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Education and ResearchEducation and Research
• Educational and Research Sector are interrelated to Medical Sector
Health Sector Academic & Research Sector
Good reciprocal information flow
• These are two inter dependent environments
Education and Information – Health SectorEducation and Information – Health Sector
Education & Research and Health Sector in this
Century need:– Access to Information – Equity in access of Information – Access and equity to information will facilitate– Virtual Enhancement of Academic Infrastructure – Quality of Education and Health care
I C T infrastructureI C T infrastructure
Health, Education and Research Sector require
ICT infrastructure which support applications– Digital Library– Distance Learning– Internet – Information Portal– Simulation
Lko
Leased Line
Medical V P N Network
Medi-NetworkMedi-NetworkCity Medical
Institute
New Delhi A I I M S
Chandigarh P G I
Lucknow S G P G I
Kolkata Institute
Mumbai Institute
Chennai Institute
VSAT
Network Connectivity of 8 ICMR location for Video Conferencing
2 Mbps link
ICMR Institutes in India
MPLS-VPN Network
Service provider’s Cloud
Video conferencing
equipment
InternetERNET HQ, New Delhi
VC facility at each ICMR site
Video conferencing
equipment
Conference Room Layout
Remote/Regional Office Layout
MPLS-VPN LinkRouter Modem
Switch
Video conferencing
equipment
Conference Room Layout
Virtual Classroom and Connectivity of Libraries
MPLS-VPN Network
Service provider’s Cloud
Internet2
HQ, New Delhi
Virtual Classroom
ICMR Project Implementation & ICMR Project Implementation & ApplicationApplication
• Project will implemented in 4 months.• This will enable ICMR:
– To integrate their institutions– To access content and virtual class room– Tele-education– Tele-research– Digital Library
NATIONAL CANCER REGISTRY PROGRAMME(Indian Council of Medical Research)
DELHI
BHOPAL
MUMBAI
AHMEDABAD
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM
CHENNAI
BANGALORE
ICMR HEAD QUARTERS
NCRP COORDINATING UNIT
POPULATION BASED REGISTRY
POPULATION BASED RURAL REGISTRY
HOSPITAL BASED REGISTRY
DIBRUGARHSIKKIM
GUWAHATI
SILCHAR IMPHAL
MIZORAM
MONITORING UNIT OF NERCR
BARSHI
KOLKATA
Geographic Trends in cancer in India
DEVELOPMENT OF AN ATLAS OF CANCER IN INDIA
DEVELOPMENT OF AN ATLAS OF CANCER IN INDIA
– Main Objectives and Overall Aim
• Obtain an Overview of Cancers in Different Parts of the Country and know Similarities and Differences in Cancer Patterns in a Relatively Cost Effective way Using recent advances in Electronic/Computer and Information Technology
• Calculate Estimates of Cancer Incidence wherever feasible
Other (Subsidiary) Objectives
• Strengthen Departments of Pathology in Medical Colleges and other hospitals through PC and Internet Connectivity
• Provide Orientation/Training in Cancer Registration & Epidemiology to Pathologists
Concept - Methods
• Since over 80% of cancers reported under the NCRP have a microscopic diagnosis of cancer the focus of data capture is the department of pathology
• Patient Identifying and Diagnostic details of All malignant neoplasms reported are entered on a prescribed format on a specifically designed web-site
Application of Information Technology (IT) -
Development of Website
• Domain Name
canceratlasindia.org
cancermapindia.org• Functioning since January 2002
Application of IT (Contd.)
• Allows On-line Registration of New Centres• Collaborating Centres provided with
- Login ID and Password for• On Line Data Entry on Core Proforma and• Onward Transmission• Basic Checks on data entry provided
Map showing Distribution of Collaborating Centres (•), RegisteredCentres (•) and Centres contacted but not responded (•).
NORTHAjmerAligarhAmritsarBikanerChandigarh 2DehradunDelhiGorakhpurJaipur 3
JodhpurKanpurLucknowLudhiana 2MeerutPatialaUdaipurVaranasi
WESTAhmedabadAmravatiAurangabad 2BarshiBhopal 2 GwaliorIndoreJalna
KaramsadKolhapur 2LoniMumbai 3 Nagpur 5NandedPune 3Wardha 2
EASTAizawlBankuraBerhampurBurdwanCuttack 2DibrugarhGangtok
Guwahati 2Imphal 2Kolkata 4Patna 2SambalpurShillongSilchar
SOUTHAmbilikaiBangalore 4 Chennai 2 Coimbatore 3Goa HubliHyderabad 7KakinadaKannurKaraikalKarunagapally
KottyamKurnool MangaloreManipalPondicherryThiruvananthapuramThrissur 5TirunelveliTirupathi 2TumkurVisakapattanam
Map Showing participating centres represented by dots ()
PC with WIN95/98/NT
MODEM
INTERNET
CENTER 2
INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER
Router
WEB, EMAIL & DATABASE SERVER
CO-ORDINATING UNIT
Printer
MODEM
www.canceratlasindia.org
PC with WIN95/98/NT
MODEM
CENTER 1
FirewallServer
Workstation 1
PrinterWorkstation 2
PC with WIN95/98/NT
MODEM
INTERNET
CANCER CENTRES
INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER
Router
WEB, EMAIL & DATABASE SERVER
CO-ORDINATING UNIT
Printer
MODEM
FirewallServer
Workstation 1
PrinterWorkstation 2
www.canceratlasindia.org
Application of IT (Contd.) Project Phases
Phase I Emphasis on Data Capture
Phase II Generation of Basic Tables, Charts
Phase III On-line Feed Back of Data Received
Phase IV On line Validation Checks/ Programmes
Data Received
Total Cases for Two Year Period:
1 Jan 2001 - 31 Dec 2002 : 2,17,174
About 1000-1200 cases per week
Data also received through :
Floppy disks – Soft Copy
Form – Hard Copy
Bangalore – PBCR : 75.1Barshi – PBCR : 36.2 Remaining No. of Districts > MAAR of any PBCR : 55
Sou
rce:
Dev
elop
men
t of
an
Atla
s of
Can
cer
in I
ndia
F
irst
All
Indi
a R
epor
t 20
01-2
002.
NC
RP
, B
anga
lore
81.2
83.5
85.8
89.5
90.8
97.8
101.9
103.0
103.3
106.5
106.7
107.6
114.2
119.0
125.5
126.4
155.1
217.9
0 25 50 75 100 125 150
East Sikkim (SK)
Chennai - PBCR
Imphal West (MR)
Mumbai - PBCR
Thiruvananthapuram (KL)
Bhopal - PBCR
Thrissur (KL)
Delhi - PBCR
South Goa (GA)
Kollam (KL)
Chandigarh (CH)
Mamit (MZ)
Champhai (MZ)
North Goa (GA)
Kolasib (MZ)
Lunglei (MZ)
Sechhip (MZ)
Aizawl (MZ)
Rate per 100,000
Districtwise Comparisons of MAAR with that of PBCRs under NCRP
ALL SITES (ICD 10 : C00-C96) - Males
Chandigarh (106.7)
North Goa (119.0)
South Goa (103.3)
Kollam (106.5)
Kolasib (125.5)
Champhai (114.2)
Serchhip (155.1)
Aizawl (217.9)
Lunglei (126.4)
Mamit (107.6)
Districtwise Distribution of MAAR
ALL SITES (ICD 10 : C00-C96) - Males
Barshi – PBCR : 45.0 Remaining No. of Districts > MAAR of any PBCR : 31
Sou
rce:
Dev
elop
men
t of
an
Atla
s of
Can
cer
in I
ndia
F
irst
All
Indi
a R
epor
t 20
01-2
002.
NC
RP
, B
anga
lore
90.3
90.7
92.3
92.7
92.8
93.3
94.0
95.1
99.0
101.6
102.4
107.8
112.1
113.9
116.8
148.0
155.5
209.2
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225
South Goa (GA)
Kollam (KL)
Pondicherry (PY)
Champhai (MZ)
Panchkula (HR)
Imphal West (MR)
Bhopal - PBCR
Imphal East (MR)
Bangalore - PBCR
Chennai - PBCR
Mumbai - PBCR
Lunglei (MZ)
North Goa (GA)
Delhi - PBCR
Kolasib (MZ)
Chandigarh (CH)
Sechhip (MZ)
Aizawl (MZ)
Rate per 100,000
Districtwise Comparisons of MAAR with that of PBCRs under NCRP
ALL SITES (ICD 10 : C00-C96) - Females
Chandigarh (148.0)
North Goa (112.1)
Serchhip (155.5)
Aizawl (209.1)
Lunglei (107.8)
Kolasib (116.8)
Districtwise Distribution of MAAR
ALL SITES (ICD 10 : C00-C96) - Females
Sou
rce:
Dev
elop
men
t of
an
Atla
s of
Can
cer
in I
ndia
F
irst
All
Indi
a R
epor
t 20
01-2
002.
NC
RP
, B
anga
lore
0.1
0.2
0.5
0.5
0.7
1.5
1.6
2.6
3.4
4.2
4.5
4.5
4.9
5.4
6.0
6.0
7.6
9.3
10.9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
China, Qi. County
The Gambia
Costa Rica
Italy, Ragusa Provin.
USA, Cali., LA: Chi.
Barshi
New Zealand
Singapore: Indian
Bangalore
USA, Mic., Det.: Black
Fran, La Reunion
USA, Puerto Rico
USA, Haw.: White
Mumbai
Chennai
Delhi
Fran, Somme
India, Ahmedabad
Bhopal
Rate per 100,000
International Comparisons of AAR with that of PBCRs under NCRP
TONGUE (ICD 10 : C01-C02) - Males
Sou
rce:
Dev
elop
men
t of
an
Atla
s of
Can
cer
in I
ndia
F
irst
All
Indi
a R
epor
t 20
01-2
002.
NC
RP
, B
anga
lore
4.6
4.7
4.8
5.0
5.0
5.4
5.6
5.8
5.9
6.1
6.5
6.6
7.2
7.5
7.5
8.0
10.0
10.2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Kancheepuram (TN)
Indore (MP)
Chennai - PBCR
Ajmer (RJ)
South Goa (GA)
Bhavnagar (GJ)
Delhi - PBCR
Thrissur (KL)
Anand (GJ)
Kollam (KL)
Thiruvananthapuram (KL)
Ahmedabad (GJ)
Kheda (GJ)
Gandhinagar (GJ)
Pondicherry (PY)
Mahesana (GJ)
Bhopal - PBCR
Aizawl (MZ)
Rate per 100,000
Mumbai – PBCR : 4.5Bangalore – PBCR : 3.1Barshi – PBCR : 1.4 Remaining No. of Districts > MAAR of any PBCR : 17
Districtwise Comparisons of MAAR with that of PBCRs under NCRP
TONGUE (ICD 10 : C01-C02) - Males
Gandhinagar (0.8)
Daman (1.0)
Kurukshetra (0.9)Chamoli (1.0)
Bhandara (1.1)
Perambalur (0.8)
West Sikkim (4.4)East Sikkim (3.4)
East Khasi Hills (1.4)West Kameng (12.6)
Lower Subhansiri (1.5)
West Siang (1.7)North Cachar Hills (2.4)
Tuensang (1.3)
Mokokchung (2.4)
Kohima (19.4)
Senapati (3.5)
Imphal West (7.4)
Tamenglong (5.5)Dimapur (2.2)
Imphal East (3.2)Ukhrul (12.7)
Thoubal (3.7)
Bishnupur (4.6)
Chandel (4.4)
Wokha (5.2)
Churachandpur (10.2)
Champhai (6.1)
Serchhip (21.7)Aizawl (8.3)
Kolasib (5.0)Lunglei (11.6)
Mamit (9.7)
Districtwise MAAR / 100,000
NASOPHARYNX (ICD 10 : C11) - Males
Nalbari (1.5)
Kamrup (1.7)
Darrang (1.1)
Marigaon (2.7)
Changlang (1.9)
Jorhat (1.8)
Lunglei (3.4)
Lawngtlai (3.8)
Aizawl (2.0)
Barpeta (1.9)
Bongaigaon (1.7)
Dibrugarh (1.8)
Papum Pare (1.9)
East Sikkim (2.1)
West Khasi Hills (1.0)
Nagaon (0.9)
Karimganj (0.8)
Thoubal (0.9)
Cachar (0.8)
Dimapur (1.5)
Golaghat (1.0)
Panchkula (1.4)Mahendragarh (0.8)Ajmer (1.0)Sabar Kantha (0.8)Gandhinagar (2.1)Mahesana (1.6)
Patan (0.8)Kheda (1.5)
Junagadh (1.1)Surendranagar (0.9)Ahmedabad (1.4)Anand (1.8)Vadodra (0.8)
Aligarh (1.1)
North Goa (2.0)
South Goa (1.7)
Dakshina Kannada (1.0)Kodagu (2.7)
Thrissur (1.2)
PHARYNX (ICD 10 : C14) - MalesDistrictwise MAAR / 100,000
SUMMARY
• Developments in IT used to collate data
• Easier in Private than in Governmental settings
• Most feasible in comprehensive cancer centres
COST
• Methodology extremely cost-effective
• Under the NCRP the cost per case is:Urban PBCRs (average)= Rs 350($8)Rural PBCR – Barshi = Rs 4100($90)
• Cancer Atlas Project Average cost per case= Rs
24($0.5)
International Journal of Cancer
Early View (Articles online in advance of print)Published online: 22 April 2005
Epidemiology
Geographic pathology revisited: Development of an atlas of cancer in India
Data entry screen from Cancer Atlas website
Advent of IT
• Unique opportunity to leap frog into establishing a system so as to have a state/national disease data base - if advances in electronic information technology are harnessed
• Essential for a developing country like India– Vastness– Necessity of having the data– Economical
Major Urgent Reasons for Building on the Idea and taking it
forward on Fast Track
Need for Expanding Project Scope with Information Technology
Coordinating Unit of NCRP• 500 man years of effort on data
capture, validation, consolidation, analysis and report preparation
• Already existing knowledge and trained personnel
• Fairly large exercise involving participation by public and private hospitals/medical institutions laboratories
Advantages of usingInformation Technology (IT)
as a tool for Cancer Research - Essentially it would create
A System for Flow of Standardised Information on Cancer
Advantages of IT in Cancer Research
• Networking and integration of the various parameters for continuous ready flow of information to translate into:
• Multi-disciplinary research:– for eliciting cause – undertaking type of control measures– Regulating treatments, monitoring follow-
up and measuring outcome
Overall the cancer informatics infrastructure
would enable capture, analyse, apply and reuse knowledge of research
results
NATIONAL CENTRE FOR DISEASE INFORMATICS AND RESEARCH IN BANGALORE
Objectives and Broad Mission Statements
The main broad and overall objective of the centre is to sustain and develop a national research data-base on cancer, diabetes, CVD and stroke through recent advances in electronic information technology with a national collaborative network, so as to undertake aetiological, epidemiological, clinical and control research in these areas.
The newer areas that the forthcoming Centre aims is towards
generation of more data that will be helpful in developing
effective prevention strategies and programmes so as to
provide better care and support to patients. This is besides
research into mechanisms of causation, through a combination
of field, clinic and laboratory studies.
A. Objectives
Broad Mission Statements
1. Plans, directs, develops, supports, coordinates and evaluates a national programme of disease surveillance involving the collection and analysis of reliable data on magnitude and patterns, so as to answer key questions about disease incidence and mortality in different demographic and population settings;
2. Evolves, coordinates and evaluates a national standardised programme on patterns of patient care in different anatomical sites of cancer, diabetes, CVD and stroke;
3. Plans, innovates and integrates recent advances in communications and electronic information technology to develop the emerging field of health informatics, so as to have a National Electronic Surveillance System that creates and generates a national disease research database;
Broad Mission Statements (Contd…)
4. Designs, undertakes and implements multi-registry/centric collaborative research studies in-keeping with recent advances in epidemiological research; this very forte of the Coordinating Unit is helping it to evolve into a centre for National Disease Informatics and Research that could foster large scale consortial research;
5. Undertakes specific studies in molecular cancer epidemiology, through harmonizing clinical and epidemiological data on one hand and knowledge from the progressing field of bio-informatics on the other;
6. Develops human resources in the medical research with focus on multi-disciplinary approach – field, clinic, laboratory using the tool of electronic information technology; in the process stimulate cross training and inter and multidisciplinary research.
• Over the years the NCRP has laid a strong foundation for a data base on cancer
• More recently the approach and data from the cancer atlas has complimented and added a new dimension towards building and sustaining quality national research data base through the power of Information Technology (IT)
• Opportune Time to harness Advances in IT for creation of such a data base
SUMMARY – Achievements
• Entire activity of the NCRP and the projects under it are directed, monitored and executed by the Coordinating Unit in Bangalore
• Converting this unit into a permanent ICMR centre would strengthen the existing cancer data base and could find application in other diseases
SUMMARY – TARGETS EXPECTED(Contd)
Achievements / Targets expected
The Coordinating Unit of NCRP has taken a lead by demonstrating capability of
conducting research in various aspects of cancer. It enjoys a unique position
of being a leader in coordinating and undertaking epidemiologic studies on
cancer.
The Coordinating Unit has developed expertise in planning, directing,
developing, coordinating and evaluating a national programme of cancer
surveillance. Further, it has analysed and prepared reports on magnitude,
patterns and incidence of cancer in different population and hospital settings.
It is mainly through the NCRP and perhaps for only this disease in this country
that we have actual incidence rates (not estimates).
Through the ‘Cancer Atlas’ the Unit has used recent advances in IT to successfully collate, check, analyse and interpret data thereby creating a platform for establishing a National Electronic Cancer Surveillance System.
The Unit has standardised various epidemiologic questionnaires and manuals including patient information forms (and manuals) for specific sites of cancer (breast, cervix, head and neck). A systematic plan of action is underway to assess and evaluate clinical stage and outcome based on details of treatment. A strategy for follow-up has been evolved. Software including web-based programmes are in place for data entry on the internet by each of the five hospital based cancer registries and 35 other centres in different parts of the country.
Achievements / Targets expected (Contd…)
Achievements / Targets expected
The future centre’s mission is to carry forward these activities in a
comprehensive manner so as to yield research results of long standing value.
To accomplish this mission, the goal is to bring together a multi-disciplinary
team of scientists in epidemiology, public health, bio-statistics, clinicians,
molecular biologists and those in other related fields.
The expected target is to provide on-line electronic national cancer data-base for research, patient care outcome and cancer control. A national cancer research data base has indeed been created and it needs to be sustained and enlarged both horizontally to cover wider areas and vertically to undertake in-depth research.
Specific Function Statements
i. To provide or plan to provide baseline information and technical
help in designing, monitoring and evaluating cancer and other
control programmes and activities.
ii. The centre would encourage and extend technical support to all
Regional Cancer Centres, oncology wings in medical colleges,
non-governmental or private cancer centres / radiotherapy /
oncology units for constituting and establishing cancer or other
data collection in their institutions along internationally
acceptable and nationally adaptable formats and standards.
• With control of communicable diseases and increased life expectancy, Non-communicable Diseases are emerging as a major Public Health Problem
• Advances in IT in India have to be quickly applied to Public Health and Research
URGENCY FOR PROPOSAL MIDWAY THROUGH 10th PLAN
MAIN OBJECTIVE
Sustain and Develop a National Research Data Base on Cancer, Diabetes, Stroke, and other Cardiovascular Diseases using advances in IT, through a National Collaborative network, so as to undertake aetiological, epidemiological, clinical and control research in these areas
iii. Studies in aetiology will receive special focus through disease
specific registers like lymphoma-leukaemia registry, childhood
cancer registry and bone tumour registry etc. Special purpose
registries for specific populations exposed to suspected chemicals,
radiation etc will also be focussed, include in-depth laboratory
component for detailed molecular and genetic typing using a battery
of investigations such as immuno-histochemistry, flow cytometry,
PCR studies etc. The centre could act as a reference laboratory at
least for certain studies. The centre will devote to the conduct of
multicentric studies and meta-analysis of rare and unusual cancer
types and those tumours that are of special interest to Indian
conditions.
Specific Function Statements (Contd…)
iv. Conduct studies in populations with exceptional or changing
incidence rates or unusual environmental exposures.
v. The centre will have active interaction on scientific topics and
where feasible collaborative projects with related ICMR
permanent centres / institutes like Regional Medical Research
Centre, Dibrugarh, Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, Institute of
Cytology and Preventive Oncology, Noida etc. In the same way it
will also interact with local institutions in Bangalore like the
Indian Institute of Science, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for
Advanced Scientific Research, NIMHANS etc.
Specific Function Statements (Contd…)
vi. The centre will create a Directory of on-going research
in India on cancer, diabetes, CVD and stroke.
vii. Psychological studies on cancer, diabetes, CVD and
stroke will be pursued and Quality of Life studies will
focus on rehabilitation needs.
Specific Function Statements (Contd…)
Specific areas of collaboration/proposed collaboration
Specific Function Statements (Contd…)
With Triesta Sciences Pvt Ltd – a Bangalore based company for laboratory support in the molecular epidemiology of breast and colo-rectal cancers;
Collaboration with cancer registries in the North east for the following project proposals:
i. PBCR – Guwahati: Role of HPV and tobacco in the occurrence of cancer cervix: a case control study ;
ii. PBCR – Mizoram: Role of Helicobacter pylori and use of smoked meat in the occurrence of cancer stomach: a case control study;
iii. PBCR Manipur: Risk factors in the epidemiology of lymphoid and haemopoietic malignancies
Basis for selection of location
The Coordinating Unit of the NCRP has been functioning at
Bangalore since 1991.
The entire activity of the NCRP and the projects under it are
directed, monitored and executed (including conduct of
workshops and coordination of Annual Review Meetings and
workshops) by the Coordinating Unit of NCRP.
The Coordinating Unit is in a unique position in that it is
coordinating an on-going multi-centric collaborative project (with
several studies under it). It is operating, from a rented premises,
in Bangalore and working with a skeletal staff and a shoestring
budget. Limited requirements are being met within the overall
budget allocation of the ICMR. However, even with limited staff
and infrastructure, the programme has demonstrated capability
of carrying out high quality of research.
Basis for selection of location (Contd)
Basic infrastructure of staff, internet connectivity and computers
and most importantly software programmes and modules have
been developed. This has been developed in-house with support
of hardware and software consultants.
Further software development activity is underway so as to have
user friendly state of the art modules that would meet the
requirements listed above.
The ease of consulting and/or hiring IT
professionals/programmers
The Council has five acres of land and construction of the
building for the units of ICMR located in Bangalore including the
Coordinating Unit is underway.
Basis for selection of location (Contd.) The Coordinating Unit is also on the verge of collaboration with the Rajiv
Gandhi University of Health Sciences for enrolling students into the PhD
programmes and commencing courses in Epidemiology and Health
Informatics.
A Memorandum of Understanding is also to be signed with Triesta
Sciences Pvt Ltd for collaborative molecular and genetic epidemiological
studies in cancer breast and colo-rectal cancers.
Lastly, like several major cities (including the metros) in India, it would
promote the cause of medical research to have a permanent ICMR centre
in Bangalore for several reasons. It has a number of medical institutions
and several other scientific institutions. It would be important to have the
presence of ICMR with a permanent centre with scope of future
collaboration with many of these institutions.
Under the circumstances stated, Bangalore would be the ideal
location of this centre.
i. Descriptive Epidemiology – which would concern the PBCRs
and the Cancer Atlas
ii. Clinical Epidemiology – which would essentially be on
patterns of care and survival studies; followed in the next
stage by Patient Care and Management Strategies, Clinical
research and therapeutic trials for management of cancer in
India.
iii. Analytic Epidemiology – case control studies
iv. Molecular Epidemiology along with (iii) above will focus and
concentrate on aetiological studies.
I. Department of Epidemiology with the following
units:
Manner of Scheme Implementation
II. Department of Bio-Statistics - which would contribute towards the
statistical methods and evaluation of different units listed above;
III. Department of Informatics and Programming - which would
contribute towards the development of software modules, internet
based programming and hardware maintenance of different
programmes/projects;
IV. Cancer Control and Prevention - would generate documents to
assist in cancer control activities at state or national levels.
Manner of Scheme Implementation (Contd.)
V. Social, Economic and Behavioral Intervention Research - the
social relevance of cancer on society, behavioral patterns associated
with the disease and provision of counseling services.
Besides the above, the centre would be a hub of training in cancer
registration, epidemiology and research with the aim on National Human
Resource Development. The institute would collaborate with the Rajiv
Gandhi University of Health Sciences for MPH and PhD programmes in
Epidemiology and Health Informatics.
Manner of Scheme Implementation (Contd.)
VI. Human Resource Development
• Epidemiology has been described as a science that moves slowly but with great force;
• It is particularly relevant for a developing country like India because of paucity of information and low cost in conducting such studies;
• By incorporating new tools that analyse exposures at the chemical level, recent advances in genomics and molecular sciences on the one hand and the power of electronic information technology on the other there is an unique opportunity to integrate and explore avenues in research that was hitherto not possible.
• Studies in molecular epidemiology will therefore, help in further understanding mechanisms in causation of cancer and identify new preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.