power systems life cycle analysis tool (power lcat)
DESCRIPTION
Power Systems Life Cycle Analysis Tool (Power LCAT). Dr. Thomas E. Drennen, Sandia National Laboratories Joel S. Andruski and Ryan Williams Department of Economics, Hobart and William Smith Colleges Timothy J. Skone, P.E. and Justin M. Adder - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Dr. Thomas E. Drennen, Sandia National LaboratoriesJoel S. Andruski and Ryan Williams
Department of Economics, Hobart and William Smith Colleges
Timothy J. Skone, P.E. and Justin M. AdderOffice of Strategic Energy Analysis and Planning, NETL
32nd USAEE/IAEE North American Conference
Anchorage, Alaska
July 28 – 31, 2013
SAND2013-5876C
Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security
Administration under Contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.
Power Systems Life Cycle Analysis Tool (Power LCAT)
1
Introduction• The Power Systems Life Cycle Analysis Tool (Power LCAT) is a Department of Energy-funded collaboration
between the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) and Sandia National Laboratories (SNL). • This high-level, dynamic model calculates production costs and tracks environmental performance—
providing users with the total amount of greenhouse gases created at each of five stages of the technology’s life—for a range of electricity generation technologies.
• Policy makers, students, and stakeholders can use this tool to consider the entire life cycle of an energy technology, from raw materials acquisition to final product transport.
• This intuitive tool includes four main sections: – The “Production Analysis” section calculates the cost of electricity (in $/kWh) for each option and
allows users to explore key sensitivities. – The “Environmental Performance” section estimates aggregate greenhouse gas and non-greenhouse
gas emissions, as well as water usage at each stage in the life cycle of electricity production. – The “Costs vs. Emissions” section explores the tradeoffs between costs (in $/kWh) and greenhouse
gas emissions (in kg CO2 equivalent/MWh). – The “Sensitivity Analysis” section of Power LCAT allows variation of several assumptions—such as
capital costs, operations and fuel costs, interest rates, efficiency, and capacity factors—simultaneously while providing graphical representation of the result.
• Power LCAT provides users with a clear understanding of the economic and environmental tradeoffs associated with various electricity production options.
2
Power LCAT Technologies• The technology options are based on detailed life cycle analysis reports conducted by NETL and include:
• Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC), • Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC), • Supercritical Pulverized Coal (SCPC), • Existing Pulverized Coal (EXPC), • Existing (EXNUC) and new Nuclear (Gen III Plus), and • Onshore Wind (with and without backup power).
• The goal of the NETL studies are to compare existing and future technology options using a life cycle analysis (LCA) which include:
• Raw Material Acquisition• Raw Material Transport• Energy Conversion Facility• Product Transport• End Use
• All of the fossil fuel technologies also include an option for including carbon capture and sequestration technologies (CCS).
3
Production Analysis
0306090
120150
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
02468
10
01,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,000
Capacity Factor 80 %
Transmission Loss 7 %
Plant Life 30 yrs
Heat Rate 8,756 Btu/ kWh
CO2 Capture 0%
Table0.0790
1 2 3 4 5 60
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
LCO
E $/
kWh
1 2 3 4 5 60
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
LCO
E $/
kWh
1 2 3 4 5 60
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
LCO
E $/
kWh
1 2 3 4 5 60
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
LCO
E $/
kWh
1 2 3 4 5 60
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
LCO
E $/
kWh
1 2 3 4 5 60
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
COE
($/k
Wh)
0.1044 0.0601 0.1028 0.0652 0.0922
1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1I GCC I GCC CCS SCPC SCPC CCS NGCC CCSNGCC
Graph
1.51 $/ MMBtu
FI XED O&M VARI ABLE O&MFUEL COST
(COAL)
0.0073 $/ kWh79.0067 $/ kW
CAPI TAL COST
2,446.56 $/ kW
Master Sheet
Technical
Without CCS
Environmental Performance Sensitivity AnalysisProduction Analysis Costs vs Emissions
With CCS
Finance
NGCCIGCC SCPC EXPC USCPC EXNUC WIND USER DEFINEDGEN III+ Nuclear
This section calculates the cost of electricity (in $/kWh) for each option and allows users to explore key sensitivities. Color-coded cost components allow for quick understanding of key sensitivities.
4
Production AnalysisAt current natural gas prices ($3.68/MMBtu; 7/10/13), NGCC plants are the least cost option.
Uncertainty bars show the possible variation based on user-defined uncertainties.
5
Production AnalysisThe Financial Assumptions Screen allows user to vary financial parameters, including debt/equity financing rates, federal and state taxes, depreciation, construction time, CO2 taxes, and plant life.
6
Production AnalysisThis example illustrates the effect of CO2 taxes on the relative economics. A $55/tCO2 tax makes
SCPC with CCS cost competitive with SCPC without CCS.
7
17 476 935 1394 1853 2312 2771 3230 3689 4148 4607 5066 5525 5984 6443 6902 7361 7820 8279 8738 9197 96560
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
GH
G (
kg C
O2e
/MW
h)
1 2 3 4 5 6 #7 #8 #9 #100
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
GH
G (
kg C
O2e
/MW
h)
$/ kWhCarbon Dioxide 857.93 115.12 871.50 122.56 418.35 80.98Nitrous Oxidide 0.029 0.040 0.027 0.038 0.211 0.249
Methane 69.75 83.05 67.69 95.25 77.49 90.79Sulfur Hexafluoride 3.20 3.20 3.20 3.20 3.27 3.27
Total (kg CO2e/ MWh) 930.91 201.41 942.41 221.05 499.32 175.30
I GCC I GCC CCS SCPC SCPC CCS NGCC CCSNGCC
2001 I PCC GWP 20-Yr Time Horizon2001 I PCC GWP 100-Yr Time Horizon2001 I PCC GWP 500-Yr Time Horizon2007 I PCC GWP 20-Yr Time Horizon2007 I PCC GWP 100-Yr Time Horizon2007 I PCC GWP 500-Yr Time Horizon
Global Warming Potential Assumptions1 2 3 4 5 6
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
LCO
E $/
kWh
1 2 3 4 5 60
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
LCO
E $/
kWh
1 2 3 4 5 60
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
LCO
E $/
kWh
1 2 3 4 5 60
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
GH
G (
unit
s of
CO
2e/M
Wh)
930.91 201.41 942.41 221.05 499.32 175.3
11 11 11 11 11 11I GCC I GCC CCS SCPC SCPC CCS NGCC CCSNGCC
Master Sheet GHG - Life Cycle Analysis in
Raw Material AcquisitionRaw Material TransportEnergy Conversion FacilityProduct TransportLife Cycle Analysis Total
Life Cycle Analysis Stages
Total kg CO2e/ MWh
kg CO2e/ MWh
GHG (kg CO2e/MWh)
Carbon Equivalent Benchmark
1,000 kg CO2e/ MWh
2,205 lb CO2e/ MWh
No CO2e BenchmarkDisplay CO2e Benchmark
Carbon Equivalent Benchmark
Environmental Performance Sensitivity AnalysisProduction Analysis Costs vs Emissions
LC Greenhouse Gases Other LC Environmental Factors Energy Conversion Facility Greenhouse Gases
Environmental PerformanceThis section tracks the life cycle emissions of key greenhouse gases (GHG), other pollutants, and
water withdrawals and consumption.
8
$/ kWhStage 1 - RMA 2.90e-7 3.50e-7 2.90e-7 4.00e-7 1.99e-6 2.33e-6Stage 2 - RMT 1.70e-7 2.10e-7 9.20e-8 1.30e-7 1.65e-7 1.94e-7Stage 3 - ECF 1.30e-5 1.60e-5 4.50e-5 4.60e-5 2.71e-6 3.09e-6Stage 4 - PT 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total (kg/ MWh) 1.35e-5 1.66e-5 4.54e-5 4.65e-5 4.87e-6 5.61e-6
I GCC I GCC CCS SCPC SCPC CCS NGCC CCSNGCC
RMA
RMT
ECF PT
Total
RMA
RMT
ECF PT
Total
RMA
RMT
ECF PT
Total
RMA
RMT
ECF PT
Total
RMA
RMT
ECF PT
Total
RMA
RMT
ECF PT
Total
I GCC I GCC CCS SCPC SCPC CCS NGCC CCSNGCC
5E-05
4E-05
3E-05
2E-05
1E-05
0
kg/M
Wh
1.35e-51.66e- 54.54e- 54.65e- 54.87e- 65.61e- 6
1.66e-51.66e- 54.54e- 54.65e- 54.87e- 65.61e- 6
4.54e-51.66e- 54.54e- 54.65e- 54.87e- 65.61e- 6
4.65e-51.66e- 54.54e- 54.65e- 54.87e- 65.61e- 6
4.87e-61.66e- 54.54e- 54.65e- 54.87e- 65.61e- 6
5.61e-61.66e- 54.54e- 54.65e- 54.87e- 65.61e- 6
Master SheetLead (Pb) - Life Cycle Analysis
(kg/MWh)
Environmental Performance
NH3Pb Hg CO NOx VOC PM Water Withdrawal Water ConsumptionSOx
Sensitivity AnalysisProduction Analysis Costs vs Emissions
LC Greenhouse Gases Other LC Environmental Factors Energy Conversion Facility Greenhouse Gases
Environmental PerformanceAlong with GHG emissions, this section gives static emissions metrics for several other
environmental factors on a life cycle basis: Pb, Hg, NH3, CO, NOx, SOx, VOC, PM, and H2O (withdrawals and consumption).
9
1 2 3 4 5 60
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
LCO
E $/
kWh
1 2 3 4 5 60
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
LCO
E $/
kWh
1 2 3 4 5 60
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
LCO
E $/
kWh
17 476 935 1394 1853 2312 2771 3230 3689 4148 4607 5066 5525 5984 6443 6902 7361 7820 8279 8738 9197 96560
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
GH
G (
kg C
O2e
/MW
h)
$/ kWhCarbon Dioxide 654.59 66.43 765.21 87.06 361.03 44.40Nitrous Oxidide 0.005 0.009 0.008 0.011 0.004 0.006
Methane 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.02Sulfur Hexafluoride 5.49e-3 5.52e-3 6.66e-3 5.84e-3 7.16e-3 7.90e-3
Total (kg CO2e/ MWh) 654.60 66.48 765.26 87.11 361.06 44.43
I GCC I GCC CCS SCPC SCPC CCS NGCC CCSNGCC
2001 I PCC GWP 20-Yr Time Horizon2001 I PCC GWP 100-Yr Time Horizon2001 I PCC GWP 500-Yr Time Horizon2007 I PCC GWP 20-Yr Time Horizon2007 I PCC GWP 100-Yr Time Horizon2007 I PCC GWP 500-Yr Time Horizon
Global Warming Potential Assumptions1 2 3 4 5 6
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
GH
G (
unit
s of
CO
2e/M
Wh)
654.6 66.48 765.26 87.11 361.06 44.43
11 11 11 11 11 11I GCC I GCC CCS SCPC SCPC CCS NGCC CCSNGCC
Master Sheet GHG - Energy Conversion Facility in
Net Generation BasisGross Generation Basis
Net vs Gross Generation Assumptions
Carbon Equivalent Benchmark
454 kg CO2e/ MWh
Total kg CO2e/ MWh
1,001 lb CO2e/ MWh
No CO2e BenchmarkDisplay CO2e Benchmark
Carbon Equivalent Benchmark
kg CO2e/ MWh
GHG (kg CO2e/MWh)
Environmental Performance Sensitivity AnalysisProduction Analysis Costs vs Emissions
LC Greenhouse Gases Other LC Environmental Factors Energy Conversion Facility Greenhouse Gases
Environmental PerformanceThe Energy Conversion Facility Greenhouse Gases screen compares GHG emissions from the
plant (ECF stage) against a specified benchmark.
10
Production Cost vs. LC GHG Performance
GHG (kg CO2e/ MWh) 930.91 201.41 942.41 221.05 499.32 175.30 1,097.33 444.54 0.00 0.00 25.28 38.87 542.42 0.00COE ($/ kWh) 0.0790 0.1044 0.0601 0.1028 0.0652 0.0922 0.0174 0.0578 0.0000 0.0000 0.1078 0.0174 0.0811 0.0000
Low Case Change 0.0649 0.0853 0.0502 0.0842 0.0618 0.0846 0.0172 0.0488 0.0000 0.0000 0.0838 0.0178 0.0776 0.0000High Case Change 0.0934 0.1240 0.0706 0.1220 0.0709 0.1025 0.0184 0.0678 0.0000 0.0000 0.1305 0.0174 0.0844 0.0000
Symbol X X
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
$/kW
h
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
0.00
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h
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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$/kW
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0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
0.00
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$/kW
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0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
0.00
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$/kW
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0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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$/kW
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0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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$/kW
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0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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$/kW
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0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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$/kW
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0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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$/kW
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0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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h
Master Sheet
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
0.00
0.05
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0.20
$/kW
hCO
E ($
/kW
h)
GHG (kg CO2e/ MWh)
IGCC IGCCCCS
SCPC SCPCCCS
NGCC NGCCCCS
EXPC EXPCCCS
USCPC USCPCCCS
Gen III+ EXNUC Wind UserDefined($/ kWh)
Environmental Performance Sensitivity AnalysisProduction Analysis Costs vs Emissions
Costs vs EmissionsThis section explores the tradeoffs between production costs ($/kWh) and Life Cycle (LC) GHG
performance (kg CO2e/MWh).
11
Production Cost vs. LC GHG Performance
GHG (kg CO2e/ MWh) 930.91 201.41 942.41 221.05 499.32 175.30 1,097.33 444.54 0.00 0.00 25.28 38.87 542.42 0.00COE ($/ kWh) 0.0790 0.1044 0.0601 0.1028 0.0652 0.0922 0.0174 0.0578 0.0000 0.0000 0.1078 0.0174 0.0811 0.0000
Low Case Change 0.0649 0.0853 0.0502 0.0842 0.0618 0.0846 0.0172 0.0488 0.0000 0.0000 0.0838 0.0178 0.0776 0.0000High Case Change 0.0934 0.1240 0.0706 0.1220 0.0709 0.1025 0.0184 0.0678 0.0000 0.0000 0.1305 0.0174 0.0844 0.0000
Symbol X X
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
$/kW
h
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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h
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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Master Sheet
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400kg CO2e/ MWh
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hCO
E ($
/kW
h)
GHG (kg CO2e/ MWh)
IGCC IGCCCCS
SCPC SCPCCCS
NGCC NGCCCCS
EXPC EXPCCCS
USCPC USCPCCCS
Gen III+ EXNUC Wind UserDefined($/ kWh)
Environmental Performance Sensitivity AnalysisProduction Analysis Costs vs Emissions
Costs vs EmissionsAdding carbon capture and storage (CCS) to an EXPC plant lowers the emissions, but increases the
costs. Costs and emissions are now comparable to a new NGCC plant without CCS.
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Sensitivity AnalysisThis section allows one to vary several assumptions simultaneously. Parameters are varied by cost category. Tornado plot shows sensitivity by cost category. Table displays cumulative cost range.
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00 625 1250 1875 2500 3125 3750 4375 5000 5625 62500
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
Capital Cost ($/ kW)
COE
($/k
Wh)
0 625 1,250 1,875 2,500 3,125 3,750 4,375 5,000 5,625 6,250
0.0184 0.0289 0.0393 0.0498 0.0602 0.0706 0.0811 0.0915 0.1019 0.1124 0.12280.0790 0.0790 0.0790 0.0790 0.0790 0.0790 0.0790 0.0790 0.0790 0.0790 0.07900.0601 0.0601 0.0601 0.0601 0.0601 0.0601 0.0601 0.0601 0.0601 0.0601 0.06010.0652 0.0652 0.0652 0.0652 0.0652 0.0652 0.0652 0.0652 0.0652 0.0652 0.06520.0811 0.0811 0.0811 0.0811 0.0811 0.0811 0.0811 0.0811 0.0811 0.0811 0.08110.0174 0.0174 0.0174 0.0174 0.0174 0.0174 0.0174 0.0174 0.0174 0.0174 0.0174
I GCCSCPCNGCC
EXNUCWind Onshore
COE TableCOE Graph Master SheetFuel Price Capital Cost I nterest Rate CO2e Tax Construction TimeCapacity Factor
Break-Even Analysis
COE
($/k
Wh)
Gen I I I Plus Nuclear
Capital Cost ($/ kW)
Sensitivity AnalysisProduction Analysis Sensitivity AnalysisEnvironmental Performance Costs vs Emissions
Sensitivity AnalysisThe Break-Even Analysis option makes it possible to find cost assumption points at which
technologies are cost competitive. For example, capital costs below $2,500 $/kW would allow a new nuclear plant to compete economically with a new super critical coal plant (SCPC).
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Results• For the default model assumptions, the results show that:
• For the fossil fuel technology options the supercritical pulverized coal plant is the lowest cost option at 6.01 cents/kWh.
• The next lowest cost fossil fuel option is the natural gas combined cycle plant (6.52 cents/kWh) and then the integrated gasification combined cycle plant (7.90 cents/kWh). At current market prices, the NGCC plant becomes the low cost option (4.28 cents/kWh for natural gas price at 3.68 $/MMBtu).
• While existing nuclear plants produce power at very low cost (1.74 cents/kWh), power from a new Gen III+ nuclear plant would be more expensive than the fossil-fuel alternatives (10.78 cents/kWh).
• Power LCAT currently includes one renewable technology option – a 2 MW wind turbine with a gas turbine simple cycle backup (8.11 cents/kWh) and without natural gas plant backup (4.91 cents/kWh).
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Conclusion• The Power LCAT is a high-level dynamic model that calculates production costs and tracks
environmental performance for a range of electricity generation technologies: • natural gas combined cycle (NGCC), • integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC), • supercritical pulverized coal (SCPC), • existing pulverized coal (EXPC), • existing (EXNUC) and new nuclear (Gen III Plus), and • onshore wind (with and without backup power).
• All of the fossil fuel technologies also include an option for including carbon capture and sequestration technologies (CCS).
• The model allows for quick sensitivity analysis on key technical and financial assumptions, such as: capital, O&M, and fuel costs; interest rates; construction time; heat rates; taxes; depreciation; and capacity factors.
• Power LCAT is targeted at helping policy makers, students, and interested stakeholders understand the economic and environmental tradeoffs associated with various electricity production options.
Model AvailabilityPower Systems Life Cycle Analysis Tool (Power LCAT) is available on the NETL website:
NETL Energy Analysis Models and Tools
16
Modeling Team
Power Systems Life Cycle Analysis Tool(Power LCAT)
Version 2.0May 2012
Thomas E. Drennen and J oel S. AndruskiTimothy J . Skone, P.E. and J ustin M. Adder
Sensitivity AnalysisProduction Analysis
Terms Assumptions Sources Legend
Environmental Performance Costs vs Emissions
http://www.netl.doe.gov/energy-analyses/refshelf/PubDetails.aspx?Action=View&Source=Main&PubId=429
www.netl.doe.gov www.sandia.gov
Contact Information
NETL SNL
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Timothy J. Skone, P.E. Lead Physical Engineer OSEAP - Planning Team (412) 386-4495 [email protected]
Justin M. AdderEconomistOSEAP - Planning Team (412) 386-7309 [email protected]
Dr. Thomas E. DrennenSenior Economist, SNLProfessor of Economics, HWS Colleges(315) [email protected]