pq01serisebook

1 1

http://www.oppo.co.th

Power Quality 1Transient Voltage Surge Suppression

surgePRO LC FILTER Feature - Low Let through Voltage - Low dv/dt - Fast Response - Thermal Sensing Inside - Multi-Color LED Protective

surgePRO LC FILTER Feature - Low Let through Voltage - Low dv/dt - Fast Response - Thermal Sensing Inside - Multi-LED Protective

Model : SPF110-25PN

Model : SPF105-20DIN

1 2


.....-

1 3


Technical Director

OPPO Company LimitedEmail Address : [email protected]

1

Transient Voltage Surge Suppression

Power Quality

1 4


1

. 2551 : 1. 2.

.. 2537

: //> .. 2548 : // > : // > Technical Support : // > Techinical Support

1 5


13

- -

-

...

( ) Technical Director : : OPPO Co.,Ltd.

1 6


1. () SurgeProtections

2. () (Surge Protections) (Grounding)

3. () -

4. ()

5. () ...

6. Dr. A. J. (Tony) Surtees Surge Protection, Mr. RickGumley Air Terminal .

7. Mr. Molcolm Crosse . 60

-

1 7


0-2918-7912 0-2918-9798

- - dv/dt - 3 - MOV- Multi-Color LED- -

Model : SPF110-20PN

surgePRO LC FILTER

(Surge) dv/dt...

? - By surgePRO LC FILTER is Breakthrough Solutions.

surgePRO LC FILTER : Panel (Amplitude) dv/dt

1 8


11 1 (Lightning and Protection Guide) 25

1.1 (Lightning) 251.2 321.3 - (Tower) 341.4 (Air Terminal) 411.5 (Down Lead) 441.6 50

2 (Transient Voltage) 522.1 522.2 (Signals and System) 552.3 61 2.3.1 Short Circuit 62 2.3.2 67 2.3.3 712.4 75

3 773.1 783.2 (dv/dt, di/dt) 853.3 ANSI/IEEE Surge Categories 86

1 9


3.4 87

4 904.1 904.2 TVSS Crowbar Devices 974.3 TVSS Voltage-Clamping Devices 1014.4 LC Lowpass Filter 1104.5 112

5 1155.1 Metal Oxide Varistor 1155.2 Metal Oxide Varistor 1295.3 1315.4 1425.5 145

146 153

1 10


(Surge) dv/dt dv/dt


DIN Rail DIN Rail

- - dv/dt - 3 - MOV- LED- -

surgePRO LC FILTER : DIN Rail 3

- SPF101-20DIN 1 - SPF103-20DIN 3 - SPF105-20DIN 5

0-2918-7912 0-2918-9798

surgePRO LC FILTER

1 11


(SemiconductorDevices)

(Transistor)

-

IC 1.

1 12


() - --

- -

2 ()

- -

TR

Mobile

AC Line

1 13


- - 2

()

() 3

PC

PC

PC

PC

World Wide Web

AC Line TR

1 14


() (Plant) 3 ()

- - 3 (Plant) (ControllerSystem) (Sensor, Measurement)

4

-

Control LineFeedback Line

1 15


- By surgePRO LC FILTER : Plug-in model

Note Tip

dv/dt

surgePRO LC FILTER

...

...

1 16


(Digital Signal Processing)

-

- - (Data)

(Digital Signal)

--

1 17


-

()

( ) (Optimum Power)

Power Quality (Pure Sinusoidal) ()

1 18


(Optimum Power)

- (Transient Voltage Surge Suppression)

(Voltage) (Current) (Frequency) 2

(Transient) Steady State

( ) 2

(Electric Utility)...?

() (Waveform) (Main AC Line)

1 19


( )

4

5 (Cap. Bank)

4

AC Line ()TR

1 20


Transient

Steady State Steady State (Non-Linear) 4

Steady State - (Fundamental Frequency )

5 (AC)

1

+V

-V

1 21


-

-

2 3 (Surge) ANSI/IEEE

4 (Surge) - 5 3

(Main AC Line)- (Communication Line)- (Data Line)

5 2 ANSI/IEEE C62.41 ANSI/IEEE C62.45

1 22


(Grounding System) 2

(Noise Filter)

Note Tip

Noise Filter Filter Noise Filter Ferrite L1 L2 MOV dv/dt MOV + Noise Filter 6kV 780Vp dv/dt ? - C -

MOV Noise+Filter 6kV 850Vp

Filter

Line Line

N NMOV C

MOV + Noise Filter

only MOV

1 23


2 (Electrode Ground) (Ground Conductors)

7

Tower

Bulkhead

1 24


- - dv/dt - 3 - MOV- 2 Color LED- -

surgePRO FILTER : Plug-in (Amplitude) dv/dt

0-2918-7912 0-2918-9798

surgePRO LC FILTER

(Surge) dv/dt...

?- By surgePRO LC FILTER is Breakthrough Solutions.

Model : SPF105-20PG

1 25


1.1

BenjaminFranklin

Flight of thunderbolts Schonland

1791-1867 Michael Faraday

29 .. 1831

Sir. Humphry Davy

1 26


(Break Down) (Lightning)

Schonland Wilson Investigations on Lightning Dischargeand on the Electrical Field of thunderstorm

Simpson Scrase 1.1

1.1

10

8642

1 27


Wilson Simpson Scrase Schonland (Electric Flied Strength) Leader (Step) ( Leader Streamer )

1.2 (Leader (-) , Streamer (+))

Leader (Leader) Streamer (Leader)

Retune Stoke Current

Point ofInterception

Streamer

Leader

1 28


(Streamer) (Return Stroke Current ) 1.2 Leader Streamer ( 90 1 )

1.1 1.2 Leader Streamer 4 1.3

1.3

() ()

() ()

1 29


1.3

(Waveform) IEEE (Institute Electric andElectronic Engineering) 8/20 S ( 3)

The Grounds for Lightning and EMP Protections Roger R. Block Rise Time 2 S Decay Time 10-45 S 18 kA IEEE

1.4 (Multi-Stroke)

(Discharge) 1 (Discharge) 1

1 30


Multi-Stroke Multi-Stroke

Roger R. Block IEEE Std. 1100-1992 Stroke Stroke Main Stroke Stroke 18 kA ( IEEEStd. 1100-1992 20 kA ) Stroke 9 kA ( IEEE Std. 1100-1992 10 kA ) 1.5

1.5

1.5 18 kA 50 65 kA 10 140 kA 1 400 kA

1 31


Multi-Stroke 33 CIGRE WG 33.11 TF 3 Metal Oxide Arresters for Overhead Transmission Line Multi-Stroke 70 1

- Rise Time

- Decay Time Duration 50 3

Note Tip The First year of lightning locationdata in THAILAND EGAT Lightning Detection Network 2538-2539 Thunderstormdays (Td) (Ground Flash Density: Ng)

Ng = 6.5 10-5Td2.277 (1)Ng = 0.04Td1.25 (2)

Td 100-200 1 100 2

- Thunderstormdays 1 2538 - 31 2539 160( Thunder-stormdays ... 50-120)

- Highest Lightning Activity 14.00-18.00 - 95% Negative Flash (

Positive Flash 5%)- (Positive Flash) 93% Single Stroke-

1 32


1.2 (Direct Lightning) (Indirect Lightning)

(Main AC Line) (Surge) (Transient Overvoltage) (Magnetic Field) (Electric Field) (Noise)

--

- IC (Integra-ted Circuit) - - (Energy) 10-3 - 10-7 IC 8080 20,000 920,000 Chip Pentium 3 112

3

1. Atmospheric Transient2. Earth Current Transient3. Electromagnetic Pulse

1 33


Atmospheric Transient Atmospheric Transient

-

(Main AC Line) (, ) - (Plant)

-

(Main AC Line) (Couple) Surge Transient Overvoltage Noise

Earth Current Transient

Downward (Leader) 0.2 / Upward (Stream) 100 /

1 34


(Potential) -

Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) Electromagnetic

Electromagnetic Electromagnetic - Electromagnetic (Transient Voltage) Electromagnetic

Electro-magnetic (Shielded)

1.3 -- ?

2 -

Streamer

-Roger R. Block The Ground for Lightning and EMP Protection - 0.001

1 35


- - -- -

1.6 -

- - - - - - -

- - () - 100 35 40

Sling

GUY SELF

1 36


- 0.25 - 1.1

L = 377 / 2f ------------------ ( 1.1 )

f = (468 106) / 2HH ()

- - -

- - Coaxial - 2 (Induce)

Coaxial ()

1.1 Coaxial (H)

()

1 37


()

1.2 (H)

1.7 - ()

1.1 Coaxial 1.2

1.7 wiring Coaxial 1/2 Coaxial 135 -

()

15-150

0-15

CG2

CG1

Coax 1/2

206 T/R

1 38


150 1.8 - Coaxial 1.7

1.8 - Coaxial 1.7

- 1.1 0.25 Coaxial Interpolation 1.1 ( Coaxial 1/2" 135.156 72.09375 72H )

Coaxial 1.7 - 2 CG1 CG2 EMP - CG1 CG2 - - Coaxial 24 H

CG1 Coaxial wiring Bulkhead 20 Coaxial 8.3 H Coaxial 20 1.1 100 1.2

CG2-

36 H15-150

CG1

4 H0-15

Coaxial

72 H

CG2

CG1

4 H

36 H(36 // 72)

1 39


L(H) = {0.508S[2.303log10(4S/2)-0.75]}/100 ----------------(1.2)

S ()d ()

1.7 Bulkhead 6 0.162 (#6) - Interpolation 1.2 2.4 H

1.7 1.9 (Branch) Coaxial 1 H Coaxial (8.3 H) Coaxial - - (Branch) Bulkhead 1 H Bulkhead

1.9 - 1.10

1.9 27 H - 18 kA Rise Time

24H

4H

Coax 20 8.3H1H

6 2.4H

1H Bulkhead

24H

4H 12.7H

24H

3H27H

1 40


2 S -

V = Ldi/di= (27H) (18kA) / (2S) 243 kV

1.10 1.7 - 18kA

()

24 H

4 H

216 kV

27 kV

12 kA 6 kA

18 kA

216 kV

27 kV

24 H

4 H

9.3 H

3.4 H

18 kA

13.7 kA4.3 kA

4 H

9.3 H

3.4 H 7.3 kV

Bulkhead

()

1 41


- 1.10() - Coaxial

1.10() Coaxial Bulkhead v = Ldi/dt 1.10() Coaxial Bulkhead 7.3 kV Coaxial - EMP (couple)

( Exothermic Welding) - Arrester Arrester 4

1.4 (Air Terminal)

1.1

1 42


Air Terminal

Benjamin Franklin . Benjamin Franklin .. 1952 Franklin Rod

Franklin Rod 1.11()

1.11 Flanklin Rod

1.11()

HFlanklin Rod

r

()

() Flanklin Rod

H

H H

Flanklin Rod45

1 43


1.12 Faraday Cage

Franklin Rod - Sir Michel Faraday Sir Michel Faraday Sir Michel Faraday Faraday Cage 1.12

1.13

1 44


Franklin Rod 1.11

Down Lead ( 2)

( (Exothermic Welding) ) Earth Loop Current ( Ground Loop Current) Earth Potential Rise (Ground Potential Rise)

1.5 (Down Lead)

(Down Lead)

1 45


1.14

1.14

Side Flashing (Direct Lightning)

1.3

- (MainAC Line) () ( )

- Earth Potential Rise

- Magnetic Field Couple

- Electric Field Couple

R

L

R

L

VR

VLVT

1 46


Magnetic Field Electric Field 1.15 Magnetic Field Electric Field

1.16 Triaxial

H

E

1 47


Triaxial Triaxial THW 35-95 sq.mm. THW

() Side Flashing 1.17.

1.17 (Side Flashing)

Triaxtial (Side Flashing) THW (Side Flashing) Triaxtial () (Side

1 48


Flashing) THW ()

THW ( ) 60 35 sq.mm. 35 sq.mm. 1.6 H/ 0.005 / 18 kA Rise Time 1 S

VT = VL + VR= Ldi/dt + IR= (1.6 H)(18kA / 1S) + (18 kA 0.005)= 28,800 V / + 90 V/ = 28,890 V /

60

= 60 28,890 V/ 1,733 kV

Building Potential Rise Building Potential Rise

(Rise Time) (10-6S S) (Ampli-

0.005

1.6 H

18kA

VTVL

VR

1 49


tude) (Impulse) (Impulse) (Infinite) () 50 Hz

1.18 (Skin Effect)

1 EarthPotential Rise ( Ground Potential Rise) Earth Potential Rise

1.19 Earth Potential Rise

I = 30 kA

R = 10 Ve

Earth Potential Rise

Ve = I R= 30 kA 10= 300 kV

1 50


Earth Potential Rise 2 1.19 Earth Potential Rise 30 kA 10

Earth Potential Rise Equipotential

1.6 -

(Air Terminal Down Lead Grounding ) ( 5 kHz - 1MHz)

1 51


0-2918-7912 0-2918-9798

- - dv/dt - 3 - AC Induction- -

Model : SL6-10

surgePRO FILTER

(Surge) dv/dt...

? - By surgePRO FILTER is Breakthrough Solutions.

surgePRO FILTER : Panel (Amplitude) dv/dt

1 52


2.1 1

(Lightning) Transient Voltage

Transient Overvoltage Transient Voltage ? Transient Voltage ( 220-230V / phase )

1745 - 1827 Alessandro Volta

20 .. 1800 Alessandro Volta

Alessandro Volta

1 53


Transient Overvoltage

? () (EnergyStore Devices) - (Current) (Power) (Wave form) (Frequency)

-

(Energy Store Devices) (Inductor, L) - (Capacitor, C) (R) (L) - (C)

(Magnetic Field) (Electric Field) (Instantaneous)

EnergyL = 0.5LI2 (2.1)EnergyC = 0.5CV2 (2.2)

(Steady State) (DC)

1 54


(AC)

(R) I2R

(Transient) (Steady State)

Note Tip surgePRO LC FILTER MOV MOV 85 (Surge) MOV 5.6 5.7 MOV MOV MOV MOV Abnormal OverVoltage MOV MOV Abnornal Over Volt-age MOV (Short Circuit)

surgePRO LC FILTER MOV Abnormal Over Voltage UL1449 Section 37.4 Abnormal overvoltage limited current requirements MOV surgePRO LC FILTER (Ab-normal over voltage)

1 55


( 2.1) EMF (ElectroMotive Force) LdI/dt

( 2.2) V = Q/C Q

2.2

Laplace Transform Fourier Transform Numerical Methods (Solution not Theory)

1 56


(, , ...) ? ()

2.1

Transient 2Transient 1Transient 3

Steady State 1Steady State 2Steady State 3

4

321

32

1

220 V

(Amplitude)

1 57


Note Tip

-

surgePRO LC FILTER surgePRO Telephone Line ...

1 58


( ) 4 2.1 2.1 (R) (L) (C) () (R) (L) (C) ( Electric CircuitAnalysis David E. J. , Johnny R. J. , John L. H.)

2.1 4

(Original) 2.1 220 Volt 2.1 ( 220 Volt ) (ON) 220 Volt 0 Volt 220 Volt

() 2 ( 2.1 ) 4 - (Oscillation) ()

Transient 1 2 3 220 Volt 1 Overdamp

1 59


0 Volt 220 Volt (Time Constant) (Steady State)

2 1 2 (220 Volt) (Steady State) Overshoot 2 Underdamp

3 3 2 3 overshoot 3 Criticallydamp

(Transient) NaturalResponse Natural Rectifier UPS

Steady State Steady State 2.1 220 Volt () 220 Volt Force Response

1 60


(Sinusoidal) 2.1 (Transient) (Microsecond) Time Division

() Underdamped () Critically Damped

() Overdamped 2.2

Transient Steady State (ON) (ON) (OFF)

-

1 61


- ()

2.2

() ( )

2.2 IEEE (Surge) 3

2.3 Transient Voltage

(, ) (Fault) (DC Circuit) (AC Circuit)

2.3

L1 L2

L3

N+G

L

C

1 62


2.3 ()

2.3.1 (Short Circuit) 2.3

(Fault) (ShortCircuit) (Ground Fault)

( Natural Capacitor) (N+G) Short Circuit () Short Circuit

2.4 RL

Vm sin t

L

C Short Circuit

Current Zero

1 63


RL 90 ( 90 ) (Time Point) (Maximum PeakVoltage) Short Circuit (OFF) (OFF)

2.4 Current Zero Short Circuit

Short Circuit Short Circuit Short Circuit

(Fault) ShortCircuit () ( 50 Hz ) (Transient Overvoltage)

2.3 () LC LC RC RL LC Time Constant Damping (Imaginary)

1 64


LC Damping Damping Damping (Oscillation) 1 2.1 (Natural Frequency) 2.3 Damping Damping Undamp

(2.3)

2.4() CurrentZero 2.5

2.5 Isc Current Zero

2.5 Current Zero Isc Isc Transient Recovery Voltage 50 Hz

f = 12 LC

Transient Recovery Voltage

IscCurrent Zero

1 65


- 1 mH 400 pF

3.2 (Amplitude) 2.5 2

2.6

Fault ShortCircuit () Isc (Current Zero)

f = 12 ( 10-3 4 10-10)1/2

= 106

3.99

250 kHz

Cureent Zero

1 66


(Transient Recovery Voltage) (Amplitude) 2.7

2.7 Isc (Current Zero) : (Asymmetric Curve)

Isc Current Zero 2.5 2.7 Isc Current Zero 2.5 Laplace Transform Isc Current Zero (Initial Capacitor Voltage) 2.8

(Arc Voltage) Isc 2.5 2.8

Trnsient Recovery Voltage

Current Zero

Isc

1 67


2.8 Isc Current Zero

2.3.2 2.9

2.9 90 2.9() () - Current Zero 2.9() (Isolation)

Isc

Arc Voltage

Transient Recovery Voltage

1 68


() ()

2.9

L1 L2

L3

N+G

L

C

L

C

V

V

V

V

2V

()

1 69


0-2918-7912 0-2918-9798

- - dv/dt - 3 - AC Induction- -

Model : ST250-10

surgePRO FILTER

(Surge) dv/dt...

? - By surgePRO FILTER is Breakthrough Solutions.

surgePRO FILTER : Panel surgePROTEL Line (Amplitude) dv/dt

1 70


2 (Connect) (Disconnect) (Connect) (Disconnect) (Connect) (Disconnect)

2.10

2.9 2.10 (Vpeak) (Vpeak) (Disconnect ; Open Circuit) (Vpeak)

2.3.1 ISC (Current Zero) 2 2.3.1 Fault Short Circuit() ISC (Transient Recovery Voltage)

Open Circuit

1 71


2 2.3.1 2.9 () (TransientCurrent) Surge Impedance Surge Impedance SurgeImpedance (LC)1/2

2.11

2.11 2.3 3-4 ( 10)

2.3.3 (Capacitor Stray)

2.12

(Steady State)

Current Zero

Vp

Transient Recovery Voltage3Vp

1 72


(Transient) (Turn on Operating Time) (Turn off Operating Time) Fault () (Transient) (Steady State)

2.12

2.12 (, ) (Primary) (Secondary)

()()

()

( Primary )

( Secondary )

C1

C2

C3

1 73


2.12()

2.13 - SW (Vpeak) (Coupling) (Cs) (Transient) (Steady State) (Amplitude) 2 (Vs) 2.3

2.13 (Turn On)

Vp

SW Cs

Cs

Vs

L

C Load

1 74


(Turn Off) (Magnetizing Current , Im) Magnetic Flux (Couple) (Amplitude) (Surge Impedance) (Amplitude) ( V, I Z ) (Amplitude) 10 ( Cut Off)

2.14 (Turn Off)

Vp

SW Cs

Cs

Vs

L

C Load

Flux

1 75


2.4

4 Under Damped, Critically Damped, Over Damped Undamped Undamped Undamped Time Constant Damping (Imaginary) Damping Damping ( -)

3

1. 2.

3. ( 2 )

2 -

1 76


surgePRO LC FILTER- surgePRO LC FILTER : Panel model

Note Tip

Electrical SystemsNormal Line Voltage 220 Vrms 15%Rate Current 10 ANo. Of Phase 1 phase 3 wireLine Frequency 47 - 53 HzProtection ConfigurationInstallation SeriseProtection Mode All mode (L-N, L-G, N-G)Response time < 25 nanosec.Isolation Resistance 1000 MLeakage current 380 J @ 2mSLet through voltage < 320 Vp at Cat. C1Max Clamping Voltage (@ac 50 Hz) 320 Vrms

Monitoring & DisplayProtective Sensing Thermal Fuse Inside MOVProtective Display Multi-Color LED Status

Model : SPF110-20PN

1 77


Surge Categories (Surge) (Surge Categories) (Wave form) (Surge Current) (Surge Voltage) (Electric Field) (Magnetic Field)

(Surge) (Main AC Line) (Communication Line) (Data Line)

1775 - 1836 Andre Marie Ampere

11 .. 1820 Hans Christian Oersted Andre Marie Ampere 1 Oersted

Andre Marie Ampere

1 78


3.1

2 (Impulse) ( ) (Amplitude) (Surge Suppression ) IEEE

3.1 0.5 S-100 kHz Ring Wave

Ring Wave - Rise Time = 0.5 S- = 100kHz

AC Line ()TR

1 79


Rise Time 10% (Amplitude) 100 kHz Zero Crossing Peak 1 Peak 3 10 S (1/10S =100 kHz)

3.2 0.5 S - 100kHz Ring Wave

A B A Surge Impedance 30 8 B Surge Impedance 12 3

A Open Circuit 6 kV Short Circuit I = V/Z = 6 kV /30 = 200 A

B Open Circuit 6 kV Short Circuit I = V/Z = 6 kV /12 = 500 A

0.5 S - 100kHz Ring Wave A B 3 Surge Impedance( 2) Open Circuit Short Circuit

3.7 A B IEEE

1.00.80.60.4

0

-1.0-0.8-0.6-0.4

0.2-0.2

0 10 20 40Time (S)

V(t) /

Vp

Rise Time = 0.5 S10 S

1 80


(Main AC Line) (Surge Voltage) (Surge Current) Surge Impedance

(Surge Generator) A B

3.3

Surge Impedance

Surge Impedance

1

Surge Generator

Surge Generator

()

()

1 81


3.3 0.5 S - 100kHz Ring Wave 3 Surge (Surge Generator), Surge Impedance (Equipment) -- A B PABX

Note Tip surgePRO Signal Line 2 2 .........

surgePRO Signal Line

1 82


Surge Impedance 3.8 Wilson E. K. Musoke H. S. Electric Power Quality ControlTechniques A 20 B MBD 10 Surge Impedance A B

3.3 () Open Circuit Open Circuit A B 0.5 S - 100kHz Ring Wave

3.3 () Short Circuit Short Circuit Surge Impedance -

A B Surge Impedance - (Amplitude) 0.5 S - 100kHz Ring Wave

1.2/50 S - 8/20S Combination Wave Combination Wave B C

(Amplitude) B (Ring Wave) A IEEE C 1.2/50 S 8/20S

8/20S - Front Time : 8 S (+10, -2.5)S- Duration : 20 S (+8, -4) S 1.2/50 S - Front Time : 1.2 S 0.36S

1 83


- Duration : 50 S 10S

3.4 Combination Wave

Combination Wave C B B Combi-nation Wave Ring Wave

Combination Wave Front Time Duration Front Time 1.2/50 S Front Time 8/20 S 3.5 Front Time Front Time

1.00.8

0.4

00.2

0

V(t) /

VpFront Time = 0.5 S

Duration = 50 S

20 40Time (S)

0.6

60 80 100

1.00.8

0.4

00.2

0

I(t) / I

p

Front Time = 8 S

Duration = 20 S

20 40Time (S)

0.6

60 80 100

() (Surge Voltage)

() (Surge Current)

1 84


8/20 S 10% - 90% (Amplitude) 30% - 90% (Amplitude)

3.5 8/20S Front Time Virtual Origin Duration

3.5 T1 T2 () Virtual Origin Duration Virtual Origin Virtual Origin (Amplitude) 50% (Ampli-tude)

Ring Wave Combina-tion Wave IEEE IEEE (Amplitude) Duration

1.00.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.1

0t0

t10 t90 t53T1

T2

Curre

nt

Time

1 85


3.2

dv/dt dv/dt 6000V/S

- PABX PN Junction 3.6 dV/dt PN Junction Mutual Capacitance iC = Cdv/dt C dv/dt dv/dt 6000 V/S

3.6

-- dv/dt dv/dt Lowpass Filter

B

C

E

B

C

E

B

C

E

P

PN B

C

E

P

PN

cc

NPN PNP

cc

1 86


3.3 ANSI/IEEE Surge Categories

Surge Impedance

3.7 A, B, C ANSI/IEEE

C

B -

A 20 - - A - A - A C

1 87


3.1 0.5 S - 100kHz Ring Wave

3.2 1.2/50S - 8/20S Combination Wave

3.4 1 3

2 3 IEEE

1 88


Surge Impedance 3.7 31. 3.2 ANSI/IEEE Multi-Stroke Duration 3.1 3.2 ANSI/IEEE

4 5

Note Tip Surge Diverter

.. 780Vp 5 2000Vp .... SurgeDiverter Spark Gap Surge Divertet MOV Spark Gap MOV 10-12 Decouple MOV Spark Gap ...

1 89


surgePRO LC FILTER- surgePRO LC FILTER : Plug-in model

Note Tip


Monitoring & DisplayProtective Sensing Thermal Fuse Inside MOVProtective Display Multi-Color LED Status

Model : SPF110-20PG

1 90


4.1

4.1

1787-1854 Georg Simon Ohm

..1827 Georg Simon Ohm

Georg Simon Ohm

[ Theory of galvanic electricity ]

1 91


- 2

4.1

-

1 92


(, ) ( ) ANSI/IEEE IEEE 3.1 3.2 CIGREWG 33.11 TF 3 Metal Oxide Arressters for Overhead Transmission Line 70 Multi-Stroke (Monitoring)

4.1 Earth Potential Rise 1 Earth Potential Rise 2

4.2

L1 L2

L3

N+G TVSS

1 93


() 4.1 4.2

4.2 4.1 (Transient Voltage Surge Suppression , TVSS)- TVSS 4.2

4.2 4.1 TVSS TVSS TVSS TVSS 4.1 TVSS TVSS TVSS () ()

TVSS 2

1). 2).

4.3 TVSS TVSS Line ( ) TVSS Crowbar TVSS Voltage Clamping TVSS Voltage Clamping

1 94


4.3

4.3 TVSS (,) (,) N+G

TVSS 2 TVSS 4.4

TVSS TVSS 4.4() TVSS Line N+G ( N+G - )

Line Line

Line Line

N+G

N+G

N+G

N+G

TVSS

TVSS

TVSS

TVSS

() ()

() ()

R ->

R -> 0

1 95


4.4 TVSS

TVSS () TVSS TVSS TVSS TVSS Clamping (TVSS )

Clamping TVSS (Let Through Voltage) Clamping ( ) TVSS TVSS TVSS - Clamping

() TVSSN+G

Line

TVSSIsurge

Clamping

V

I() V I TVSS

() TVSS N+G

Line

TVSSIsurge

Clamping

1 96


TVSS Clamping TVSS TVSS Clamping

4.4 TVSS (Energy Absorption) TVSS 4.1

W = V(t).I(t) dt { } (4.1)W TVSS (Energy Absorption)V(t) TVSS ClampingI(t) TVSSt0 t

4.1 V(t) I(t) t0 0 ( Original) 4.2

W = VI dt = VI(t -t0)= VIt -(4.2)

4.2 TVSS Clamping Clamping TVSS

TVSS TVSS TVSS

t TVSS

t0

t

t0

t

1 97


(V, I, t) TVSS

4.4() TVSS TVSS TVSS (LeakageCurrent) TVSS

TVSS (-) TVSS

4.2 TVSS Crowbar TVSS Crowbar

BreakDown TVSS TVSS TVSS (Short Circuit) Crowbar Spark Gap, Gastube Surge Arrester Gas Tube Arrester

Spark Gap TVSS TVSS Spark Gap Carbon Block (Air Gap) Spark Gap Break Down 150 V Break Down Ionize Break Down

TVSS Carbon Block

1 98


TVSS TVSS Carbon Block

Spark Gap Spark Gap Spark Gap Spark Gap Spark Gap Gas Tube Surge Arrester Gas Tube Arrester Gas Tube Surge Arrester () Break Down Gas Tube SurgeArrester Gas Tube Surge Arrester Ionize GasTube Surge Arrester (10-3) Gas TubeSurge Arrester ( 1 pF 5 pF) Gas Tube Surge Arrester

4.5 - Gas Tube Surge Arrester

() Gas Tube Surge Arrester

()

td

Clamping

Clamping

V

V

I

I

1 99


surgePRO LC FILTER- surgePRO LC FILTER : DIN Rail model

Note Tip


Monitoring & DisplayProtective Sensing Thermal Fuse Inside MOVProtective Display Multi LED Status


1 100


Gas Tube Surge Arrester Gas Tube Surge Arrester TVSS Gas Tube Surge Arrester

Gas Tube Surge Arrester Break Down Gas Tube Surge Arrester Ionize Gas Tube Surge Arrester Ionize Gas Tube SurgeArrester Gas Tube Surge Arrester Ionize 4.5() Gas Tube Surge Arrester (Virtual Origin) (Td) Break Down

Gas Tube Surge Arrester Gas Tube Surge Arrester -

4.5() Clamping Gas Tube Surge Arrester Clamping Clamping

Gas Tube Surge Arrester Gas Tube SurgeArrester Gas Tube Surge Arrester (Main AC Line) Gas Tube Surge Arrester Gas Tube Surge Arrester ANSI/IEEE Follow on Current Follow on Current Gas Tube Surge Arrester Current Zero Follow

1 101


on Current Gas Tube Surge Arrester Follow on Current Gas TubeSurge Arrester Gas Tube Surge Arrester (Amplitude)

4.3 TVSS Voltage Clamping TVSS Voltage Clamping

TVSS (Non-Linear) TVSS SiliconAvalanche Diode (SAD), Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV), Silicon Cabine, Selenium Cells, ZenerDiode

TVSS Voltage Clamping Metal Oxide Varistor TVSS

4.6 Selenium Cell

a a a a aSelenium CellSelenium Cell

Selenium Cell Selenium Cell (Let Through Voltage) Clamping Transient Voltage Suppression Device Harris Semi-conductor Selenium Cell Selenium Rectifier PN Junction

() Selenium Cell()

I

V

1 102


Reverse Break Down Polycrystalline Cell (Dissipation)

Selenium Cell

a a a a a Zener Diode Silicon Avalanche DiodeZener Diode

Silicon Rectifier Zener diode Silicon Avalanche Diode SAD Clamping TVSS PN Junction

SAD TVSS

4.7 Silicon Avalanche Diode

a a a a a Silicon Cabine Varistor Metal Oxide Varistor Varistor

Silicon Cabine Varistor Variable Resistor Voltage Dependent Resistor 4.3 (,)

() SAD

V

I()

Max. I

1 103


4.8 Silicon Cabine Silicon Cabine

Silicon Cabine TVSS Silicon Cabine (LeakageCurrent) Silicon Cabine TVSS Crowbar Spark Gap Gas Tube Surge Arrester Silicon Cabine Silicon Cabine Silicon Cabine - TVSS-

a a a a aMetal Oxide Varistor (MOV)Varistor Voltage Dependent Resistor

Non-Linear Varistor Zener Diode 4.9 Varistor Open Circuit Varistor Varistor Short Circuit

() Silicon Cabine ()

I

V

1 104


4.9 Varistor

Varistor Zinc Oxide Bismuth CobaltManganese Metal Oxide Varistor Zinc Oxide Zinc Oxide Varistor Zinc Oxide Zinc Oxide Varistor Varistor - 2.5 V 6000 V 30,000 A 10,000

4.10 Varistor ( SIOV Metal Oxide Varistors , Siements)

(Surge Current)

1 105


Microvaristor Zinc Oxide PNJunction Zener Diode Microvaristor Zinc Oxide Microvaristor 3.5 V Varistor Microvaristor 4.10

Varistor Zinc Oxide Varistor Zinc Oxide Varistor Varistor Varistor Microvaristor

Metal Oxide Varistor MOV Disk MOV Block MOV 4.11

4.11 MOV ( Harris Semiconductor)

Metal Oxide Varistor 4.12 MOV L Terminal MOV Rx Varistor (0 ) Roff C MOV Ron Zinc Oxide

Disk MOV Block MOV

1 106


4.12 Metal Oxide Varistor

MOV () MOV 109 (Rx ) Rx (Roff //Rx = Roff) Ron Roff ( Roff + Ron = Roff) MOV 4.13

XC MOV MOV

4.13 MOV ( Leakage Current)

C

Ron

RoffRx

L

(0.002 F)

(1-10)

( MOV)

C

L

Roff

1 107


Varistor ( Clamping) Varistor 4.3

I = KV (4.3)

I VaristorV VaristorK Ceramic ( Varistor) (

4.14 - 4.4

= (log I2 - log I1) / (log V2 - log V1) -(4.4)

4.14 Varistor Varistor

1 108


4.14 Varistor Varistor Varistor ( V2 V1) Varistor ( I2 I1 )

= (log I2 - log I1) / (log V2 - log V1)= (log 1 - log 10-9) / (log 470 - log 390)= ( 0 - (-3)) / ( 2.67 - 2.59)= 3/ 0.08 38

4.14 Varistor 10-4 103 A Varistor Varistor 4.15

4.15 Varistor ( Normal Varistor Operation 4.14)

Varistor 4.12 Rx Roff Varistor Rx

L

Rx

1 109


Roff Rx ( Rx // Roff // XC = Rx Rx > Ron) Ron

4.16 Varistor Static Resistance

4.17 Varistor Dynamic Resistance

1 110


Varistor Varistor 2 Static Resistance Rx Varistor Static Resistance 4.16 Dynamic Resistance L (Terminal) Varistor - 4.17

Upturn Region Bulk Zinc Oxide ZincOxide (Ron) Rx Varistor Varistor Varistor Upturn Region 4.18 Ron Rx(Ron >> Rx) Rx

4.18 Varistor ( Upturn Region 4.14)

4.4 LC Low Pass Filter Lowpass Filter (Amplitude)

A B Ring Wave 100 kHz TVSS TVSS (Amplitude) (dV/dt) 3.2 LowpassFilter

L

Ron

1 111


4.19 LC Lowpass Filter

LC Lowpass Filter Lowpass Filter 3

1 LC Lowpass Filter (Main AC Line) LCLowpass Filter Cut Off 50 Hz (VL = Ldi/dt)

2 LC Lowpass Filter

3 LC Lowpass Filter Tuner LC Lowpass Filter

Line

N+G

L

C

1 112


LC Lowpass Filter LC Lowpass Filter LC Lowpass Filter LC Lowpass Filter - LC Lowpass Filter LC Lowpass Filter (Sinusoidal) ( Square Wave) LC Lowpass Filter 4

4.5 TVSS (Leakage Current)

Follow on Current TVSS Clamping TVSS TVSS - Varistor (Response Time) (Response Time)

TVSS PN Junction

1 113


Lowpass Filter

TVSS - TVSS

Note Tip IEEE 50 Hz 2-3 2542 Power Line Monitoring 620 Vac-rms Over/Under Relay Protection Auto-Magnetic Breaker Auto-MagneticBreaker -

1 114


Note

1 115


5.1 Metal Oxide Varistor MOV

MOV 2 (Transients) (Steady State) MOV MOV MOV 5

1. (Steady State) (Maximum Continuous Operating Voltage , MCOV) (Main AC Line) 220-230 V/Phase

1824 - 1887 Gustav Robert Kirchhoff

Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (.. 1847) Kirchhoff Kirchhoff

Gustav Robert Kirchhoff

1 116


2. MOV (Energy Absorption)3. MOV (Surge Current Capacity)4. (Power Dissipation)5. Clamping (Let Through Voltage)

(Steady State Voltage Rating) (Maximum Voltage

Operating Continuous MVOC ) MOV MOV 2 MOV MOV MOV Clamping Clamping 5.1

5.1 clamping @100A IEEE Std. C62-41 MOV (VMOV)

5.1 2 120 Vrms 270 Vrms 120 Vrms MOV (VMOV) 130 Vrms 108.3% MOV 150 Vrms 125.0%

1 117


MOV MOV MOV 130 Vrms 150Vrms -

- Clamping MOV 150 Vrms Clamping MOV 130 Vrms MOV MOV Clamping Clamping MOV 130 Vrms Clamping

- Overvoltage Overvoltage IEEE IEEE Std. 1100-1992 RMS (Root Mean Square) ( 50 Hz) 2-3 Overvoltage Overvoltage () () MOV Overvoltage MOV Overvoltage MOV Overvoltage

MOV () Overvoltage 600 Vrms 2-3

Clamping 5.1 120 Vrms Over-voltage 2-3 Overvoltage 140Vrms MOV 130 Vrms MOV () Overvoltage MOV MOV

1 118


150 Vrms MOV Overvoltage MOV

MOV 220 Vrms (L-N) MOV 275 Vrms 125.0% MOV 275 Vrms

(Energy Absorption) (watt.second)

( ) MOV MOV 5.1

E = Vc(t) I(t) dt= KVcI (5.1)

Vc Clamping ()I Duration

1 119


5.2 Factor

Ipk sin(t/)

Ipk(t/)

Ipk sin(t) e-t/

Ipk e-t/1.44

Ipk

1 120


K ; K - K Duration (Surge Current) (Surge Voltage)

MOV (Surge Current) 5.1 () MOV 130 Vrms (Surge Voltage) MOV ( Surge Impe-dance) MOV 100 A Clamping 500 Vpeak MOV ?

5.1 MOV

MOV (Convolution)

100A

50A

Ipk

0.5Ipk

5S 50S

100A

50A

Ipk

0.5Ipk

45S

100A

50A

Ipk

0.5Ipk

5S

()

() ()

1 121


Clamping 5.1

MOV 5.1() 2 5.1() 2 5.2() 5.2 5.1() 2 K 0.5 5 S 2 4 K 1.4 50 S - 5 S = 45 S

5.1

( 5.1 ())E1 = KVcT

= (0.5) (500) (100) (5 10-6)= 0.13

( 5.1())E2 = KVcT

= (1.4) (500) (100) (45 10-6)= 3.15

ET = E1 + E2= 0.13 + 3.15= 3.28

(Surge Current Capacity)

1 122


MOV Log Duration MOV 5.8

Surge Impedance 5.2 VR Clamping MOV 5.3 Log MOV

5.2

5.3 MOV V-I

(8/20 S 1 ) (Multi-Impulse Pulse Train) Duration

Zs

Voc I MOV

VARISTOR V-I CharacteristicIv -Voc/Zs

Clamp Voltage

VR = Voc - IZs (Load Line)

LOG V

ARIST

OR (V

)

LOG VARISTOR (I)

1 123


Duration MOV MOV Log () Duration 5.4 5.5

8/20 S Log MOV Duration (Pulse Train) 5.1 Duration Duration ( 2 5.2) 10 A Clamping 340 Vpeak 500 S

E = K.Vc.T.= 0.5 340 10 500 10-6= 850 mJ

( 4 5.2)

ETriangular = Eexp850 mJ = 1.4 Vc.I.exp

exp = 850 mJ / (1.4 Vc I)= 850 mJ (1.4 340 10)= 179 S

exp Duration exp Log Duration (Impulse Duration) 5.4 Duration

1 124


179 S MOV (V130LA-V300LA4) 10 A 104 Duration 20S( 8/20 S) MOV 1,200 A 1

5.4 Log duration Harris Semiconductor

5.5 Log duration Siement

1 125


Note

1 126


(Multi-Impulse PulseTrain) MOV MOV 1 70% - -

(Power Dissipation Requirement)

MOV MOV MOV MOV MOV ( Overvoltage) MOV MOV MOV MOV 85 5.6 - 5.7

5.6 MOV Harris Semiconductor

1 127


5.7 MOV Siement

5.8 Log MOV Harris Semiconductor

1 128


Clamping Clamping

MOV Clamping Clamping Log 8/20 S 5.8 SurgeImpedance 5.3 Load Line Clamping Clamping

Clamping ... AS/NZS 1768-1991 CBEMA(Computer Business Equipment Manufacture Association)

5.9 (Volt/Time Tolerance)

5.9 100 220 Vrms

1 129


Clamping MOV (Pulse Trains) 100 S 300% 200-250% 622-677Vpeak

Clamping - 5.9 -

5.2 Metal Oxide Varistor 5.10 MOV Block MOV

MOV MOV MOV

MOV Gas SAD 5.10 MOV, Gas Tube Surge Arrester SAD

MOV MOV MOV

1 130


- MOV MOV MOV MOV Open Circuit MOV MOV MOV ShortCircuit MOV ()

5.11 MOV

MOV MOV 5.11 FL Line FMOV MOV FL FMOV FL FL FMOV FMOV (Arc Voltage) Clamping MOV (5-20 A) FMOV MOV ( 6)

Line

N+G

FL

FMOV

MOV

1 131


MOV 2 (Thermal Fuse , 85 - 125 ) MOV (FMOV) MOV FMOV 5.12

5.12 MOV

MOV AC OPTO Coupler LED MOV FMOV AC Opto Coupler LED

5.3 (Main AC Line)

TVSS

- - Leader TVSS - MOV- LC Lowpass Filter- - TVSS

Line

N+G

FL

FMOV

MOV

AC Opto Couple

1 132


MOV TVSS

aaaaa IEC

Line -- 4 TN-C TN-S TN-C-S TT ( II )

TN-C TN-C () - (Earth) Protective Earth Neutral (PEN) TN-C 5.13

5.13 TN-C

TN-S TN-S 5.14

5.14 TN-S

Line

NPEN

Line

NPE

1 133


TN-C-S (Bonding) (N+G) ProtectiveMultiple Ground (PMG) TN-C-S 5.15

5.15 TN-C-S

TT TN-S TT 5.16

5.16 TT

MOV -

Line

N

Line

N

1 134


Line (220 Vrms) MOV Line MOV 440 Vrms ()

aaaaa Leader MOV MOV

MOV 5.17 MOV MOV (Leader)

1). 2. Leader 5.17 MOV

(Let Through Voltage) ( Clamping MOV MOV) Clamping MOV Leader ( 7)

4 MOV

Line

N+G

FL

VL

MOV VClamping

Leader

1 135


MOV TN-C MOV 3 ( 3 ) MOV 5.18

5.18 MOV TN-C

TN-C MOV - MOV (- -10)

MOV TN-S TN-S MOV TN-C 5.19

L1L2L3N+G

MDB

1 136


5.19 MOV TN-S

MOV TN-C-S MOV (Non N-G Suppression Mode) 5.20

5.20 MOV TN-C-S

L1L2L3N

MDB

G

L1L2L3N

MDB

1 137


MOV TT TT MOV (N-G Suppression Mode) (Noise)

5.21 MOV TT

aaaaa MOVMOV

MOV MOV

5.22 MOV

L1L2L3NG

MDB

Line

N+G

Ron1 Ron2

1 138


MOV 4 MOV ( 4.18) Ron MOV Ron MOV (HarrisSemiconductor) MOV (Let Through Voltage) 20 ANSI/IEEE C62.41 (- 8/20 S 1.2/50 S) Disk MOV 275 Vrms , Imax = 8,000 A 820 Vpeak Disk MOV 275 Vrms 30 630 Vpeak 23% 5.23

5.23 ; Disk MOV, Disk MOV 30 LC Lowpass Filter ANSI/IEEE Std. C62.41

MOV Protection of Building and Plants with High EnergyMetal Oxide Surge Arrester B. Richter

Disk MOV 820 Vp dv/dt = 6 kV/S

Disk MOV(30) 630 Vp dv/dt = 5 kV/S

LC Filter 186 Vp dv/dt = 2 V/S

Impulse Current 3 kA

1 139


Metal Oxide Surge Arrester MOV Metal Oxide Surge Arrester Metal Oxide Surge Arrester Metal Oxide Surge Arrester MetalOxide Surge Arrester Spark Gap MetalOxide Surge Arrester

aaaaa Lowpass Filter Lowpass Filter

(dv/dt) 5.23 MOV MOV ( Lowpass Filter) LC Lowpass Filter MOV LC Lowpass Filter

5.24 Disk MOV 30 LC Lowpass Filter

aaaaa MOV

MOV MDB

Line

N+G

FL

FMOV

L

C

1 140


MOV 5.25

LC Lowpass Filter

5.25

aaaaa MOV MOV MOV

2 MOV MOV Line Line Line MOV MOV Line Line MOV 5.26

LineMain Breaker

Breaker

Breaker

Breaker

1 141


() () 5.26 MOV 3

L1

L2

L3

L1L2L3

Note Tip ... Square wave Square Wave Line - Line 3 Line 30A 25A !! - 3 1 .... ........

1 142


5.4

(Communication Line) (Data Line) 2 (Amplitude) (Amplitude) (220 Vrms) Gas tube Surge Arrester Follow on Current TVSS

TVSS TVSS Follow onCurrent - TVSS TVSS

TVSS TVSS TVSS TVSS 5.27

Gas Tube Surge Arrester Gas tube Surge Arrester MOV SAD MOV Clamping Gas Tube Surge Arrester Clamping SAD SAD

1 143


TVSS TVSS

5.27 TVSS

TVSS L1-L2 L1-G, L2-G 5.28

() () 5.28 TVSS

L1L2 L1

L2

1 144


TVSS L1,2 - G TVSS L1,2 - G TVSS L1-L2 L1 L2 TVSS

()

() 5.29 TVSS

5.29 5.29() Gas Tube Surge Arrester MOV SAD Gas Tube Surge Arrester L1,L2 - G ( 5.27

L1

L2

L1

L2

Input Output

L1

L2

L1

L2

Input Output

1 145


MOV SAD 5.29()

5.5 TVSS

- -

- TVSS

- TVSS (Multiple Level Suppressions)

1 146


1

Bond Line (220 Vrms) MOV Line

1 MOV Bond ( 220 Vrms

MOV (Full Load) () MOV

Line

N

G

VL-N

VN-G

VL-G

1 147


( ) MOV Line 235 Vrms Line 465Vrms MOV (275 Vrms) Full Load

2 Leader / MOV LC

Lowpass Filter 2

(1)

(2) 2

Input OutputC

L

MOV

Input OutputC

L

MOV

1 148


2 Clamping MOV LC Lowpass Filter LC Lowpass Filter

3 MOV

MOV MOV Spike Spike MOV

4

LC Lowpass Filter LC Lowpass Filter ( 1.73 Line)

5 MOV MOV

1 149


MOV MOV MOV

6 Terminal MOV MOV

MOV MOV Terminal Terminal 2 Terminal

3 Terminal

7 MOV Leader MOV Leader

( LC Lowpass Filter) Leader MOV MOV 4

1 150


(1) (2) 4 MOV Leader

8 -

MOV - - 5

5 -

Line

N+G

LineN+G

1 151


9 -

150 6-7 10 DCPower Supply 150 DC Power Supply

6

( S)

GEN

TR

(Tx/Rx)LC

1 152


Lightning Counter (LC) (Earth Current Transient) (Earth Potential Rise) Stroke ( NeutralGrounding in High-Voltage Transmission R. Willheim, M. Waters, R. Rudenberg)

DC Power Supply DC Power Supply

10 MOV Line MOV

TT Line MOVL-N Line MOV - MOV Line- - MDB

7 MOV Line TT

Line

N

120

1 153


1. ()

2. () 6 3. . () 25394. Power Quality Solutions - 2548 www.oppo.co.th5. - Power Quality Solutions - 2547 www.oppo.co.th6. Power Quality Solutions - 2548 www.oppo.co.th7. IEEE Std. C62.41-1992 IEEE Recommended Practice on Surge Voltage in Low-Voltage AC Power Circuit8. IEEE Std. C62.45-1992 IEEE Guide on Surge Testing for Equipment Connected to Low- Voltage AC Power Circuit9. IEEE Std. 141-1993 IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Power Distribution for Industrial Plants10. IEEE Std. 241-1990 IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Power System in Commercial Building11. IEEE Std. 399-1990 IEEE Recommended Practice for Industrial and Commercial Power System Analysis12. IEEE Std. 242-1992 IEEE Recommended Practice for Protection and Coordination of Industrial and Commercial Power System

1 154


13. IEEE Std. 1100-1992 IEEE Recommended Practice for Powering and Grounding Sensitive Electronic Equipment14. Transient Voltage Suppression Devices , Harris Semiconductor 199515. SIOV Metal Oxide Varistor , Siemens Matsushita Components 199716. M. Darveniza Lightning and Lightning Protection, University of Queesland Australia17. B. Richter Protection of Building and Plant with High Energy Metal Oxide Surge Arresters September 21-25 , 199218. Peter L. Johnson Main Power Protection at the Point of Entry19. J. Lundquist , L. Stenstrom , A. Schei B. Hansen New Method for Measurement of the Resistive Leakage Current of Metal Oxide Surge Arrester s in Service IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery Vol. 5. No4 November 199020. Michael D. Boyd Principles of Surge Suppression Technology Application , Power Quality Solutions 95 September 9-15, 1995 Long Beach, California USA21. Joseph A. Lanzoni The Impact of Lightning on Power Quality , Power Quality Solution 95 September 9-15, 1995 Long Beach, California USA22. Wilson E. Kazibuie , Musoke H. Sendaula Electric Power Quality Control Techniques , Van Nostrand New York 199323. CIGRE WG 33.11 TF3 Metal Oxide Arrester for Overhead Transmission Line24. Roger R. Block The Grounds for Lightning and EMP Protection Section Edition 1993 USA25. Harry B. Maybin Low-Voltage Wiring Handbook McGraw-Hill Inc. 199526. Allan Greenwood Electrical Transients In Power System Wiley-Interscience 199327. National Electrical Code 199628. A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos Power System Grounding and Transients Marcel Dekker 198829. C. Dennis Poole , Trevor E. Marks Electrical Distribution in Building Blackwell Science 199430. Timothy J. E. Miller Reactive Power Control In Electric System John Wiley&Sons 1982

1 155


31. F. D. Martzloff The Development of a Guide on Surge Voltage in Low-Voltage AC Power Circuits 199532. Martin P. Corbett Surge Suppression Technologies Advantages and Disadvantages

(MOV, SAD, Gas Tubes, Filter and transformer) 199533. R. Willheim , M. Waters , R. Rudenberg Neutral Grounding in High-Voltage Transmission Elsevier Publishing Company , London 195634. B. F. J. Schonland The Flight of Thunderbolts Oxford University Press 195035. C.T.R. Wilson, Investigations on Lightning Discharges and on the Electrical Field of Thunderstorms Phil. Trans. Royal Soc., Series A, Vol. 221-192036. G. B. Simpson and F.J. Scrase The Distribution of Electricity in Thunderclouds Proc. Royal Soc. Series A. Vol. 161-193737. Whitaker J. C. AC Power System Handbook CRC Press Boca Raton Florida 1991

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Transient Voltage Surge Suppression

Power Quality

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