ppt donna zhukovsky- palliative care part 3- sp 4.14.11 · 1 powerpoint slides english text spanish...

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1 PowerPoint Slides English Text Spanish Translation Palliative Care, Part 3 VideoTranscript Cuidados Paliativos, parte 3 Transcripción del video Professional Oncology Education Palliative Care, Part 3 Time: 19:27 Educación Oncológica Profesional Cuidados Paliativos, parte 3 Duración: 19:27 Donna S. Zhukovsky, M.D., F.A.C.P., F.A.A.H.P.M. Professor Palliative Care & Rehabilitation Medicine The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Dra. Donna S. Zhukovsky, F.A.C.P., F.A.A.H.P.M. Profesora Cuidados Paliativos y Medicina de Rehabilitación MD Anderson Cancer Center, Universidad de Texas Palliative Care: Part III Palliative Care: Part III Palliative Care: Part III Palliative Care: Part III Palliative Care: Part III Palliative Care: Part III Donna S. Zhukovsky, M.D., F.A.C.P., F.A.A.H.P.M. Professor Palliative Care & Rehabilitation Medicine Welcome to this third module in a series of three about palliative care. My name is Donna Zhukovsky. I am a medical oncologist by training and a palliative care physician at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. Bienvenido al tercer módulo de una serie de tres sobre los cuidados paliativos. Mi nombre es Donna Zhukovsky y soy médica oncóloga especializada en cuidados paliativos en el MD Anderson Cancer Center de la Universidad de Texas.

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Page 1: PPt Donna Zhukovsky- Palliative Care Part 3- SP 4.14.11 · 1 PowerPoint Slides English Text Spanish Translation Palliative Care, Part 3 VideoTranscript Cuidados Paliativos, parte

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PowerPoint Slides English Text Spanish Translation

Palliative Care, Part 3 VideoTranscript

Cuidados Paliativos, parte 3 Transcripción del video

Professional Oncology Education Palliative Care, Part 3 Time: 19:27

Educación Oncológica Profesional Cuidados Paliativos, parte 3 Duración: 19:27

Donna S. Zhukovsky, M.D., F.A.C.P., F.A.A.H.P.M. Professor Palliative Care & Rehabilitation Medicine The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center

Dra. Donna S. Zhukovsky, F.A.C.P., F.A.A.H.P.M. Profesora Cuidados Paliativos y Medicina de Rehabilitación MD Anderson Cancer Center, Universidad de Texas

Palliative Care: Part IIIPalliative Care: Part IIIPalliative Care: Part IIIPalliative Care: Part III

Palliative Care: Part IIIPalliative Care: Part III

Donna S. Zhukovsky, M.D., F.A.C.P.,

F.A.A.H.P.M.

Professor

Palliative Care & Rehabilitation Medicine

Welcome to this third module in a series of three about palliative care. My name is Donna Zhukovsky. I am a medical oncologist by training and a palliative care physician at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center.

Bienvenido al tercer módulo de una serie de tres sobre los cuidados paliativos. Mi nombre es Donna Zhukovsky y soy médica oncóloga especializada en cuidados paliativos en el MD Anderson Cancer Center de la Universidad de Texas.

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Palliative Care: Part IIIPalliative Care: Part IIIPalliative Care: Part IIIPalliative Care: Part III

ObjectivesObjectivesObjectivesObjectives

Upon completion of this module, participants will be able to:

•Describe models of palliative care in the U.S.

•Discuss the role of palliative care throughout the disease trajectory

•Identify key differences between home care and hospice care

•Provide a definition of hospice

•Identify hospice admission criteria

What we’ll be looking at today are describing models of palliative care that are available in the United States; the role of palliative care throughout the disease trajectory, so from the time of diagnosis up and until the time of death and beyond for those people that do succumb to the illness. We’ll identify key differences between home care and hospice and look at the role of hospice care in somewhat more detail, including a definition of hospice used in the United States, as it does vary from country to country. And we’ll look at hospice admin. --- admission criteria in the US.

Hoy hablaremos sobre los modelos de cuidados paliativos disponibles en los Estados Unidos y su función durante el curso de la enfermedad, desde el momento del diagnóstico hasta el fallecimiento y la etapa posterior, si el paciente sucumbe. Identificaremos las diferencias clave entre el cuidado en el hogar y el cuidado de hospicio, y analizaremos la función de este cuidado con más detalle, incluida la definición de hospicio utilizada en los Estados Unidos, ya que varía de un país a otro. También analizaremos los criterios de admisión a hospicios en los Estados Unidos.

Palliative Care: Part IIIPalliative Care: Part IIIPalliative Care: Part IIIPalliative Care: Part III

Models of Palliative Care in the United States

• Integration throughout the disease trajectory

• Hospital-based models

• Community-based models

• Hospice care

Okay, and in type --- in terms of the different models of palliative care in this country, we have hospital-based models, community-based models, and then hospice care, which is a community-based model of palliative care, one type.

En términos de modelos de cuidados paliativos, en este país tenemos los modelos hospitalarios, los modelos comunitarios y el cuidado de hospicio, que también es un modelo basado en la comunidad.

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Palliative Care: Part IIIPalliative Care: Part IIIPalliative Care: Part IIIPalliative Care: Part III

Sheffield Model for ComprehensiveSupportive Care of Life-threatening Disease

From Sheffield Palliative Care Studies Group Annual Review, July 1998-June 1999

Now, what I’d like you to see here, and this is just one model of palliative care derived from the Sheffield model, is that palliative care is not exclusively for the benefit of patients who are dying of a life-threatening illness and their families. But actually can be implemented for people with any life-threatening disease from the time of screening and investigation through diagnosis and through a variety of disease --- types of disease-directed therapies including curative therapies, life-prolonging therapies, life-maintaining therapies, and exclusively supportive therapies. And that the different types of palliative care provided, or supportive care, can include, in addition to palliative care as we have been discussing it in the past two modules of this series, rehabilitation, psychology, social work, and all the other interdisciplinary groups that we can use to support our patients and their families. The reason I pointed out that it extends --- can extend beyond death for those patients that die, is that palliative care, as emphasized previously, is not only for the patient, but for the family. So it continues on into grief and bereavement for those --- the families of those individuals that do die.

Este es un modelo de cuidados paliativos derivado del modelo de Sheffield. Los cuidados paliativos no son exclusivamente para beneficio de los pacientes terminales y sus familias, sino que pueden implementarse para personas con una enfermedad potencialmente mortal, desde el momento de la detección y la investigación hasta el diagnóstico, por medio de una variedad de terapias dirigidas a cada enfermedad. Esto incluye terapias curativas, terapias para prolongar la vida, terapias de mantenimiento de la vida y terapias exclusivamente de apoyo. Los diferentes tipos de cuidados paliativos de apoyo proporcionados pueden incluir, además de los ya mencionados en los dos módulos anteriores de esta serie, rehabilitación, psicología, trabajo social y todos los otros grupos interdisciplinarios que se utilizan para apoyar a nuestros pacientes y sus familias. La razón por la que señalé que los cuidados paliativos pueden prolongarse más allá del fallecimiento es que no son sólo para el paciente, sino también para su familia, por lo que continúan disponibles durante el luto y el duelo para los familiares de las personas que fallecen.

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Palliative Care: Part IIIPalliative Care: Part IIIPalliative Care: Part IIIPalliative Care: Part III

U.S. Hospital-based Models of Acute Palliative Care

• Primary palliative care– Provided by primary care M.D.’s

– Requires acquisition of knowledge, attitudes and skills

• Secondary palliative care– Consultation services, inpatient units, outpatient clinics

– Palliative care programs available in ~6% of 7,000 surveyed hospitals and in 26% of teaching hospitals

• Tertiary palliative care– For patients with the most complex care needs

– By palliative care specialists in academic medical centers; research and education an integral component

von Gunten CF. JAMA 2002 287(7):875

Now, the information that I have on this slide is taken from an article in JAMA back in 2002 and while some of the numbers may have changed, I think the definitions are important. So, in terms of US hospital-based models of palliative care, we have primary palliative care, secondary, and tertiary. Primary palliative care is really provided by primary physicians, be it a family practitioner, an internist; for people that have cancer, it could be the oncologist; people with dementia may be the geriatrician or the neurologist. And so, it’s basic types --- basic types of palliative care, symptom assessment and man --- management, understanding the role that the different domains play to symptom expression. And it requires that that primary type physician have knowledge, attitudes, and skills. So, often we find that primary physicians, and some of these may be specialists, but the primary provider for that particular illness, that individual may not have received training in the requisite areas for the provision of primary palliative care and that there may be barriers to such in terms of attitudes or acquisition of competency. And that’s been, I’m happy to say, been changing over the past several years, as these skills have been integrated into nursing, physician, physician assistant, social work curricula throughout the country. Secondary palliative care typically is provided as a consultation service. It can be in inpatient units, outpatient clinics, but it’s typically more of a consultation service, so that if the primary ser --- provider is unable to provide that particular expert --- expertise, they refer out. Now, at the time this article was published in 2002, there were palliative care programs available in 6% of the 7000 surveyed hospitals and in about a quarter of teaching hospitals. I was at the Academy --- American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine Annual Scientific Meeting last year and I am happy to say that those numbers have increased. And, for example, a quarter of academic centers now have palliative care programs. Now, tertiary palliative care is for the patients with the most

La información de esta diapositiva fue tomada de un artículo publicado en JAMA en 2002, y si bien algunas cifras pueden haber cambiado, las definiciones siguen siendo importantes. En términos de modelos de cuidados paliativos basados en hospitales de los Estados Unidos, tenemos cuidados paliativos primarios, secundarios y terciarios. Los cuidados paliativos primarios son proporcionados por los médicos primarios, ya sea un médico familiar o un internista; en el caso de las personas con cáncer, puede ser un oncólogo, y para las personas con demencia, pueden ser un geriatra o un neurólogo. Son los cuidados paliativos básicos, como la evaluación y el control de síntomas, y comprenden la función de los distintos dominios en la expresión de los síntomas. Además, requieren que el médico primario tenga ciertos conocimientos, actitudes y habilidades. Es posible que el médico primario que atiende una enfermedad determinada —aunque a veces puede tratarse de especialistas—no haya recibido capacitación en las áreas necesarias para proporcionar cuidados paliativos primarios, y puede haber obstáculos en términos de actitudes o capacitación. Esto —me complace decirlo— ha cambiando a lo largo de los últimos años, ya que estas habilidades se han ido integrando a los planes de estudio de enfermeros, médicos, asistentes médicos y trabajadores sociales de todo el país. Los cuidados paliativos secundarios son generalmente proporcionados como servicios de consulta, aunque pueden brindarse en unidades de pacientes internados o en clínicas de pacientes ambulatorios. Si el proveedor primario no cuenta con experiencia, el paciente es referido a otro centro. En 2002, cuando se publicó este artículo, había programas de cuidados paliativos disponibles en el 6% de los 7000 hospitales encuestados y en una cuarta parte de los hospitales escuela. El año pasado, en la Reunión Científica Anual de la Academia Americana de Hospicios y Medicina Paliativa, las cifras habían aumentado. Ahora, por ejemplo, una cuarta parte de los centros académicos tiene programas

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complex care needs, so again typically assumes a referral --- or presumes --- I should say. It’s by palliative care specialists --- it is provided by palliative care specialists in academic medical centers. But what makes this --- in addition --- tertiary palliative care is that in addition to the provision of clinical care in these centers, research and education is an integral component of what they do. So, this is what leads to the next generation of palliative care specialists in whichever discipline and also helps develop and support, expand the evidence base for what we do in palliative care, so again, an --- an important component of palliative care.

de cuidados paliativos. Los cuidados paliativos son para pacientes con necesidades de cuidado más complejas, de modo que los pacientes suelen ser referidos. Los cuidados son provistos por especialistas en centros médicos académicos. Además, el cuidado clínico brindado en esos centros tiene como componentes integrales la investigación y la educación, que proveen formación a la siguiente generación de especialistas en cuidados paliativos de todas las disciplinas, y que también ayudan a desarrollar, respaldar y ampliar la base de evidencia de nuestras actividades de cuidados paliativos. Son, entonces, un componente muy importante.

Palliative Care: Part IIIPalliative Care: Part IIIPalliative Care: Part IIIPalliative Care: Part III

Community-based Palliative Care

• Outpatient visits

• Skilled home care

• Hospice

Now, if we would look at what’s available in the community, there are outpatient visits; so, the traditional healthcare model in this country where people come back and forth to see the physician in his or her office. We can provide skilled home care through nursing services and then there are hospice care. And I’ll be delineating the differences between them.

Consideremos ahora los recursos disponibles en la comunidad. Tenemos las visitas como paciente ambulatorio, que es el modelo tradicional de cuidado de la salud en este país, donde el paciente visita a su médico en el consultorio. Contamos con cuidados especializados en el hogar por medio de servicios de enfermería, y luego tenemos el cuidado de hospicio. Veamos sus diferencias.

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Traditional Home Care

• Curative or restorative goal of care

• Admission criteria: skilled need, homebound

• Focused on patient

• Visit frequency and services determined by medical provider

• Fee for service reimbursement model

Now, traditional home care again provided by skilled nursing service. For this --- for this type of care typically the goal is that it’s curative or restorative. So once the need resolves, home care’s gone. So, if somebody has the need for home IV antibiotics, it’s a self-limited period of time. If somebody comes home with a new tracheostomy or a new colostomy, home care may be there, but only until the family or patient learn how to provide that type of care themself. Admission criteria are such that there must be a skilled need, so it must --- so there must be a requirement for skilled nursing and that the patient be homebound. And so, for example, people who are getting home care other than to go see their physician in the outpatient office really are restricted to home. They can’t go out shopping. They can’t go out for tea. They can’t go to the movies. Services are focused on the patient, not --- the unit of care is not the patient and family. And it’s a pretty hierarchical service wherein that the visit frequency and services are determined by the medical provider. And typically this falls into a fee for service model.

El cuidado tradicional en el hogar es prestado por un servicio de enfermería especializada. Se procura que sea curativo o restaurador: una vez que se resuelve la necesidad, el cuidado finaliza. Si un paciente necesita antibióticos por vía intravenosa en el hogar, suele ser por un plazo limitado. Si una persona vuelve a su hogar con una traqueotomía o colostomía, puede recibir cuidado, pero sólo hasta que la familia o el paciente aprendan a brindarlo ellos mismos. Los criterios de aplicación establecen que debe existir una necesidad especial de enfermería especializada y que el paciente debe estar confinado en su casa. Una persona que recibe cuidado en el hogar puede ver a su médico en el consultorio como paciente ambulatorio, pero en realidad sigue recluido en su hogar. No puede salir de compras ni salir a tomar el té o ir al cine. Los servicios se centran en el paciente, pero la unidad de cuidado no es el paciente o su familia. Es un servicio jerárquico en que la frecuencia de las visitas y los servicios son determinados por el proveedor médico. Generalmente siguen el modelo de cargo por servicio.

Palliative Care: Part IIIPalliative Care: Part IIIPalliative Care: Part IIIPalliative Care: Part III

Hospice

A Concept of Care

Not a Place of Care

Now, hospice is a concept of care. It’s not a place of care. And, common --- commonly, what I’ll hear is that people go to hospice. So often people mistakenly think that patients on hospice are cared for in an inpatient setting. And, in fact, by Medicare criteria, 80% of patient care provided by a given hospice in an assessment period takes place in the home setting, in the residential setting. So, it’s a concept of care and not a place of care; where care is focused on quality of life for people who can no longer benefit from cur --- curative therapy, where they’ve exhausted those options.

Hospicio es un concepto de cuidado, no es el lugar donde se lo brinda. Suele decirse que un paciente es internado en un hospicio o que los pacientes bajo cuidado de hospicio son pacientes internados. Según los criterios de Medicare, el 80% del cuidado de hospicio para pacientes durante un período dado se lleva a cabo en el hogar, en un entorno residencial. Es un concepto y no un lugar, y el cuidado se enfoca en la calidad de vida de las personas que ya no pueden beneficiarse con una terapia curativa, cuando ya se han agotado las opciones.

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Medicare Certified Hospice Admission Criteria

• Dual physician certification of life expectancy < 6 months

• Service with non-curative intent

• Primary caregiver availability

It requires dual physician certification of a life expectancy of six months or less if the disease runs its anticipated course. And this is often a deal breaker, because physicians are often concerned about suggesting hospice care because, to the patient, it means they are dying. And it’s a hard thing to --- to bring up. It’s a hard thing to sign the hospice consent papers. But, I think, we need to emphasize here that it’s if the disease runs its expected course. Because even Medicare, and the guidelines were formulated by Medicare, recognizes that clinicians don’t have a crystal ball and so we’re often not very accurate at certifying prognosis. So as long as there is, you know, in good faith, life expectancy of six months or less, if the disease runs its expected course. And, if the patient meets ris --- re-certification criteria and those vary at each reassessment period. And those assessment criteria --- re-certification criteria, vary depending on the hospice qualifying diagnosis. But basically, they show decline. So people can actually continue on hospice for much longer than six months as long as they meet the criteria. It does imply service with noncurative intent. And it does require primary caregiver availability. But, again, I’m pleased to say that hospices have become quite liberal in their interpretation of primary caregiver availability. As long as there’s a safety plan in circumstances in which patients are no longer safe living alone. So whereas in the past, it often meant that somebody needed to be living with that patient 24/7, now if there’s an appropriate backup plan, it requires access to a caregiver, but not necessarily one that lives with the patient. So, a backup plan might be moving to an assisted living facility, moving in with a --- a family or friends or perhaps going to a nursing home. And hospice care would then continue in those locations.

Requiere que dos médicos certifiquen una esperanza de vida de no más de seis meses si la enfermedad sigue su curso previsto. A menudo esto es motivo de rechazo, pues los médicos evitan sugerir el cuidado de hospicio debido a que, para el paciente, significa que se está muriendo. Es un tema difícil de mencionar y también es difícil firmar los documentos de consentimiento para el cuidado de hospicio. Debemos destacar que esto sólo es así si la enfermedad sigue el curso previsto, ya que las pautas formuladas por Medicare reconocen que los médicos no pueden predecir los resultados con total certeza, dado que al certificar un pronóstico hay cierto grado de imprecisión. Entonces, se requiere que la esperanza de vida sea de seis meses o menos si la enfermedad sigue su curso previsto, y que el paciente satisfaga los criterios de recertificación, que varían en cada período de reevaluación. Además, estos criterios difieren en función del diagnóstico que recomienda el cuidado de hospicio, el cual básicamente indica el deterioro del paciente. Un paciente puede seguir recibiendo cuidado de hospicio por más de seis meses siempre que cumpla los criterios, que implican un servicio sin intención curativa que requiere la disponibilidad de un cuidador primario. Los hospicios son ahora relativamente irrestrictos en su interpretación de la disponibilidad de un cuidador primario, siempre que exista un plan para garantizar la seguridad del paciente que ya no pueda vivir solo. Antes, el paciente debía estar acompañado durante las 24 horas. Actualmente, si hay un plan contingente adecuado, sólo se requiere acceso a una persona que brinde cuidado, pero no es necesario que viva con el paciente. Un plan contingente puede ser trasladarse a un centro de vida asistida, mudarse con familiares o amigos, o ir a un hogar de descanso, y el cuidado de hospicio lo acompaña adonde vaya.

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• Nurse

• Home health attendant

• Physician (limited)

• Social work

• Chaplaincy

• PT/OT/ST/dietician

• Volunteer

• Bereavement care

• Medications related to qualifying dx

• Durable medical equipment

Hospice: Available Services

Now, in contrast to skilled nursing care, which is a fee-for-service program, and services are recommended by the physician, hospice is mandated to have this whole menu of services, so it requires nursing care. And the nurse is really the --- the --- plays a very primary role --- in the care here; home health attendant to help with personal care needs; physician involvement, which is somewhat less intense than in the outpatient setting; social work; chaplaincy; physical, occupational, speech therapy; dietitian; volunteer care; bereavement care for the family; medications requated --- related to the qualifying diagnosis. So, for example, if you have a patient with cancer, and they require medication for cancer-associated pain, that would be covered, but if they had hypertension before developing cancer, so unrelated to the cancer, those medications would not be picked up by cancer --- by the hospice team. But the hospice provides all medications related to the qualifying diagnosis. And they also provide durable medical equipment. So these are things that might often need to be picked up separately for somebody on home care.

En contraste con el cuidado de enfermería especializada —que es un programa de cargo por servicio en que cada servicio es recomendado por un médico—, el hospicio debe ofrecer toda una serie de servicios: cuidado de enfermería, donde la enfermera cumple una función muy importante; un asistente de salud en el hogar, para ayudar con las necesidades de cuidado personal; participación de médicos, que es un poco menos intensa que en el ámbito ambulatorio; trabajo social; capellanía; terapia física, ocupacional y del habla; dietista; cuidado de voluntarios; atención por duelo para la familia; y medicamentos relacionados con el diagnóstico de calificación. Por ejemplo, los medicamentos para el dolor asociado al cáncer están cubiertos, pero si el paciente tenía hipertensión antes de desarrollar cáncer —es decir, que no está relacionada con el cáncer—, esos medicamentos no estarán cubiertos por el equipo de hospicio. El hospicio provee todos los medicamentos relacionados con el diagnóstico de calificación, así como el equipo médico duradero. Ciertos elementos para el cuidado en el hogar deben ser provistos por separado.

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• Routine Home Care

• Continuous Home Care

• Inpatient Respite Care

• General Inpatient Care

$142.91

$834.10

$147.83

$635.74

2010 Medicare Levels of Hospice Care: Per Diem National Reimbursement Rates

(geographic variation) www.cms.hhs.gov/mlnproducts/downloads/hospice_pay_sys_fs.pdf

Now, hospice, in contrast to home care, which is fee-for-service, is paid on a per diem basis. So, every day that hospice provider gets a flat rate no matter what care they provide. So, that per diem rate covers the nursing visit. It covers home care. It covers chaplaincy, whatever disciplines go out that particular day to see the patient. It covers all the medications related to the qualifying diagnosis, any needed equipment, etc. And it all has to come out of that flat rate. And while these are national averages, there’s geographic variation, you can see that in our current healthcare climate, these aren’t very high rates. So, for people on the --- the routine home care rate, which is the majority of patients, that rate is approximately $140 per day. So, you can see why, if patients were undergoing daily blood tests or perhaps diagnostic MRIs, that reimbursement would be rapidly used up and, if the pat --- if the hospice isn’t fiscally conscious, they wouldn’t be able to provide care of the rest of their patients. And that’s why there needs to be a thoughtful approach, so that the patient receives what benefits them, but doesn’t get other things that are unlikely to alter their cost and that would preclude appropriate hospice care. On the continuous home care rate, which can happen for brief periods at a time, where more intense nursing home care can be put in, so instead of the nurse coming back and forth to visit every few days or whatever is deemed to be appropriate, on continuous home care, nursing care can be put in the home on a --- up to a 24-hour basis usually for about up to three days or so at a time. The rate is about $834 a day. And, of course, that’s prorated based on the number of hours the nurse is in the home. So, this is basically to tide somebody over a symptom crisis that otherwise would require inpatient management. Inpatient respite care is provided in the hos --- general inpatient care is provided in the hospice’s inpatient setting. And that location may vary depending on the particular hospice provider. Some have free-standing buildings that they use; that are their own. Others may rent

A diferencia del cuidado en el hogar, que es de cargo por servicio, el cuidado de hospicio se cobra por día. El proveedor recibe una tarifa diaria fija, sin importar qué tipo de cuidado proporcione. Esto cubre visitas de enfermería, cuidado en el hogar, capellanía y cualquier especialista que visite al paciente ese día. Cubre todos los medicamentos relacionados con el diagnóstico de calificación, los equipos necesarios, etc. Todo se paga con esa tarifa fija. Si bien estos son promedios nacionales y hay cierta variación geográfica, para el clima actual de cuidado de la salud, las tarifas no son muy altas. La mayoría de los pacientes recibe cuidado de rutina en el hogar, cuya tarifa es de unos $140 por día. Si necesitaran a diario un análisis de sangre o una resonancia magnética, el reembolso se agotaría rápidamente. Si el hospicio no fuera fiscalmente consciente, no podría proporcionar cuidado al resto de sus pacientes. Por eso se necesita un enfoque equilibrado: el paciente sólo recibe aquello que lo beneficia, sin adicionales que, aunque no alterarían sus gastos, harían prohibitivo un cuidado de hospicio adecuado. El cuidado continuo en el hogar puede proveerse durante períodos breves y proporciona atención de enfermería más intensa, en lugar de visitas diarias o periódicas según corresponda. Puede proveerse en el hogar hasta 24 horas por día durante períodos de tres días. Su costo es de unos $834 por día y se prorratea en función de la cantidad de horas que la enfermera esté presente en el hogar. Esto se utiliza, por ejemplo, para ayudar a una persona durante una crisis de síntomas que de otro modo requeriría una internación en hospital. El cuidado de relevo para pacientes internados se provee en un entorno de hospicio, pero el lugar varía según el proveedor. Algunos cuentan con sus propios edificios independientes. Otros alquilan consultorios, ya sea en hospitales o centros de enfermería. El entorno puede variar, pero si una persona tiene una crisis de síntomas, se la puede trasladar al nivel de cuidado de pacientes internados y, al igual que en un hospital, permanecerá allí hasta que el

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space, if you will, either from a hospital or a nursing facility. So, where that location is may vary, but, in general, for people who are having a symptom crisis they can then move to the inpatient level of care and, just like for a hospital, the individual stays there until that symptom need resolves. So, it’s for a self-limited period of time. You can see that rate is a little over $600 per day, the average national. And again keep in mind that 80% of the aggregate care that a hospice provides in a particular benefit period needs to be in the home setting or they’re actually subject to fairly big fines. And you can see why people can’t stay in the general inpatient setting indefinitely, because, by definition, less than 20% can happen not for an individual patient, but for the aggregate in the inpatient setting. Respite care is a little bit different, inpatient respite care. That’s for people whose symptoms are under good control and would otherwise be in the home setting, but perhaps their caregivers are going out of town for a family wedding or what have you. So, the patient can move to the inpatient respite setting for a brief period of time. And that’s reimbursed fairly similarly to the routine home care rate.

síntoma se resuelva, durante un plazo limitado. Vemos que su costo es poco más de $600 por día, que es el promedio nacional. Debemos tener en cuenta que el 80% del total del cuidado de hospicio para un período de beneficios en particular debe ser provisto en el hogar y, de no ser así, se aplican multas importantes. Por eso una persona no puede permanecer indefinidamente como paciente internado, ya que, por definición, menos del 20% del cuidado total puede brindarse a pacientes internados. El cuidado de relevo para pacientes internados es un poco diferente. Es para personas cuyos síntomas están bajo control y que podrían volver a sus hogares, excepto que las personas a cargo de su cuidado no están disponibles para atenderlos. El paciente se traslada entonces al centro de cuidado de relevo por un plazo breve. Esto se reembolsa de modo similar al cuidado de rutina en el hogar.

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Palliative Care: Part IIIPalliative Care: Part IIIPalliative Care: Part IIIPalliative Care: Part III

Palliative Care Model at UT MD Anderson Cancer Center: “Simultaneous Care”

Palliative Care

Consult Service

Palliative

Care

Inpatient Unit

Palliative Care

Outpatient Clinic

Primary

Service

Hospice

Inpatient Nursing

Units, ER, ICU

Okay, now looking at how palliative care can be integrated with traditional medical care, you can see the model that we use at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center and this is called “Simultaneous Care”. So, people are seen by their primary service. For people who are outpatients, we follow them up in our outpatient clinic. When people are hospitalized, we see them as part of our consultation service whether they’re in the inpatient nursing unit, emergency center, intensive care unit. For patients with more complex care needs, they may be transferred to our acute palliative care unit where we would take the primary role in their care at that point and their primary service of origin would be available to consult as needed. And then depending on their needs, they would either be discharged home where we would follow up in the outpatient clinic. They may be getting more chemotherapy or, for those patients who are no longer benefitting from chemotherapy, after discussion with the patient, family, and primary team, they may be discharged with hospice care. So, you can see that it’s a very energetic process, if you will, where people can go back and forth in the different aspects of our program depending on what suits their care needs best.

Bien. Ahora veamos cómo integrar el cuidado paliativo al cuidado médico tradicional. En el MD Anderson Cancer Center de la Universidad de Texas utilizamos el modelo de “cuidado simultáneo”. Los pacientes son atendidos por un servicio primario. En el caso de los pacientes ambulatorios, hacemos el seguimiento en la clínica correspondiente. Cuando un paciente es hospitalizado, es atendido por el servicio de consulta en la unidad de enfermería para pacientes internados, el centro de emergencias o la unidad de cuidados intensivos. Los pacientes con necesidades más complejas se transfieren a la unidad de cuidado paliativo agudo, donde asumimos la función primaria del cuidado, en tanto que el servicio primario de origen queda disponible para consultas. Luego, según sus necesidades, son dados de alta y hacemos el seguimiento en la clínica para pacientes ambulatorios. Pueden recibir más quimioterapia o, si esta ya no es útil, hablamos con el paciente, su familia y el equipo primario, y podemos darlos de alta con cuidado de hospicio. Es un proceso muy dinámico, donde los pacientes recorren diversos componentes del programa según lo que se adapte mejor a sus necesidades de cuidado.

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Palliative Care: Part IIIPalliative Care: Part IIIPalliative Care: Part IIIPalliative Care: Part III

Models of Palliative Care in the Models of Palliative Care in the Models of Palliative Care in the Models of Palliative Care in the United States: SummaryUnited States: SummaryUnited States: SummaryUnited States: Summary

• Hospital-based: primary, secondary and tertiary levels of care, depending on level of expertise available, services provided and presence of research and educational programs

• Community-based includes outpatient visits, traditional home care or hospice care

• Hospice is a concept of care that focuses on quality of life for patients with a life expectancy of < 6 months who are no longer receiving curative therapy; typically provided in the home

• Ideally, palliative care is based on “simultaneous care”throughout the disease trajectory

Okay, so, in sum, hospital-based primary --- palliative care can be practiced at the primary, secondary, or tertiary level depending on the patient’s needs and the type of expertise available in the community of that particular patient. Tertiary palliative care, in addition to treating patients with the most complex care needs, also requires the presence of research and educational programs. Educational programs not only in terms of continuing education, but, for example, fellowship programs, programs for the community --- lay community, and then the research component. Community-based options include outpatient visits, traditional home care, or hospice care. Hospice itself is a concept of care and not a location for patients with a life expectancy of six months or less, assuming the disease runs its anticipated course, patients who are no longer receiving curative therapy, and is typically provided in the home care setting. And ideally palliative care is based on simultaneous care throughout the disease trajectory, so that patients have access to the type of care that suits their needs best at that point in the disease continuum. Thank you very much for listening to me. I hope this has cleared up some areas of fogginess for you. And we’d really appreciate your feedback on this presentation, so that in future iterations we can be even more effective. Thank you.

Bien. En resumen, el cuidado paliativo hospitalario puede brindarse en los niveles primario, secundario o terciario, según las necesidades del paciente y el tipo de especialistas disponibles localmente para ese paciente determinado. El cuidado paliativo terciario, que trata a los pacientes con necesidades de atención complejas, también requiere el complemento de programas de investigación y educativos, no sólo en términos de educación continua, sino con programas de becas o comunitarios, y tiene un componente de investigación. Las opciones comunitarias incluyen consultas de pacientes ambulatorios, el cuidado tradicional en el hogar y el cuidado de hospicio. El hospicio en sí es un concepto de atención y no un lugar para pacientes con una esperanza de vida de seis meses o menos, si la enfermedad sigue su curso previsto, o para pacientes que ya no reciben terapia curativa, y suele proveerse en el hogar. Idealmente, el cuidado paliativo utiliza una atención simultánea durante el desarrollo de la enfermedad para que el paciente tenga acceso al cuidado que mejor se adapte a sus necesidades en cada etapa de la enfermedad. Gracias por escucharme. Espero haber aclarado algunos conceptos confusos. Agradeceremos sus comentarios sobre esta presentación, para que otras en el futuro puedan ser más efectivas. Gracias.