[ppt]chapter 17:classification of matter - scioto valley home · web viewchapter 17:classification...
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Section 1—Composition of Matter
CHAPTER 17:CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
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MATERIALS ARE MADE OF A PURE SUBSTANCE OR A MIXTURE OF SUBSTANCES.
A PURE SUBSTANCE, or simply a substance, is either an element ( iron or silver) or a compound (NaCl, H2O).
Substances cannot be broken down into simpler compounds and still maintain the properties of the original substances.
(Ex.’s –helium, aluminum, water, salt) E E C C
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ELEMENTSAll substances are
built from atoms.If all the atoms in a
substance are alike, that substance is an element.
(Ex.’s--graphite in pencil—all carbon atoms; copper coating in pennies—all copper atoms; gold bar—all gold)
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COMPOUNDS2 or more elements
can combine to form substances called compounds.
A compound is a substance in which the atoms of 2 or more elements are combined. (Ex. Water=H2O—2 atoms of hydrogen, 1 atom of oxygen.
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MIXTURES—A mixture that can be distinguished easily is called a heterogeneous mixture.
Heterogeneous mixtures—are mixtures made of 2 or more substances that can be easily separated by physical means. (Ex. Bowl of mixed nuts)
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HETEROGENEOUS MIXTUREYou might be
wearing another heterogeneous mixture…permanent-press fabrics contain fibers of 2 materials (POLYESTER AND COTTON)
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MOST OF THE SUBSTANCES YOU COME INTO CONTACT WITH EVERY DAY ARE HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES.
Some are easy to see, like the ingredients in a PIZZA, but others are not.
In fact, the component you see can be a mixture itself.
(Ex. CHEESE--contains milk, proteins, butter fat, colorings, and other food additives.)
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HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURESA homogeneous mixture contains 2 or more
gaseous, liquid, or solid substances blended evenly throughout.
Ex. Soft drink: water, sugar, flavoring, coloring, and carbon dioxide gas—can/flat—NOT OPEN
Another name for a homogenous mixture is called a solution.
A solution’s particles are so small that they cannot be seen with a microscope and will NEVER settle to the bottom of their container.
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COLLOIDA colloid is a type of mixture that
never settles.
Its particles are larger than those in solutions, but NOT heavy enough to settle.
(Ex. Milk, fog, smoke)
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FOREST--FOG
COLLOIDS
HEAD LIGHTS--FOG
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DETECTING COLLOIDS—You can tell for certain if a liquid is a colloid by passing a beam of light through it.
A light beam is INVISIBLE as it passes through a solution, BUT can be SEEN as it passes through a colloid.
The particles in a colloid are LARGE enough to SCATTER light, but those in a solution are NOT.
The SCATTERING OF LIGHT by colloidal particles is called the Tyndall effect.
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SUSPENSIONSSome mixtures of neither solutions
nor colloids. (Ex. MUDDY pond water, apple CIDER (NOT juice)
POND WATER is a suspension, which is a heterogeneous mixture containing a liquid in which visible particles SETTLE.
Other examples--orange juice with pulp, liquid medicines
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HOMOGENEOUS OR HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE?
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CHAPTER 17:CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
Section 2- Properties of Matter
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIESAny characteristics of
a material that you can observe without changing the identity of the substances that make up the material is a physical property.
Examples--APPEARANCE: color, shape, size, melting point, boiling point; BEHAVIOR: attraction to a magnet, ability to flow
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SIZE—ROCKS/SAND
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES—The best way to separate substances depends on their physical properties.
MAGNETISM—IRON/SAND
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PHYSICAL CHANGEA change in SIZE, SHAPE, OR STATE
OF MATTER is called a physical change.
These changes might involve energy changes, but the kind of substance—the IDENTITY of the element or compound—DOES NOT CHANGE.
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DISTILLATIONDistillation is a
process for separating substances in a mixture by EVAPORATING liquid and RECONDENSING its vapor.
Ex. Purifying water (distilled water)
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CHEMICAL PROPERTIESA chemical property is a characteristic
of a substance that indicates whether it can change into another substance.
Ex. Flammability, or the tendency of a substance to burn, because burning produces NEW SUBSTANCES.
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DETECTING CHEMICAL CHANGE
A change of one substance to another is a chemical change.
Ex.’s—RUST on car fenders, SMELL of rotten eggs, food BURNING in the oven, FOAMING of an antacid tablet in water
In some chemical changes, a RAPID RELEASE OF ENERGY---detected as HEAT, LIGHT, AND SOUND—are CLUES that changes are occurring.
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WEATHERING—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL CHANGE?
PHYSICAL CHANGE—Large rocks can split
when water seeps into small cracks , freezes, and expands.
However, the smaller pieces of newly exposed rock still have the SAME PROPERTIES as the original rock.
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CHEMICAL CHANGESolid calcium carbonate,
a compound found in limestone, does not dissolve easily in water. However, when the water is slightly acidic, a new compound is formed.
Slightly acidic water (CO2 and H2O) and calcium carbonate calcium hydrogen carbonate (NEW SUBSTANCE)
Ex.’s—Caves
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Burning log + oxygen = ashes + smoke + gases that escaped from log The MASS of all
substances BEFORE a chemical change EQUALS the MASS of all the substances that remain AFTER the change.
CONSERVATION OF MASS—Matter is neither created nor destroyed during a chemical change.
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS