prairies & prairie food webs powerpoint
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Prairies & Prairie
Food Webs
Blue Grama Leadplant Coyote
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What are prairies?
No
NoNoNo
NoNo
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Yes!Shortgrass Prairie
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Yes!Sandhills Dunes and dry valleys
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Yes!Mixed-grass Prairie
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Yes!Tallgrass Prairie
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Prairie refers to an area of land of lowtopographic relief that principally supports
grasses and herbs, with few trees.
Prairies are generally of a mesic (moderate
or temperate) climate.
French explorers called these areas"prairie", from the French word for
"meadow".
Definition of Prairie
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What Makes Prairies Unique
No trees very few trees.
Rich, highly organic soils
(caused from the high
biomass of the grasses).
Benefits from fire.
Little rain or water.
High biodiversity of plant
and animal species.
Plant and animal
adaptations.
Indiangrass
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Why does Nebraska Have Prairies?
Spruce and pine forests
retreated with the
colder glacial climate.
Glacial ice-sheets retreated
from this area 12,000 to10,000 years ago.
The climate gradually
changed.
Prairie began growingin the hot, dry climate.
Fires and grazing kept
trees out and helped
prairie plants grow.
Spruce Forest
Prairie
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Nebraskas Prairies
Nebraska has 4 general types of prairies: Shortgrass
Sandhills
Mixedgrass
Tallgrass
Sandhills Prairie Tallgrass Prairie
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Prairie Plants
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Prairie PlantsThere are two main types of prairie plants: grasses
and forbs.Grasses have slender leaves with a linear vein
pattern. Deep roots.
Forbes are all the plants in the prairie other thangrasses (and trees or shrubs). Non-woody. Broader
leafs (than grasses).
grass forb
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Prairie Plant Adaptations
Deep roots to withstand fireand obtain needed moisture.
Long, slender leaves to
prevent overheating and
excessive water-loss.
Often, broadleaf plants willhold their leaves upright to
minimize sun exposure.
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Prairie AnimalsCarnivores
Omnivores
Herbivores
Decomposers
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Prairie Animals: Carnivores
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Prairie Animals: Carnivores
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Prairie Animals: Omnivores
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Prairie Animals: Omnivores
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Prairie Animals: Herbivores
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Prairie Animals: Herbivores
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Prairie Animals: Decomposers
Dung BeetleCarrion Beetle
Worm
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Prairie History
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Shortgrass Prairies: History
First known inhabitants Pawnee
and Otoe Indians.
Europeans came with Coronado.
Oregon and Mormon Trail.
Homestead Act of 1864.
Transcontinental Railroad.
1920s drought increased
production 1940s 70s.
1990s drought no till and dry
land farming
Conservation Reserve Program.
Purple Threeawn
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Sandhills Prairies: History
Earliest human inhabitants:10,000 years ago.
Nearly a dozen tribes have
occupies the Sandhills.
First Euro-Americans:
hunters and trappers.
1870s: cattle producers.
Early 1900s, Kinkaid Act
encouraged settlers.
Today cattle outnumber
humans 20:1.Blowout Penstemon
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Mixedgrass Prairies: History
First nomadic hunting and
gathering in Platte River Valley. Pawnee Indians made the first
settlements.
Transcontinental railroad
increased population in the 1860s. Population boomed and declined
depending on precipitation.
WWI brought increased demand
for ag. products = increased
population.
1940s and 50s brought increased
efficiency of ag. practices.
Today, trend is fewer and larger
farms.Western Wheatgrass
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Tallgrass Prairies:
History
Prairie Vole
Timber Rattlesnake
Original inhabitant were biggame hunters about 12,000
years ago.
Earth lodge Native Americans.
Lewis and Clark camethrough in 1804.
1823 first
settlementBellevue
Homestead Act in 1862.
By 1900, most farmable land
was being farmed.
Today, more urban and fewer
and larger farms.
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Prairie Stresses
&Conservation
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Shortgrass Prairies:
Stresses and Conservation Issues
Alteration of natural
disturbance regime.
Altered hydrology and
channel degradation ofrivers and streams.
Spread of invasive species
Lack of knowledge aboutregions biological and
ecological processes.
Fragmentation of natural habitats.
Purple Locoweed
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Sandhills Prairies:
Stresses and Conservation Issues
Alteration of natural burning
and grazing regimes.
Wetland drainage.
Spread of invasive species
Inter-basin water transfer.
Lack of knowledge about
regions biological andecological processes.
Ranching economics.
Fragmentation of natural habitats.
Western Meadowlark
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Mixedgrass Prairies:
Stresses and Conservation Issues
Altered hydrology.
Spread of invasive species.
Fragmentation of habitats.
Alteration of natural grazing and
burning regimes. Lack of awareness and knowledge
of the biodiversity.
Loss of land enrolled in
conservation programs. Wetland drainage.
Lack of collaboration between ag.
and conservation communities.
Sedimentation of rivers and
wetlands.Stiff Sunflower
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Tallgrass Prairies:
Stresses and Conservation Issues
Alteration of natural disturbance
regime.
Spread of invasive species.
Altered hydrology.Lack of awareness and knowledge
about the regions biodiversity.
Sedimentation of rivers and
wetlands.
Pollution by pesticides, andurban/industrial runoff.
Fragmentation of natural habitats.
Loss of lands enrolled in
conservation programsSwainsons Hawk