ppt water pollution pil
TRANSCRIPT
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Water Pollution
G. Tyler Millers
Living in the Environment
14th Edition
Chapter 22
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Water, Air, Land .
The solution to
pollution is
dilution.
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Chapter 22 Key Concepts
Types, sources, and effects of water pollutants
Major pollution problems of surface water
Major pollution problems of groundwater
Reduction and prevention of water pollution
Drinking water quality
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Water
makes
us
unique
andgives
life toEarth.
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Section 1 Key Ideas
What are major types and effects of water
pollution?
How do we measure water quality? Point versus Nonpoint sources
What are the major sources of pollution?
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What is water pollution?
Any chemical, biological,
or physical change in
water quality that has a
harmful effect on living
organisms or makes
water unsuitable for
desired usage.
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What is water pollution?
WHO: 3.4 million premature
deaths each year from
waterborne diseases 1.9 million from
diarrhea
U.S. 1.5 millionillnesses
1993 Milwaukee
370,000 sick
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What is water pollution?Need to study Table 22-1 Page 492
Infectious Agents: bacteria and viruses often
from animal wastes
Oxygen Demanding Wastes: organic waste thatneeds oxygen often from animal waste, paper
mills and food processing.
Inorganic Chemicals: Acids and toxic chemicalsoften from runoff, industries and household
cleaners
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What is water pollution?Organic Chemicals: oil, gasoline, plastics,
detergents often from surface runoff, industriesand cleaners
Plant Nutrients: water soluble nitrates, ammonia
and phosphates often from sewage, agricultureand urban fertilizers
Sediment: soils and silts from land erosion can
disrupt photosynthesis, destroy spawninggrounds, clog rivers and streams
Heat Pollution and Radioactivity: mostly from
powerplants
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How do we measure water qualityBacterial Counts: Fecal
coliform counts fromintestines of animals
None per 100 ml for
drinking >200 per 100 ml forswimming
Sources: human sewage,animals, birds, raccoons, etc.
See table 22-2 on page 493 fordiseases transmitted bycontaminated drinking water.
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How do we measure water quality
Dissolved Oxygen: BODBiological Oxygen
Demandthe amount
of oxygen consumed by
aquatic decomposers
Chemical Analysis:
looking for presence of
inorganic or organicchemicals
Suspended Sediment
water clarity
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How do we measure water quality
Indicator Species:
organisms that give an
idea of the health of the
water body.
Mussels, oysters and
clams filter water
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Types, Effects and Sources of WaterPollution
Point sources
Nonpoint sources
Water quality
Refer to Tables 22-1 and22-2 p. 492 and 493
Fig. 22-3 p. 494
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Point and Nonpoint Sources
NONPOINT SOURCES
Urban streets
Suburbandevelopment
Wastewatertreatmentplant
Rural homes
Cropland
Factory
Animal feedlot
POINTSOURCES
Fig. 22-4 p. 494
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Major Sources of Water Pollution
Agriculture: by far theleader
Sediment, fertilizers,
bacteria from livestock,food processing, salt from
soil irrigation
Industrial: factories andpowerplants
Mining: surface mining
toxics, acids, sediment
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Section 2-3 Key Ideas
Freshwater pollution: What are major
problems in streams?
Developed versus Developing Countries
Lake Pollution: Why are lakes and reservoirs
more vulnerable?
What is Eutrophication?
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Freshwater Stream Pollution
Flowing streams can recover frommoderate level of degradablewater pollution if their flows
are not reduced.
Natural biodegradationprocess
Does not work if
overloaded or stream flowreduced
Does not work against nonbiodegradable pollutants
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Pollution of Streams
Oxygen sag curve
Factors influencing recovery
Fig. 22-5 p. 496
What factors will influence this oxygen sag curve?
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Two Worlds
Developed CountriesU.S. and other developed
countries sharply reducedpoint sources even withpopulation and economicgrowth
Nonpoint still a problem
Toxic chemicals stillproblem
Success Cuyahoga River,
Thames River
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Two Worlds Developing Countries:Serious and growing
problem Half of worlds 500 major
rivers heavily polluted
Sewage treatmentminimal $$$
Law enforcement difficult
10% of sewage in Chinatreated
Economic growth with
little $$$ to clean up
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Indias Ganges River
Holy River (1 million takedaily holy dip)
350 million (1/3rd of pop) live
in watershed
Little sewage treatment
Used for bathing, drinking etc.
Bodies (cremated or not)
thrown in river Good news is the Indian
government is beginning to
work on problem
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Case Study: Indias Ganges River: Religion,
Poverty, and Health
Daily, more than 1
million Hindus in India
bathe, drink from, orcarry out religious
ceremonies in the
highly polluted Ganges
River.
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Freshwater Lake PollutionDilution as a solution in
lakes less effective Little vertical mixing
Little water flow
(flushing)Makes them more
vulnerable
Toxins settle Kill bottom life
Atmospheric deposition
Food chain disruptions
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Biomagnifications
of PCBs in an
aquatic food
chain from the
Great Lakes.
See figure 22-6 on
page 498
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Eutrophication of Lakes
Eutrophication: nutrientenrichment of lakes
mostly from runoff of
plant nutrients (nitrates
and phosphates)
During hot dry weather can
lead to algae blooms
Decrease of photosynthesis Dying algae then drops DO
levels
Fish kills, bad odor
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Pollution of Lakes
Eutrophication
Fig. 22-7 p. 499
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Eutrophication in Lakes
Solutions: Advanced sewage
treatment (N, P)
Household detergents Soil conservation
Remove excess weed
build up
Pump in oxygen or
freshwater
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Case Study: The Great Lakes
Pollution levels
dropped, but
long way to go
95% of U.S.
freshwater
30% Canadian
pop, 14% U.S.
38 million drink
1% flow out St.
Lawrence
Toxic fish
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Section 4: Groundwater
Why is groundwater pollution a serious
problem?
What is the extent of the problem?
What are the solutions?
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Groundwater
Groundwater can becomecontaminated
No way to cleanse itself
Little dilution anddispersion
Out of sight pollution
Prime source forirrigation and drinking
REMOVAL of
pollutant difficult
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Groundwater Pollution: Causes
Low flow rates Few bacteria
Cold temperatures
Coal stripmine runoff
Pumpingwell
Waste lagoon
Accidentalspills
Groundwater
flow
Confined aquifer
Discharge
Leakage from faultycasing
Hazardous waste injection wellPesticides
Gasolinestation
Buried gasolineand solvent tank
Sewer
Cesspoolseptic tank
De-icingroad salt
Water pumping
well Landfill
Low oxygen
Fig. 22-9 p. 502
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Groundwater
Pollution moves inplumes
Soil, rocks, etc. act
like sponge Cleansing does not
work (low O, low
flow, cold) Nondegradables may
be permanent
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Prevention is the
most effective and
cheapest
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Groundwater Pollution Prevention
Monitor aquifers
Leak detection systems
Strictly regulating hazardous waste disposal
Store hazardous materials above ground
Find less hazardous substitutes
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Section 5 Ocean Pollution
How much pollution can the oceans tolerate?
Coastal zones: How does pollution affect
coastal zones?
What are major sources of ocean pollution and
what is being done?
Oils spills
O
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Ocean Pollution
Oceans can disperse andbreak down large
quantities of degradable
pollution if they are not
overloaded.
Pollution worst near heavily
populated coastal zones
Wetlands, estuaries, coralreefs, mangrove swamps
40% of worlds pop. Live
within 62 miles of coast
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Mangrove Swamp
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Estuaries
O P ll i
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Ocean Pollution
Large amounts of untreated
raw sewage (viruses)
Leaking septic tanks
Runoff Algae blooms from
nutrients
Dead zones NO DO Airborne toxins
Oil spills
O P ll i
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Ocean Pollution
Fig. 22-11 p. 504
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C S d Ch k B
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Case Study: Chesapeake Bay
Largest US
estuary
Relatively shallow
Slow flushing
action to Atlantic
Major problems with dissolved O2
Fig. 22-13 p. 506
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Preventing and
reducing the
flow ofpollution from
land and from
streamsemptying into
the ocean is
key to
protecting
oceans
Oil S ill
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Oil Spills
Sources: offshore wells, tankers, pipelines and
storage tanks
Effects: death of organisms, loss of animal
insulation and buoyancy, smothering
Significant economic impacts
Mechanical cleanup methods: skimmers andblotters
Chemical cleanup methods: coagulants and
dispersing agents
Oil S ill
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Oil Spills
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Section 6: Prevention and
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Section 6: Prevention andReduction
How can we reduce surface water pollution:
point and also nonpoint.
How do sewage treatment plants work?
How successful has the U.S. been at reducing
water pollution? Clean Water Act
Solutions: Preventing and Reducing
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Solutions: Preventing and ReducingSurface Water Pollution
Nonpoint Sources Point Sources
Reduce runoff
Buffer zone
vegetation
Reduce soil erosion
Clean Water Act
Water Quality Act
Only apply pesticides and fertilizers as needed
Nonpoint So rces
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Nonpoint Sources
Reduce runoff
Nonpoint Sources
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Nonpoint Sources
Buffer Zones Near
Streams
Nonpoint
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Nonpoint
Prevent soil erosion and only apply
needed pesticides and fertilizers
Point Sources
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Point Sources
Most developed countries
use laws to set water
pollution standards.
Federal Water PollutionControl Act (Clean
Water Act 1972, 77,
87) Regulates navigable
waterways..streams,
wetlands, rivers, lake
Clean Water Act
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Clean Water Act Sets standards for key
pollutants
Requires permits for
discharge
Requires sewage treatment Require permits for
wetland destruction
Does not deal with
nonpoint sources well
Goal All Waterways
fishable and swimable
Technological Approach: Septic
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Technological Approach: SepticSystems
Require suitable soils and maintenance
Fig. 22-15 p. 510
of all U.S. homes
have Septic tanks
Can be used in
parking lots, business
parks, etc.
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Combined sewer
overflow is a
problem in manyolder towns
EPA: 1.8 M to
3.85 M sick from
swimming in
water
contaminated by
sewer overflowsEPA: $100 billion
to fix
Technological Approach: Sewage
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Technological Approach: SewageTreatment
Physical and biological treatmentFig. 22-16 p. 511
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Primary: removes 60% of
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solids and 30-40% oxygen
demanding wastes
(physically)Secondary: uses biological
processes to remove up to
90% of biodegradables
Tertiary: advanced
techniques only used in 5%
of U.S. $$$$
Disinfection: chlorine,
ozone, UV
What is not taken out???
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Technological Approach: Advanced
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Technological Approach: Advanced(Tertiary) Sewage Treatment
Uses physical and chemical processes
Removes nitrate and phosphate
Expensive
Not widely used
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Sludge disposalusing as fertilizer
Technological Approach: Using
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ec o og ca pp oac Us gWetlands to Treat Sewage
Fig. 22-18 p. 513
The Good News
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The Good News
Largely thanks to CWA:
Between 19722002
fishable and swimmable
streams 36% to 60%
74% served by sewage
treatment
Wetlands loss dropped by
80%
Topsoil losses dropped by
1 billion tons annually
The Bad News
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The Bad News
45% of Lakes, 40% streams
still not fishable and
swimmable Nonpoint sources still huge
problem
Livestock and Ag. Runoff
Fish with toxins
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Section 7 Drinking Water
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Section 7 Drinking Water
How is drinking water purified? High techway.
How can we purify drinking water in
developing nations?
What is the Safe Drinking Water Act?
Is bottled water a good answer or an expensive
rip-off?
Drinking Water Quality
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Drinking Water Quality
Safe Drinking Water Act
Maximum contaminant levels (MCLs)
Purification of urban drinking water
Bottled water
Protection from terrorism
Purification of rural drinking water
Purification of urban drinking
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gwater
Surface Water: (likeDelaware River)
Removed to reservoir to
improve clarity
Pumped to a treatment
plant to meet drinking
water standards
Groundwater: often does
not need much
treatment
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Purification of rural drinking
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gwater
There can be simple waysto purify water:
Exposing to heat and UVrays
Fine cloths to filter water
Add small amounts ofchlorine
Safe Drinking Water Act
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Safe Drinking Water Act
54 countries havedrinking water laws
SDWA passed 1974requires EPA to set
drinking water
standards
Maximum Contaminating
Levels (MCLs)
Safe Drinking Water Act
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Safe Drinking Water Act
Privately owned wellsexempt from SDWA
SDWA requires publicnotification of failing to
meet standards and fine.
MCLs often stated in
parts per million or
parts per billion
Bottle Water
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Bottle Water
U.S. has the worldssafest tap water due to
billions of $$$ of
investment
Bottle water 240 to
10,000 times more
expensive than tapwater
25% of bottle water is tap
water
Bottle Water
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Bottle Water1.4 million metric tons of
bottle thrown awayeach year
Toxic fumes released
during bottling
Bottles made from oil
based plastics
Water does not need to
meet SDWA
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