06/10/2014

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Op terugwinning van grondstoffen

gebaseerde sanitatie

02-10-2014, Grietje Zeeman; WUR-ETE

Grietje.Zeeman@WUR.nl

Department of Environmental Technology

large quantities of water for toilet flushing

Dilution of toilet waste water

Industrialized

countries

screens grit

chamber

Raw sewage

primary sedimentation

tank

activated sludge tank

secondary sedimentation

tank

sludge digestion

sludge dewatering

Sludge

Treated effluent

Basic setup of

aerobic treatment

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screens grit

chamber

Raw sewage

high-rate anaerobic treatment

Post-treatment

sludge drying beds

Sludge

Treated effluent

Basic setup of

anaerobic treatment

AWWT plant

Bucaramanga,Colombia

UASB

UASB (Upflow

Anaerobic Sludge

Bed) reactor

• Developed by Lettinga (1970’s)

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Low temperature

& low

concentration

Large UASB reactors

Direct anaerobic treatment in UASB-digester

effluent

influent

10-20°C

UASB 10-20°C Digester 30-35°C

biomass

dissolved

suspended

biogas

biogas

CH4

N removal &CH4 removal:

DAMO

Denitrification with Methane

Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera

Mahmoud N, Zeeman G, Gijzen H, Lettinga G. 2004. Anaerobic sewage treatment in a one-stage UASB reactor and a combined UASB-Digester system. Water Research 38: 2347-2357.

Lei Zhang, Tim L.G. Hendrickx, Weiguang Li, Christel Kampman, Hardy Temmink, Grietje Zeeman (2013). Co-digestion to support low temperature anaerobic pre-treatment of municipal sewage in a UASB-Digester. Bioresource technology 148, 560-566

Christel Kampman, Tim L.G. Hendrickx, Francisca A. Luesken, Theo A. van Alen, Huub J.M. Op den Camp,Mike S.M. Jetten, Grietje Zeeman, Cees J.N. Buisman,Hardy Temmink (2012). Enrichment of denitrifying methanotrophic bacteria for application after direct low-temperature anaerobic sewage treatment; Journal of Hazardous Materials; Volumes 227–228, 164–171

ammonia

'New Sanitation’ concept

Community-on-site recovery of:

•Biogas

•P-fertiliser

•Organic fertiliser

•Water

struvite

precipitation

reuse

discharge

black

water

kitchen

waste

grey

water

UASB-

(ST)

bio

gas

nutrient rich

product

Nitrogen

removal

(OLAND)

*Removal

micro-

pollutants

(ozone)

sludge

hygienisation

treatment

*not yet realised

'New Sanitation’ concept

Community-on-site recovery of:

•Biogas

•P-fertiliser

•N-fertiliser

•Organic fertiliser

•Water

struvite precipitation

reuse

discharge

black water

kitchen waste

grey water

UASB- (ST)

bio

gas

nutrient rich

product

Nitrogen recovery)

*Removal micro-

pollutants (ozone)

sludge

hygienisation

treatment

*not yet realised

Pathogen & MP

free

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‘New Sanitation’; restore the cycle with agriculture Barrel system

End of the 19th century:

Feces & urine collected in barrels

Hygienic ?

Barrel system

Abraham: ’’what, not yet forbidden….?’’

Van Zon, 1986

The potential for recovery

World Population:6,911,750,810 people (http://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html) #Cordell, D., Drangert, J.-O., and White, S. , (2009). ##J. N. Galloway et al, (2008); + Haber-Bosch:35kJ/gN; ++anaerobic treatment: 70% conversion; 0.0378 MJ/LCH4 .

BW + KW (tons per year)

Fertilizer production (tons per year)

% coverage

Energy equivalent

P 3.9*106 #14.9*106 27

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Recovery and

reuse of nitrogen

needed?

..

78%

Haber-Bosch

process

N2 + 3 H2 → 2NH3

Energy use :

*37-45 kJ/g N;

*Maurer, M., Schwegler, P., and Larsen, T. A. (2003). Nutrients in urine: energetic aspects of removal and recovery.

Water Science and Technology, 48 (1), 37-46.

The potential for recovery

World Population:6,911,750,810 people (http://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html) #Cordell, D., Drangert, J.-O., and White, S. , (2009). ##J. N. Galloway et al, (2008); + Haber-Bosch:35kJ/gN; ++anaerobic treatment: 70% conversion; 0.0378 MJ/LCH4 .

BW + KW (tons per year)

Fertilizer production (tons per year)

% coverage

Energy equivalent

P 3.9*106 #14.9*106 27

N *30.9*106 ##121*106 25 1.1*103 PJ/y

The potential for recovery

BW + KW (tons per year)

% coverage

Energy equivalent

COD 280*106

±cooking energy

69*109

m3 CH4 per year

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EET & STOWA supported

New sanitation‘Brouwershuis’

New sanitation ‘Brouwershuis’

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Modern vacuum

collection and

transport

• comfort

• limited dilution

• water use:1 liter per flush

(6l/person/day)

• Future: 1l/person/day?

Black water treatment

UASB

Air Nitrogen

Phosphorus

Effluent

Biogas

MP & Pathogens

Sludge

UASB

MP & Pathogens

Local use

Black water treatment

UASB

Nitrogen

Phosphorus

Agriculture

Effluent

Biogas

Sludge

UASB

MP & Pathogens

MP & Pathogens

32

Granule formation in black water UASB reactor (a) dried granule (b) and inorganic core of granule (burned at 550"C) (c)

Taina H. Tervahauta, Renata D. van der Weijden, Roberta L. Flemming, Luc´ıa Hern´andez Leal, Grietje Zeeman,,Cees J. N. Buisman (submitted) Calcium phosphate precipitation in anaerobic treatment of black water: a new approach to phosphorus recovery. Water Research 48 (2 014 ) 632-642

Simultaneous Ca-Phosphate precipitation &

CH4 production in a UASB

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Energy

Liquid Eff. N,K

orga-nics

Black Water P-granules

Sludge

Simultaneous Ca-Phosphate precipitation &

CH4 production in a UASB

NH3-recovery; microbial fuel cell

Kuntke, P., Śmiech, K.M. , Bruning, H., Zeeman, G., Saakes, M. , Sleutels, T.H.J.A. , Hamelers, H.V.M., Buisman, C.J.N. (2012). Ammonium recovery and energy production from urine by a microbial fuel cell. Water Research, 46-8, 2627-2636

• migrational ion flux to the cathode

• driven by electron production

• anaerobic degradation of organic matter in urine.

N & P recovery; microalgae growth on

urine

Kanjana Tuantet, Marcel Janssen, Hardy Temmink, Grietje Zeeman, René H. Wijffels, and Cees J.N. Buisman (2013). Nutrient removal and microalgal biomass production on urine in a short light-path photobioreactor. Water R e search 5 5, 1 6 2 -1 7 4

N & P recovery; microalgae growth on BW

Schematic representation of current and future black water according to new sanitation concepts. Adapted from Tania Fernandes, NIOO

effluent polishing

BW

UASB

DBW

Vacuum toilet

Biogas

PBR

NIOO - KNAW

Wetland

Algae harvesting

H 2 O

C

NIOO - KNAW

N & P

Pilot research

Agriculture

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Organic Fertiliser production from BW

Taina Tervahautaa,, Sonia Rania, Lucía Hernández Leala,Cees J.N. Buismana, Grietje Zeeman (2014). Black water sludge reuse in agriculture: Are heavy metals a problem? Journal of Hazardous Materials 274 ; 229–236

Black water does not contain external heavy metal sources, such as household chemicals.

Organic Fertiliser production from BW

Taina Tervahautaa,, Sonia Rania, Lucía Hernández Leala,Cees J.N. Buismana, Grietje Zeeman (2014). Black water sludge reuse in agriculture: Are heavy metals a problem? Journal of Hazardous Materials 274 ; 229–236

Feces • main contributor to the heavy

metal loading of vacuum collected black water (52–84%)

• In sewage the contribution of feces to heavy metals is less than 10%.

Hyper-thermophilic ‘Anaerobic Disinfection’

(Hyper)-thermophilic anaerobic treatment

(50-70°C); ‘Anaerobic disinfection’

*Collected with improved vacuum toilets

Energy

Liquid Eff.

Sludge

N,P,K

COD

Pathogens

Micro Pollutants

Concentrated Black Water*

Future transition

research

DESAH BV

The Netherlands:

100.000 km sewer network & 351

WWTPs

towards

Resource recovery based sanitation

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Micro-pollutants

(MPs)

*almost 200 micro-pollutants from personal care products in GW

**190 different pharmaceutical substances recorded

DESAH BV

*Eriksson, E.; Auffarth, K.; Eilerse, A. M.; Henze, M.; Ledin, A (2003). Household chemicals and personal care products as sources

for xenobiotic organic compounds in grey wastewater. Water SA, 29, 135–146. **Winker, M., Faika, D., Gulyas, H. and Otterpohl, R. (2008). A comparison of human pharmaceutical concentrations in raw

municipal wastewater and yellow water. Science of the total environment

Lucia Hernandez

Fate MPs in

biological BW- or

GW-treatment

*Personal care products in GW

**Pharmaceutical residues & estrogens in BW

*Hernandez Leal L., Vieno, N., Temmink H., Zeeman G., Buisman C.J.N. (2010). Occurrence of Xenobiotics in Grey Water and Removal in Three Biological Treatment Systems. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2010, 44 (17): 6835–6842

**de Graaff, M.S., Vieno, N.M., Kujawa-Roeleveld, K., Zeeman, G.; Temmink, H.; Buisman, C.J.N. (2011). Fate of hormones and pharmaceuticals during combined anaerobic treatment and nitrogen removal by nitritation-anammox in vacuum collected

black water. Water Research, Volume 45, Issue 1; **T.Z.D. de Mes, K. Kujawa-Roeleveld, G. Zeeman and G. Lettinga (2007). Fate of oestrogens during anaerobic blackwater treatment with micro-aerobic post-treatment. Water Science & Technology Vol 56 No 5.

Marthe de Graaff Titia de Mes

Conclusies; op terugwinning van

grondstoffen gebaseerde sanitatie

3 ‘Nieuwe Sanitatie’ toepassingen in Nederland

Ontwikkeling UASB-slibvergisting systeem

Conclusies; op terugwinning van

grondstoffen gebaseerde sanitatie

Verbeteringen ‘Nieuwe Sanitatie’ in ontwikkeling

Transitie strategie noodzakelijk

06/10/2014

11

Op terugwinning van grondstoffen

gebaseerde sanitatie

VRAGEN?