power ultrcaps for electric vehicles

2008

APowerCap Technologies

Dr. Andrew Burke (Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis):

APCT ultracapacitors have superior performance comparing with other developers. «The RC time constant of the APowerCap cell is significantly lower and its peak power is considerably higher than any ultracapacitor previously tested from other developers»

US: 541 Jefferson Ave. Suite 100 Redwood City, CA 94063, USA

Tel: +1 650 206 2323

Eastern Europe: 21, Lobanovskoho Str, Block 6

Chaiki, Kyiv Region, 08130, Ukraine Tel: +(380)44 569 5678 Fax: +(380)44 569 5679

E‐mail: [email protected] www.apowercap.com

www.apowercap.com 2 ©2008 APowerCap Technologies, LLC. All rights reserved

APowerCap Technologies, LLC (APCT) develops and manufactures high‐power ultracapacitors and provides ultracapacitor‐based solutions. Incorporated in the U.S. in 2006, APCT has been invested by a pioneering Ukrainian venture capital firm TechInvest. Nowadays it is backed up by the large multibillion Ukrainian financial group which is based in UK.

The market niches can be grouped into: ‐ transportation, ‐ industrial energy generation and power supply, ‐ consumer electronics.

APCT ultracapacitors provide opportunities for battery manufacturers to offer to the market combined battery/ultracap power sources that have the advantages of common battery and ultracapacitor.

Ultracapacitor companies are considered to be very attractive because of growing forecasts for the global ultracapacitor market (exp. to reach 1 bil. USD in 2012). They have high valuation ratio, e.g. Maxwell Technologies (Nasdaq: MXWL), a direct APCT global competitor, has 3.5 capitalization to revenue multiplier).

APCT has built its own technology advantage by taking up Ukrainian High‐Tech companies specializing in development of separate elements of ultracapacitor technology. APCT has acquired several eastern European R&D companies , which have the history of research in ultracapacitor field going back to mid 90‐s. APCT involved other scientists, engineers and managers to create the breakthrough technology and bound links with production partners in Russia, Europe, North America and Japan. APCT cooperates with the leading R&D centers in ultracapacitors and new materials development all around the world.

APCT utilizes modern materials and equipment provided by European, Japanese and US companies as well as proprietary materials and unique equipment designed by APCT engineers. The IP of the Company is protected by international patents which cover over 30 key technology processes and new materials developed by APCT. The ongoing R&D on ultracapacitors will allow APCT to improve the technical characteristics of its ultracapacitors and expand the variety of applications where they can be used.

In 2008 APCT launched pilot production facility in Ukraine and started to provide its potential clients with samples of its products. The current client portfolio of the Company exceeds several hundred million USD. APCT is focused on building mass production capacity.

About APowerCap Technologies


Serhiy Loboyko

Co‐Founder, President

Mr. Loboyko is with APCT since its establishment in 2006.

Serhiy is a pioneer of VC business in Ukraine. He has more than 7 years of successful experience building companies on the basis of new materials, ICT, energy

etc. technologies.

In 2004, Mr. Loboyko formed VC firm TechInvest, which is focused on establishing and building global companies on the basis of Ukrainian high‐tech and engineering talents. TechInvest has been recognized as a local partner of IBM VC Group and VC firm DFJ (Draper Fisher Jurvetson). Under Serhiy’s leadership, TechInvest has provided its investment partners with a 2.5x return on their invested capital within the first two years.

Serhiy graduated cum Laude with a Master’s degree in Economics from Lviv State University, Ukraine. He also holds a certificate in technological entrepreneurship from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.

Yuriy Maletin, PhD, DSc

Co‐Founder, Chief Scientist Yuriy Maletin has over 18 year’s experience of research in the field of ultracapacitors. He is a co‐founder of APCT and responsible for its proprietary IP development and management of its R&D activities.

During 2002‐2007, Yuriy Headed Physical Chemistry Department of the National Technical University of Ukraine “KPI”, Kiev. Prior to that he was the Head of Coordination Chemistry Department of the Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.

Yuriy Maletin published over 70 scientific papers in referred journals, he was a co‐inventor of over 20 patents. He has Master degree in Chemistry from Moscow M.V. Lomonosov State University (1971), PhD in Inorganic Chemistry (1977), DSc in Physical Chemistry (1989). Yuriy is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry, UK.

Alex Shnaydruk

VP of New Business Development, Chairman Mr. Shnaydruk has joined APCT in 2007. He is responsible for management of APCT clients, new business opportunities development, including business and manufacturing partnership, coordination of

APCT Board Members.

Mr. Shnaydruk has over 5 years of experience in hi‐tech, including new materials and WEB 2.0 domains. Alex has held positions of CTO at ROBONET Technologies; CTO/partner at SATLABS IT Solutions Company.

Alex graduated from Moldova State University, Department of Physics and Computer Science. Alex is an alumnus of FSA FLEX program in 1997/98 and member of E‐Xecutive.ru managerial society since 2000. He has graduated from the international leadership program «Global Village for Future Leader of Business and Industry 2007», Lehigh University’s Iacocca Institute, College of Business and Economics, USA.

Eveline Buchatskiy

Chief Executive Officer Ms. Buchatskiy has joined APCT at the beginning of 2008. She is responsible for overall management of APCT, business planning of its development and execution.

Before APCT Eveline worked for 9 years for a global Fortune 500 company in the

industrial sector, being responsible for projects in different industries such as hi‐tech, steel, chemicals. Projects were conducted in several locations worldwide, including US, China, and South America.

Eveline holds an MBA from INSEAD. She has graduated from University of California, Berkeley, with a Bachelors in Science in Chemical Engineering, and from State University of New York, Buffalo with a Masters in Engineering.

Vladimir Bilodid

Chief Technical Officer Mr. Bilodid has joined APCT in 2007. He is responsible for leading the team of engineers, which designs new APCT ultracapacitors and UC‐based solutions. Vladimir also leads APCT pilot production

and production technology development.

Mr. Bilodid has over 20 years of experience in Ukrainian and global high‐tech business and technology projects.

Before APCT Vladimir joined as a partner VC firm TechInvest, where he was responsible for evaluating and developing new technology start‐ups in different areas. Before this for over 10 years he was involved in the global ICT business. He was a founder and CEO of Tessart Ukraine LLC., one of the first Ukrainian IT export companies, which was later invested by the American VC Fund, Western NIS Fund. Latter he act as CEO and CTO of the United Software Corporation, which was recognized as “Approved Vendor” to IBM and performing R&D for IBM. Within these companies Vladimir and his team carried out over 200 hi‐tech projects for European, US and Mid Eastern customers.

Vladimir Bilodid graduated cum Laude from Physics Faculty of Kyiv National Shevchenko University. Vladimir is certified Project Management Professional, and certified Assessment Team Member (CMM model).

Evgeny Pilyankevich, PhD

Chief Marketing Analyst Mr. Pilyankevich has joined APCT in 2007. He works on APCT markets and products analysis, evaluates new business opportunities, technology and R&D plans of the Company.

Evgeniy has over 25 years of analytical and R&D activities in different hi‐tech sectors and projects since USSR era till our days. He worked for Academy of Sciences of Ukrainian, Government and business.

Evgeniy Pilyankevich graduated from Kyiv Polytechnic Institute (1979). He holds Ph.D in solid state physics.

APCT Team


APowerCap Technologies (APCT) was announced to be the winner of the second annual “Silicon Valley Open Doors“ (SVOD‐2006) technology investment conference, which took place in Silicon Valley (California, USA) on November 16‐17, 2006. APCT was recognized as the Most Promising Technology Company of 2006 and received the “Golden Lock Award”. The Panel of Judges comprised representatives of leading international venture capital firms and technology companies, such as Alloy Ventures, Asset Management Company, Canaan Partners, DFJ, Doll Capital Management, Google, Institutional Venture Partners, Intel Capital, New Enterprise Associates, Pitango Venture Capital, Rembrandt Venture Partners, 3i, Vivo Ventures, Worldview Technology Partners.

APCT representative Jim Nickerson receives AMBAR «Golden Lock Award» and certificate «Golden Lock Award» Sixteen projects were selected from more than 60 candidates from Ukraine, Russia and other former Soviet Union countries.

APowerCap Technologies, which received seed investments from TechInvest, was established in 2006 by a team of Ukrainian scientists. TechInvest has provided funding for the Company’s R&D, market research, IP protection and legal support, as well as establishment of pilot production in Ukraine. Apart from that, TechInvest helped APCT with the development of business strategy, preparation of a business plan, building of partner network, search for clients and professional management.

APowerCap announced as the Most Promising Technology Company of 2006 in Silicon Valley


№ Case Average UC‐based solution advantages

APCT solution advantages over average UCs

Poten‐tial clients

Industrial/Consumer Electronics

1 Portable electronics and hand‐held devices, incl. laptops, PDAs

Smooth HDD, CD, DVD etc. start‐up power peak

10 g weight APCT module provides peak‐less power consumption profile (thus extends battery life and prevents overheating)

2 Portable consumers’ electronics

Provide the power bursts needed for reading a disk drive or enabling wireless transmission. This extends the playing time by supporting the battery operations, and enables the design of smaller, lighter devices

Makes devices more productive and comfortable.

3 Portable tools (drill, screwdriver etc.)

Better user performance, less energy consumption

Makes battery‐powered handheld tools more productive and comfortable

Industrial/Civil Transportation (S ‐ starter; SS ‐ start‐stop; PMD –

power management/distribution, incl. recuperation)

4 Racing cars (PMD) Enables energy recuperator Same performance will be provided by APCT module of 30‐35% weight, 35‐40% volume

5 HEV cars, buses (SS, PMD)

Provides acceleration & uphill climbing power for in‐wheel motors

Provides same power boost and fuel savings with 2 times less weight and price of battery module

6 HEV – heavy vehicle, trucks (SS)

Provides acceleration & uphill climbing power for in‐wheel motors saves fuel (up to 12%)

Provides same power boost and fuel savings with 2 times less weight and price of battery module

7 Electric bicycle, tricycle, golf carts etc. (SS)

Better consumer properties (better acceleration/uphill). Longer way before recharge, battery life Decrease/extinguish PA batteries

Same results with APCT UC: - 3‐3,5 times cheaper, and - 3‐3,5 times less mass and size

8 ICE start (S) More reliable start (esp. at low temp.), 10‐15 times less mass and size of starter battery, possibility to reject PA battery


9 Jump Start ICE Portable tool to start vehicle engine when battery is empty or too cold


10 Locomotives Energy recuperation. Longer way before recharge, battery life

- improves diesel start and saves f - el - smooth start/uphill power

consumption and recuperates brake/downhill energy

High Priority Market Niches for APCT UC‐based Solutions and their Advantages


11 E‐vehicles (e.g. – car, bus) (S, PMD)

Better consumer properties (better acceleration/uphill). Energy recuperation. Longer way before recharge, battery life Decrease/extinguish PA batteries

- improves battery performance; - smooth start/uphill power

consumption and recuperates brake/downhill energy

12 Metros, trains Energy recuperation. Longer way before recharge, battery life

- smooth start, power consumption and recuperates brake/downhill energy

Industrial/Civil Power Management

13

Li‐ion, Ni‐Cd and Lead‐Acid accumulator batteries and Li primary cells

Integrated UC prolongs battery life time (number of cycles), tolerance to overload. Drastically expands usage possibilities for accumulator batteries (less mass and volume, less heat release)

Provides best results (especially lifespan, number of cycles, temperature range, overload tolerance) with 3‐3,5 times cheaper, and 3‐3,5 times less mass and size any other existing UC

14 Solar generators - enables AC converter - up to 20% better performance

(NASA)

Provide same results cheaper, with less mass and size

15 Windmill generators Used to absorb energy at wind gusts (15‐20% gain of energy yield) and to feather blades at gales (safety)


16 Fuel cell generators Honda FCX: UC battery provides energy for start/acceleration/uphill, and recuperates energy at brake/downhill

Provides same performance with: - 7(!) times less mass and size, - 8‐10(!) times less price of UC

module

17 UPS To smooth power peak/drop and bridge power cut‐off

- Better performance due to lower RC‐constant (3‐5 times faster)

- UC unit costs 3‐3,5 times less

18 Telecom autonomous base stations

As a part of power supply from renewable energy source (windmill, fuel cell, photovoltaic)


19

Oil/gas well drilling Never tested. MXWL estimates drilling as one of interesting potential users.

Same performance will be provided by 2 – 3 times cheaper solution

21 Forklifts Better performance and efficiency; less weight

Provides best results, with less mass and size

22 Welding machines Better quality of welding, better quality of apparatus

Existing industrial tools can be done smaller, lighter and with better design

23 Autonomous gadgets (garden/house, traffic lights, buoys, toys, autonomous sensors)

To provide maintenance‐free and energy feeding autonomous warning, decorative, information etc. small equipment



A supercapacitor or ultracapacitor is an electrochemical capacitor that has an unusually high energy density when compared to common capacitors. They are of particular interest in automotive applications for hybrid vehicles and as supplementary storage for battery electric vehicles.

Ultracapacitor


The charge they hold is like the static electricity that can build up on a balloon, but is much greater thanks to the extremely high surface area of their interior materials.

An advantage of the ultracapacitor is their super fast rate of charge and discharge... which is determined solely by their physical properties. A battery relies on a slower chemical reaction for energy.

A disadvantage of an ultracapacitor is that currently they store a smaller amount of energy than a battery does which makes them larger.

Ultracapacitors are very good at efficiently capturing electricity from regenerative braking, and can deliver power for acceleration just as quickly. With no moving parts, they also have a very long lifespan.

An ultra capacitor, also known as a double‐layer capacitor, polarizes an electrolytic solution to store energy electro statically. Though it is an electrochemical device, no chemical reactions are involved in its energy storage mechanism. This mechanism is highly reversible, and allows the ultra capacitor to be charged and discharged hundreds of thousands of times.

Once the ultracapacitor is charged and energy stored, a load (the electric vehicle's motor) can use this energy. The mount of energy stored is very large compared to a standard capacitor because of the enormous surface area created by the porous carbon electrodes and the small charge separation created by the dielectric separator.

An ultracapacitor can be viewed as two non reactive porous plates, or collectors, suspended within an electrolyte, with a voltage potential applied across the collectors. In an individual ultra‐capacitor cell, the applied potential on the positive electrode attracts the negative ions in the electrolyte, while the potential on the negative electrode attracts the positive ions. A dielectric separator between the two electrodes prevents the charge from moving between the two electrodes.

Electrical energy storage devices, such as capacitors, store electrical charge on an electrode. Other devices, such as electrochemical cells or batteries, utilize the electrode to create, by chemical reaction, an electrical charge at the electrodes. In both of these, the ability to store or create electrical charge is a function of the surface area of the electrode. For example, in capacitors, greater electrode surface area increases the capacitance or energy storage capability of the device.

A third type of storage device, the ultracapacitor, relies on the microscopic charge separation at an electrochemical interface to store energy. Since the capacitance of these devices is proportional to the active electrode area, increasing the electrode surface area will increase the capacitance, hence increasing the amount of energy that can be stored. This achievement of high surface area utilizes materials such as activated carbon or sintered metal powders. However, in both situations, there is an intrinsic limit to the porosity of these materials, that is, there is an upper limit to the amount of surface area that can be attained simply by making smaller and smaller particles. An alternative method must be developed to increase the active electrode surface area without increasing the size of the device. A much more highly efficient electrode for electrical energy storage devices could be realized if the surface area could be significantly increased.


The APCT ultracapacitors’ competitive advantages are based on their unique design and materials, resulting in 1.5 to 2 times:

better power performance,

less self discharge of modules,

lower cost,

smaller volume/weight,

compared to the best competing products available at the market.

Also, APCT technology has wider operating temperature range then the one of average ultracapacitors.

The APCT R&D team has developed and filed for patenting a proprietary technology that significantly reduces the ultracapacitor’s internal resistance, self discharge in modules and their cost of production.

Over the past 5 years ultracapacitors have been positioned as both competitors and natural allies to advanced batteries. Current commercial NiMH and Li‐Ion batteries have power density up to 1 kW/kg, but exhibit a short cycle life and risk of overheating. The best ultracapacitors on the market have power density 1‐2 kW/kg and much larger cycle life without danger of overheating.

With power densities approaching as high as 6 kW/kg, the APCT product offerings far surpass the competition as seen in the comparisons conducted by the Institute of Transportation Studies at the University of California, Davis, USA in the end of 2007.

For fast cycling applications the lower resistance of the APCT ultracapacitor significantly improves the system safety by avoiding the overheating problems, experienced by batteries and big ultracapacitor modules.

Another advantage of the higher power density is the possibility to produce smaller size products with greater opportunities for cost effective solutions. For a given power delivery requirement, the benefit of APCT’s smaller cells will translate into significantly lighter power modules, improved portability of hand held applications and fuel efficiency for automotive applications.

Also, integration of APCT ultracapacitors into battery powered devices is a low‐cost way to extend battery life by more than 300%.

Advanced APCT charge/discharge balancing scheme provides 4‐5 times slower self‐discharge rate of ultracapacitors’ modules then self‐discharge rate of best competitors.

Load leveling capabilities (fast charge/discharge cycling with 95% efficiency), smaller volume/weight, low cost means of managing power delivery are critical advantages for many applications ranging from handheld devices to transportation, telecommunication infrastructure and various industrial applications. APCT ultracapacitors provide a competitive solution that enables significant increase of competitiveness of various CleanTech solutions – from renewable energy to hybrid and electric vehicles.

High Performance Ultracapacitors from APCT: Key Competitive Advantages


Even after super load safety and reliability of APCT ultracapacitors remains high. Furthermore, the cell retains partial capacity for work!

Safety and Reliability of APCT Ultracapacitors

6 V

APCT ultracapacitor


Battery power: P= Eff. (1‐Eff) V02 / R

Ultracapacitor power: P= 9/16 (1‐Eff) V0 2 /R

Comparison of the Energy Density and Pulse Power (95% efficiency)

Developer Energy density, Wh/kg

Power density, kW/kg (95% efficiency)

Power density, kW/kg (80% efficiency)

Li‐Ion Batteries:

GAIA 94 1.03 3.5

Quallion 200 170 .23 1.3

Quallion 100 140 .34 1.2

A123 88 .74 2.5

Altairnano 70 .52 1.8

Panasonic EV nickel mt. hyd

46

70

.21

.05

.71

.17

Ultracapacitors:

APowerCap 55 F 5.5 5.7

APowerCap 450 F 5.8 4.4 17.6

Maxwell 4.2 1.7 6.8

Batscap 3.7 1.4 5.6

Fuji hybrid 9.2 1.0 4.0

NESSCAP 3.6 0.9


0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Li-Ion Best UC on the worldmarket

APCT

Specific Energy, Wh/kg Specific Power, kW/kg

*with 95% efficiency

Visual Comparison of APCT Ultracapacitors Power and Energy Densities with Major Competitors

Change In Ultracapacitor Mass with Power Requirements (upper blue line – best of competitors, lower red line – APCT)


ITS ComparativeTest Results:1 - APCT (UC-100-01); 2 - Maxwell(3000F)/Batscap(2682F);

3 - Maxwell (650F); 4- Nesscap (1800F)

1

10

100 1000 10000P, W/kg

E, W

h/kg

1

2

3

M

B

4

ITS ComparativeTest Results:1 - APCT (UC-100-01); 2 - Maxwell(3000F);

3 - Maxwell (650F); 4 - Batscap(2682F)

0,80

0,85

0,90

0,95

1,00

1,05

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500Power, W/kg

norm

aliz

ed e

nerg

y E

/E 0 1

2

3

4

Ragone Plot based on ITS Test Results

Ragone Plot (normalized) based on ITS Test Results


Parameter Lead‐Acid battery Combined solution

Advantages of combined solution

Battery type 55 A‐Hour 18 A‐Hour Battery is 3‐4 times cheaper

Volume, L3 8,05 3,24 Volume decrease 2,5 times

Lead mass 100% 33% Ecological aspect (Directive of European Commission on ridding from lead) and economy aspect (Lead price doubled in the last two years)

Lifetime 100% 200% Lifetime increased two times. Further increase of lifetime is possible by utilizing less compact battery design

Toleration of overload 100% 1100% Can speed boost motor wheels for hybrid cars, electric automobiles etc.

Cold weather performance

Poor Good Better consumer quality

Replacement Complete Partial replacement (battery only, 18 A‐Hour)

Can change cheap spare parts instead of the whole module

The market of lead‐acid starter battery is estimated to be $17 bil, the market share of APCT ultracapacitors can reach $4 bil.

Advantages of Combined Solution: APCT Ultracapacitor and Lead‐Acid Battery


Implementation: engine start (cold cranking pulse is 4,2 kW)

Required discharge pulse: 4,2 kW power / 2 s duration

APCT module has exactly the same values as FreedomCAR requirements set for the following parameters:

Discharge Pulse, kW / 2s 4.2

Cold Cranking Pulse, kW / 7 V min 4.2

Recharge Rate, kW 0.4

Cycle Life 750 000

Calendar Life, Yrs 15

Energy Efficiency, % 95

Self Discharge rate (72 hr) <4%

Maximum Operating Voltage, Vdc 17

Minimum Operating Voltage, Vdc 9

Survival Temperature Range (°C) ‐46 to +66

APCT module compliant with FreedomCAR requirements has the following better characteristics:

System attributes 12 V Start‐Stop (TSS)

USABC, EOL 12 V Start‐Stop

APCT module

Minimum Operating Temperature (°C) ‐30 ‐40

Maximum Operating Temperature (°C) +52 +60

Maximum System Weight, kg 5 1

Maximum System Volume, Liters 4 0.8

Summary of APCT Ultracapacitor Competitive Advantages for Freedom Car (by USABC) Target Implementation

power ultrcaps for electric vehicles

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