 200 10900

3-6

( ) Three Phase Fault ( )

L ine- 2Z

Source Line-1Z + Z

(Duration of Voltage Sag/Dip): 22 kV 33 kV

200 10900

3-7

Overcurrent Relay Invert Time Time Dial (TD) Time Multiplier Setting (TMS) Pick Up TD TMS Curve Overcurrent Relay Curve Overcurrent Standard Invert (SI), Very Invert (VI) Extremely Invert (EI) Pick Up EI Curve Curve Curve Curve

Overcurrent Relay EI Curve EI

200 10900

3-8

5. Voltage Sag Voltage Dip ?

Voltage Sag Voltage Dip

Normal Voltage (100%)

Magnitude Voltage (%)

Time

Sag to20%

20%

100%

Voltage Sag

Normal Voltage (100%)

Magnitude Voltage (%)

Time

Voltage Dip

80%20%

100%

Voltage Dip

200 10900

3-9

6. CBEMA Curve ? (The Computer Business

Equipment Manufacturers Association) CBEMA Curve IEEE Std. 446 1987

7. ITIC C

urve ? ITIC Curve (The Information Technology Industry Council) CBEMA Curve

200 10900

3-10

(Voltage Swell) (Voltage Sag) (Transient) Voltage-Tolerance Envelop

ITIC 8. SEMI Curve ?

SEMI Curve (The Semiconductor Equipment and Materials International Group)

200 10900

3-11

SEMI Standard F-47 Curve 50% 0.2 70% 0.5 80% 1 SEMI Standard F-42 SEMI Standard F -47

9. (Single Line to Ground Fault) ?

(Single Line to Ground Fault: SLG) Vector Group Dyn11 Phase to Neutral Phase to Phase

200 10900

3-12

B

C

B2 B1

C2 C1

b1 b2

c1 c2

b

c

Dyn11 A A2 A1 a1 a2 a

Dyn11

A

B

C (SLG)

An (%) AB (%) Bn (%) BC (%) Cn (%) CA (%) A 57 % 88 % 100 % 88 % 57 % 33 % B 57 % 33 % 57 % 88 % 100 % 88 % C 100 % 88 % 57 % 33 % 57 % 88 %

10. Magnetic Contactor ?

(Contactor) IEC 60947-4-1 85 % 110 % 20 % 75 %

(Steady State)

200 10900

3-13

Magnetic Contactor 5 9 900 A

11. ?

Restrike Time Metal Halide Restrike Time 10-15

200 10900

3-14

100

80

60

40

20

0

(%)

(Res

8590 % Magnetic Contactor 0.5 Cycle 10 ms

200

trike Time)

, ,

(Energy Storage)

10900

3-15

: 100

Hg: Mercury 80 W 125 W HPS: High-pressure sodium 70 W 100 W HPS: High-pressure sodium with red correction coating 150 W HPS: High-pressure sodium with red correction coating 250 W

MH: Metal halide 250 W

200 10900

3-16

12. ? Programmable Logic Control

Diode Rectifier Electronic Voltage Regulator

Voltage Controller

Regulated DC Voltage

230 V AC

Non-regulated DC Voltage

DC

(Ripple Voltage) Electronic Voltage Regulator Rec2 AC DC AC Diode tifier 1 Cycle Diode DC

200 10900

3-17

DC Diode DC Diode

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Voltag

e

0.0 2 4 6 8 10 Time in Cycles

DC Voltage

AC Voltage

Diode Diode

: 2 201 1C V = C V -Pt2 2 DC : 20 2PV = V - tC

200 10900

3-18

V DC Diode 0 DC V P

(Voltage Ripple) DC Tt =

2 t = 0

(Voltage Ripple) DC: 2

0

P T=2 V C

DC : 0 tV ( t)= V 1 -4 T

DC Diode DC

minV

2min

max1- V=

4 Tt (Voltage Ripple) DC DC

minV

200 10900

3-19

DC DC

Maximum Sag Duration

Minimum DC Voltage 5% Ripple 1% Ripple

0% 5 Cycles 25 Cycles 50% 4 Cycles 19 Cycles 70% 2.5 Cycles 13 Cycles 90% 1 Cycles 5 Cycles

: Voltage Ripple, 2

0

P T=2 V C

13. (ASD) ?

ASD

AC (Over current Charging) DC Link ASD

200 10900

3-20

DC Link ASD DC Link Thyristor SCR Inverter ASD

20

2PV(t) V -Ct=

DC Link V(t)

DC Link 0V P C DC Link t DC Link ( )minV

ASD

( )2 2max 0 minC= V -V2Pt DC Link

max2 20 mi

2PCV -Vt=

n

200 10900

3-21

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

1

0.98

0.96

0.94

0.92

0.90

0.88

0.86

Time in Cycles

DC bu

s volt

age in

p.u.

Large Capacitor

Small Capacitor

DC AC Inverter Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Vf

DC AC ASD ( 22VTorque f ) (Firing Angle) Rectifier Rippl DC e

200 10900

3-22

14. Transfer Switch ? Transfer Switch

(Sensitive Load) Transfer Switch Solid State Transfer Switch , , , Transfer Switch

Transfer Switch

Solid State Transfer Switch

200 10900

3-23

break-before-make (Sensitivity) Adjustable Speed Motor Drive, Programmable Logic Controller Magnetic Contactor break-before-make 0.25 Cycle (5ms) 3 Static Source Transfer Switch (SSTS), Hybrid Source Transfer Switch (HSTS) High Speed Mechanical Source Transfer Switch (HSMSTS)

15. Static Series Compensator ?

Static Series Compensators (SSC) SCC 2

200 10900

3-24

Line Energy Storage (LES) Stored Energy Supply (SES) Capacitors, Batteries Flywheels

SD Static Series Compensators (SSC)

SSC On-line tandby Standby On-line SSC 0.25 Cycle Firing elay Angle ( ) AC-DC Converter SSC

200 10900

3-25

16. Backup Stored Energy Supply ? Backup Stored Energy Supply (BSES) (Stored

Energy) Batteries, Supper-conducting Magnetic Coils Flywheels Diesel Generator Gas Generator BSES Diesel Generator Gas Generator BSES Static Source Transfer Switch, Stored Energy Module, Converter Module, Voltage Matchi Transformer Master Control

Backup Stored Energy

BSES BSES Static Static Voltage Regulator BSES

200 ng

Supply (BSES)

Series Compensator

10900

3-26

BSES Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) On-line Off-line On-line UPS Off-line UPS

17. Ferro-resonance Transformer ?

Ferro-resonance Constant Voltage Transformer (CVT) CVT Capacitor Compensating Winding Secondary Winding Magnetizing Current Compensating Winding Voltage Regulator CVT Impedance Secondary Winding Resonance CVT 125-200 %

200 10900

3-27

Compensating winding

Primary winding Capacitor

LoadSecondary winding

Neutralizing winding

Source

CVT

CVT Inductive Load CVT LC Resonance Impedance 200 10900

3-28

Secondary Winding CVT CVT CVT CVT CVT

Input with Interruption Ferro Output

Input with Sag Ferro Output

18. Static Vo

S TASwitch ms) SVR ltage Regulator ? tatic Voltage Regulator (SVR) P Thyristor Tap ( 10-12 Voltage Buck Voltage Boost Tap

200 10900

3-29

Step 38

% 32 Steps Buck -10% Boost +10% Phase-Angle Jump

Static Voltage Regulators

SVR Single Phase Transformer SVR 3 SVR SVR Voltage Buck (Voltage Swell)

200 10900

3-30

Voltage Boost (Voltage Sag/Dip) Voltage Boost

19. Dip Pr of Inverters ?

o

Dip Proof Inverters (DPI) EneSwitch Bridge Inverter Bridge Rectifier Energy Storage DPI Static Switch Square Wave 1-3 DPI Batteries DPI (Lifetime) 12 DPI DPI

200 rgy Storage, Static Inverter DPI Capacitor Energy Storage

10900

3-31

Static Switch Switch 5 Standby Mode Static Switch 1 Static Switch 2 5 (Off) 10% Static Switch 1 Static Switch 2 Energy Storage

Static Switch ( 1) Energy Storage Capacitor Compensator Transformer

10%

200 10900

3-32

20. Contactor ?

Coil Hold-In Devices Contactor Relay Know Trip Coil Lock Emergency Machine Off (EMO Coil Hold-In Devices Contactor Relay 25 %

21. Dynamic Sag Corrector ?

Dynamic Sag Corrector (DySC) 50% Dy Stored Energy Supply DySC Processing (DSP) Controller Stored En Battery Less Ultra-capacitors (Normal Mode)

200 SC (SES) Thyristor, IGBT, Digital Signal ergy Supply DySC

10900

3-33

( 99%) Thyristor IGBT DSP Compensation Mode Thyristor IGBT Stored Energy Supply

Source

IGBT Normal Mode

Stored Ener

Thyristor

Load

Thyristor

Load

Co

Source

mpensatio Mo

I

n de

200 gy Supply GBT

Stored Energy Supply

10900

3-34

22. Neutral Grounding Resistor ?

(Single Line to Ground Fault) Resistor (NGR

)

NGR

Neutral Grounding

NGR

Solidly Grounding Neutral Grounding

200 10900

3-35

Resistor (NGR) 80 % Single Line to Ground Fault NGR 12.7 22 kV Dyn1 115/22 kV 22 kV 1,000 A Single Line to Ground Fault 22 kV Three Phase Fault Phase to Phase Fault

(file 115kV_NGR_bangkradee.pl4; x-var t) v:X0074B v:X0074C 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40[s]

-400

-300

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

400[V]

v:X0074A

v:X0074A (file 115kV_NGR_bangkradee.pl4; x-var t) v:X0074B v:X0074C 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40[s]

-400

-300

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

400[V]

Single Line to Ground Fault NGR

Single Line to Ground Fault NGR

200 10900

3-36

NGR Single Line to Ground Fault (Lightning Arrester) 21 kV 24 kV

23. Under Voltage Trip Coil ?

Under Voltage Trip Coil (UVT) Air Circuit Breaker (ACB) 35 % 70 % Voltage Coil ACB Coil (External Voltage RelaContactor 11-14 (NO) Auxiliary Contactor 11-14 (NO UVT ACUVT

Under Voltage Trip Co

200 Dropout ACB Pick up Voltage UVT y) Auxiliary UVT UVT ) 11-12 (NC) B

il

10900

3-37

24. Shunt Trip Coil ? Shunt Trip Coil Air

Circuit Breaker (ACB) 70 % 110 % ACB Auxiliary Contactor 11-12 (NC) (External Voltage Relay) Shunt Trip Coil Shunt Trip Coil Auxiliary Contactor 11-14 (NO) 11-12 (NC) Shunt Trip Coil ACB

Shunt Trip Coil

ACB Shunt Tr Coil 70 %-1 Under Voltage T Shunt Trip Coil UVT ACB

200

ip Coil 10 % ACB rip Coil (UVT)

10900

3-38

25. Air Circuit Breaker (ACB) ABB SAC ?

Time

E

ACB ABB SACE ACB Under Voltage Trip Coil (UVT) Pneumatic Delay ACB

ACB ABB SACE

200

Pneuma

WIP OP4

tic Time Delay

10900

3-39

26. Air Circuit Breaker (ACB) Shunt Trip Coil ?

Shunt Trip Coil ACB Time Del 12 A2 18 Time DelayACB

Time Delay-On

S

ACB

LOAD

11

14 12

L1 L2 L3

L1 L2 L3 N

200

ay - On Coil Time Delay - On - On Shunt Trip Coil 3

%U.B.

%U.V.205

10 15

5 1510

O.V.U.V.U.B.ON

Voltage Relay

A1

A2

15

18 16

hunt Trip Coil (SHT)

70% < Vn < 110%

Time Delay - On

10900

3-40

27. Air Circuit Breaker (ACB) Undervoltage Trip Coil ?

ACB Time Delay Under Voltage Trip Coil (UVT) Time Delay UVT 0.5 3.0 Time Delay ACB 11-14 UVT

Dropout Voltage UVT ACB Time Delay ACB

Under Voltage Tri

35% < Vn < 70%

N

ACB

LOAD

11

14 12

%U.B

%U.V5

10

510

VoltaL1 L2 L3

L1 L2 L3

200

p Coil (UVT)

.

.2015

15 O.V.U.V.U.B.ON

ge Relay

10900

3-41

Under Voltage Trip with Time Delay

External Time Delay for UVT

28. Air Circuit Breaker (ACB) UPS ?

Time Delay ACB UPS On Line Under Voltage Trip Coil (External Voltage Relay) 2- 3

200 10900 ACB

3-42

Under Voltage Trip Coil (UVT)

35% < Vn < 70%

N

ACB

LOAD

11

14 12

Voltage RelayL1 L2 L3

L1 L2 L3

SET10075

101DELAY

%VOLTS

UPSInput Output

29. (ASD) ?

Rotor (r) Stator (e) Rotor Stator (e) Rotor (r) Regenerative Current Diode Thyristor ASD Dynamic Breaking Resistor ( bR ) DC Link ( I ) ASD Auto Transformer Rectifier Regenerative Breaking

2R 200 10900

3-43

DC Link DC Link DC Link ASD Thyristor

e er r

e > rMotor Mode

e < rGenerative Mode

Rotor

I Converter Rectifier Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) Converter Rectifier Converter

nverter Converter Rectifier Converter Inverter Transistor Converter

200 10900

3-44

IGBT (Duration Time) - Transistor Thyristor Thyristor Thyristor

M

Converter Converter

AC Fu 200

ACse 10900

4-1


4: 1. (Undervoltage) ?

MVA Short Circuit , , , Reactive Power , (Peak Load) (Voltage Drop)

(Steam Turbine)

200 10900

4-2

(Overload) Reactive Power (VAR)

Z = R + jX

LoadV1I

V2

V1V2I

IR

IX

IEEE Std.1159 80% 90% 1

200 10900

4-3

2. ? (Voltage Drop)

(Normal Condition) (Emergency Condition)

(Normal) (Emergency)

(Voltage System)

(Maximum)

(Minimum)

(Maximum)

(Minimum) 69 kV, 115 kV +5% -5% +10% -10% 22 kV, 33 kV +5% -5% +10% -10% 380 V +10% -10% +10% -10% 220 V +10% -10% +10% -10%

Reactive

Power

On Load Tap Changer (OLTC)

, Power Factor

200 10900

4-4

Reactive Power

(Impedance)

Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) 22 kV 33 kV

V

Industrial Factory

- 5%

+5%

Rated Voltage

( )12 =VV - I Z2V

| I Z |

1V

1 = , V2 = , I =, Z = Impedance (R+ jX)

200 10900

4-5

3. ?

Reactive Power Reactive Power Active Power Reactive Power

C

0.5 W/kVA

apacitor R Power Factor

200

10900

4-6

, , VAR Charge Power Factor 0.85

Active Power (P)

Apparent Power (S)Apparent Power (S)Reactive Power (Q) Reactive Power (Q)

Power Factor:

2 2

S P jQ

S P Q

= += +

PCosS

=

4. ?

Power Factor 0cos cos I0 I R Power Factor

20 0W = I R

2W=I R

2

00 2

cosW = Wcos

2 20

020

cosPW = -1 K 1- PP cos

100

200 10900

4-7

(kW) W (%) K (+ )

(kVA) P (kVA) 0P

0 I

0I

V

5.

(Voltag

?

e Drop)

200

10900

4-8

Capacitance Inductance Reactance (XL)

LV = I(Rcos X sin ) +

(Voltage Drop) V

I R

LX

cos Power Factor

LoadEs ER

Es

ER I RI XL

I

EsER I R

I XLI

R XL

P.F.

200 10900

4-9

6. Power Factor ? Power Factor

Power Factor Power Factor Power Factor 4

(C1) Power Factor C1 Power Factor

(C2 C3) Power Factor

(C4) Power factor Power factor

200 10900

4-10

4

7. Fixed Type ?

2 200 10900

4-11

Reactive Power Reactive Power 1 12 Reactive Power IEC 60831-1 (International Electro-technical Commission)

15-20 kV 25-30 kV

(kVA)

(kVAR)

(kVAR)

(kVAR)

(kVAR) 50 5 7.5 6 9 100 8 11 10 13 160 12.5 15 15 18 250 18 22 22 25 315 20 26 24 32 500 25 45 30 50

1,000 50 85 55 95 2,000 85 170 90 180 5,000 170 200 200 250

5 7

200 10900

4-12

(Fixed Type) Reactive Power 10

(kVAR) (kVA) 15-20 kV 25-30 kV

50 5 6 75 6 7

100 8 10 160 12 15 200 15 20 250 18 22 315 20 25 400 22 28 500 25 30 630 32 40 1000 50 55

200 10900

4-13

8. ? 2

(Fixed Type) (Switched Type)

(Fixed Type) Fixed Type Switched Type

(Switched Type)

Po Switched Type Power Factor Fixed Type 5

I. Time Switch

wer Factor Controller

II. Power Factor III. Reactive Power IV. V.

(Transient)

200 10900

4-14

9. (Overvoltage) ?

Fixed Type Reactive Power (VAR) Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) On Load Tap Changer (OLTC)

IEEE Std.1159 110% 120% 1

200 10900

4-15

10. ?

,

10 % 10 % (Starting Torque) -19 + 21% % (Slip) + 23 % - 19 % (Speed of Full Load)

- 0.2 % - 1.0 % + 0.2 % + 1.0 % (Full Load) - 1 % - 3 % + 1 % + 3 % Power Factor + 3 % + 7 % - 2 % - 7% (Full Load Current)

+ 5 % +10 % - 5 % -10 %

(Starting Current) - 10 % + 10 % (Temperature Rising at Full Load)

+ 10 % +15 % - 10 % -15 % (Magnetic Noise)

(Direct on Line)

6 (Moment of Inertia) GD2

200 10900

4-16

IEEE Std. 141

10 % 10% - 2 %

3/4 1/2 + 1 % + 2 % - 1 % - 2 % + 1 % - 3 %

3/4 + 2 % + 3 % - 4 % Power Factor 1/2 + 4 % + 5 % - 5 % - 6 %

200

10900

5-1


5: 1. ?

,

200 10900

5-2

2. ?

(Positive Sequence) (Negative Sequence) Grounded System (Zero Sequence) ( 2

1

VV

) ( 0

1

VV

) 2 %

( )

4 4 4ab bc ca

22 2 2ab bc ca

1 3 6 V + V + V% V(unbalance) 100,1 3 6 V + V + V

= =+

( )

2 2 2ab bc ca

2ab bc ca

6(V + V + V )% V(unbalance) = - 2 100V + V + V

( )ave maxab,bc,ca or min,ab,bc,caave

V - V% V(unbalance) = 100

V

max min

ave

V - V% V(unbalance) = 100V

200 10900

5-3

3. 3 ?

3 3 % ( ) 25 %

6 10 5 % 30% 3 % 3 Thermal Runaway

2IR

200

10900

5-4

4. ? Class

(Ambient Temperature) 40 0C

NEMA

Class 10 0C 50 %

Derating Factor

200 10900

200 10900

5-5

NEMA 200 HP 5 % 75 % 150 HP

6-1


6: 1.

?

(Sinusoidal Wave) (50 Hz ) 2 100 Hz (2x50 Hz) 3 150 Hz (3x50 Hz)

200 10900

6-2

2. ?

Power Factor

(Non-Linear) Adjustable Speed Drive (ASD), Programmable Log Controller (PLC), Computer, Thyristor Controls, Diode Rectifiers, Arc Furnace Spot Welding (Odd Harmonic) 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 13

200 ic

10900

6-3

3. ?

3 I. II. III.

(Thermal Stress)

200 10900

6-4

(Peak Voltage) , , , ,

4.

PP

95 roximity Effect roximity Effect (Copper Losse

I2R

% s)

200

? (Efficiency) Skin Effect Skin Effect

lRA

=

Skin Effect

10900

6-5

Stray Losses Leakage Inductance

2n

2hEC EC-R

1 1

IP = P hI

P EC Non Linear EC-RP Linear (50 Hz) hI 50 Hz 1I h 5. ?

(Load Losses)

200 10900

6-6

(Transformer Derating) K-Factor Rating Strand Conductor Solid Conductor Low Losses Steel

K- Factor K-Factor K-Factor ( I ) K-Factor Winding Eddy Current Losses

RMS-Derated

2 2h

Factor 2h

(I h )K =

I

2 EC-RRMS-Derated h

Factor EC-R

1+ PI = I =1+ (K P )

EC-RP Linear (50 Hz) h

h I

200 10900

6-7

6. ?

Skin Effect Proximity Effect ( ) ( ) ( ) (Derating Capacity)

ACR

DCR2

ACI R

7. Skin Effect ?

Skin Effect ( dN

dte = )

( R

AACl= ) Skin

Effect ACR DCR

200 10900

6-8

I

_______Skin Effect_____

8. Proximity Effect ?

Proximity Effect Proximity Effect Proximity Effe

200 Skin Effect ct

10900

6-9

Skin Effect Proximity Effect ( )

ACR

________________Proximity Effect_______________

_________________Proximity Effect________

200 10900

6-10

9. ?

Iron Losses Copper Losses (Air Gap) Cogging

10.

Capacitive Reactance (XC)

200

? Power Factor Inductive Reactance (XL)

10900

6-11

High Impedance

h h hV = I Z

LjhX

ICIS

R

CjX-h

hI

( ) CLh

CL

XR+ jhX - jhZ = XR+ jhX - j

h

C

S hC

L

X- jhI = IXR- j + jhX

h

Impedance

LR+ jhXI = I

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Harmonic Order C XR- j

h

200 hC

L+ jhX

10900

6-12

Low Impedance

RCX- j

h

LjhX

hV

hI

Ch L

XZ = R- j + jhXh

pedance

h

hC

L

VI = XR+ jhX - jh

LL h L

CL

jhXV = I jhX = VXR+ jhX - jh

h

Im1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Harmonic Order

200 C

C hC

L

X- jhV = VXR+ jhX - j

h

10900

6-13

11. ?

(PCC)

(THDV)

(kV) (%)

0.400 5 4 211, 12, 22 and 24 4 3 1.75

33 3 2.0 169 2.45 1.63 0.82

115 and above 1.5 1 0.5

(%)

200 10900

6-14

12. Filter

Filter 2

Passive Filter Passive Element Inductor Capacitor Passiv 2

Tuned Filter Inductor C Tuned Filter

Detuned Filter Inductor Tuned Filter Detuned Filter

Inductor Capacitor

200 ? e Filter

apacitor XL XC Capacitor

10900

6-15

Active Filter (IGBT) Active Filter

Source Load

Pure fundamentalLoad current with

harmonics

Compensating currentCompensating current 200 10900

ActiveFilter

Active Filter Passive Filter Active Filter Passive Filter

Active Filter

7-1


7: / 1. ?

Chan

(Voltage Fluctuation) (Voltage ge) RMS. (Arc Furnace), (Arc/Spot Welding), (Compressor)

200 10900

7-2

2. ? (Flicker)

(Voltage Fluctuation)

3. ?

Pst Plt Flicker Meter IEC 868

(Short-

200 Flicker Meter

Term Severity Values, Pst) (10 )

10900

7-3

(Long-Term Severity Values, Plt) (2-3)

( )33 11 j n jj Pstn ==

n = Pst Plt 2 n = 12

(Pst)

(Plt)

Pst Plt 115 kV 1.0 0.8 115 kV 0.8 0.6

4. ?

Pst Plt

. Capacitance Inductance .

200 10900

7-4

(Ramp Change)

Direct on Line Adjustable Speed Drive, Soft Start, Auto-Transformer, Star-Delta

Static VAR Compensator (SVC) Static Shunt Compensator (SSC) Thyristor

5. ?

Pst Plt

Pst

200 10900

200 10900

7-5

Plt

Author

200 10900

power quility

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