pratik geography project
TRANSCRIPT
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IX AIX AGEGRAPHYGEGRAPHY PROJECTPROJECT
PratikPratik JaywantJaywant AhireAhire
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Day and NightDay and Night
Earth MotionEarth Motion
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Early history of astronomyEarly history of astronomy
Birth of modern astronomyBirth of modern astronomy
1500s and 1600s1500s and 1600s
Five noted scientistsFive noted scientists
Nicolaus CopernicusNicolaus Copernicus (1473(1473--1543)1543)
Concluded Earth was a planetConcluded Earth was a planet
Constructed a model of the solar system that putConstructed a model of the solar system that putthe Sun at the center, but he used circular orbitsthe Sun at the center, but he used circular orbitsfor the planetsfor the planets
Ushered out old astronomyUshered out old astronomy
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Early history of astronomyEarly history of astronomy
Birth of modern astronomyBirth of modern astronomy
Five noted scientistsFive noted scientists
Tycho BraheTycho Brahe (1546(1546--1601)1601)
Precise observerPrecise observer
Tried to findTried to find stellar parallaxstellar parallax the apparent shift inthe apparent shift ina star's position due to the revolution of Eartha star's position due to the revolution of Earth
Did not believe in the Copernican system becauseDid not believe in the Copernican system becausehe was unable to observe stellar parallaxhe was unable to observe stellar parallax
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Early history of astronomyEarly history of astronomy
Birth of modern astronomyBirth of modern astronomy
Five noted scientistsFive noted scientists
Johannes KeplerJohannes Kepler (1571(1571--1630)1630)
Ushered in new astronomyUshered in new astronomy
Planets revolve around the SunPlanets revolve around the Sun
Three laws of planetary motionThree laws of planetary motion
Orbits of the planets are ellipticalOrbits of the planets are elliptical
Planets revolve around the Sun at varyingPlanets revolve around the Sun at varyingspeedspeed
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Early history of astronomyEarly history of astronomy
Birth of modern astronomyBirth of modern astronomy
Five noted scientistsFive noted scientists
Sir Isaac NewtonSir Isaac Newton (1643(1643--1727)1727) Law of universal gravitationLaw of universal gravitation
Proved that the force of gravity, combined withProved that the force of gravity, combined withthe tendency of a planet to remain in straightthe tendency of a planet to remain in straight--lineline
motion, results in the elliptical orbits discoveredmotion, results in the elliptical orbits discoveredby Keplerby Kepler
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Early history of astronomyEarly history of astronomy
Birth of modern astronomyBirth of modern astronomy
Five noted scientistsFive noted scientists
Johannes KeplerJohannes Kepler (1571(1571--1630)1630)
Three laws of planetary motionThree laws of planetary motion
There is a proportional relation between aThere is a proportional relation between aplanet's orbital period and its distance to theplanet's orbital period and its distance to the
Sun (measured inSun (measured in astronomical unitsastronomical units (AUs)(AUs) oneoneAUAU averages about 150 millionaverages about 150 millionkilometers, or 93 million miles)kilometers, or 93 million miles)
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Early history of astronomyEarly history of astronomy
Birth of modern astronomyBirth of modern astronomy Five noted scientistsFive noted scientists
Galileo GalileiGalileo Galilei (1564(1564--1642)1642) Supported Copernican theorySupported Copernican theory
Used experimental dataUsed experimental data
Constructed an astronomical telescope in 1609Constructed an astronomical telescope in 1609
Four large moons of JupiterFour large moons of Jupiter Planets appeared as disksPlanets appeared as disks
Phases of VenusPhases of Venus
Features on the MoonFeatures on the Moon
SunspotsSunspots
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Keplers law ofequal areasKeplers law ofequal areas
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Earths Physical DataEarths Physical Data
In the past, some people thought that the Sun,In the past, some people thought that the Sun,
the Moon, and other objects in space movedthe Moon, and other objects in space movedaround Earth each day.around Earth each day.
Now it is known that some of the motions ofNow it is known that some of the motions ofthese objects, as observed from Earth, are reallythese objects, as observed from Earth, are really
caused by Earths movementscaused by Earths movements
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Earths Motion and SeasonsEarths Motion and Seasons
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Motions of EarthMotions of Earth
Earths geographic poles are located at the northEarths geographic poles are located at the north
and south ends of Earths axis.and south ends of Earths axis.
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Motions of EarthMotions of Earth
Earths axis is the imaginary line drawn from theEarths axis is the imaginary line drawn from the
north geographic pole through Earth to thenorth geographic pole through Earth to thesouth geographic pole.south geographic pole.
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Motions of EarthMotions of Earth
The spinning of Earth on its axis, calledThe spinning of Earth on its axis, calledrotationrotation, causes you to experience day and, causes you to experience day andnight.night.
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Earths OrbitEarths Orbit
As it rotates on its axis each day, Earth alsoAs it rotates on its axis each day, Earth also
moves along a path around the Sun. Thismoves along a path around the Sun. Thismotion of Earth around the Sun is calledmotion of Earth around the Sun is called
revolution.revolution.
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Earths TiltEarths Tilt
Earths axis forms a 23.5Earths axis forms a 23.5--degree angle with a linedegree angle with a line
perpendicular to the plane of its orbit aroundperpendicular to the plane of its orbit aroundthe Sun.the Sun.
Because of this, there are more daylight hoursBecause of this, there are more daylight hoursfor the hemisphere tilted toward the Sun.for the hemisphere tilted toward the Sun.
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Earths TiltEarths Tilt
Sunlight strikes the hemisphere tilted toward theSunlight strikes the hemisphere tilted toward the
Sun at a higher angle, that is, closer to 90Sun at a higher angle, that is, closer to 90degrees.degrees.
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Earths TiltEarths Tilt
Sunlight strikes the hemisphere tilted away fromSunlight strikes the hemisphere tilted away from
the Sun at a lower angle. This lessens solarthe Sun at a lower angle. This lessens solarradiation and brings winter.radiation and brings winter.
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ConstellationsConstellations
Configuration of stars named in honor ofConfiguration of stars named in honor ofmythological characters or great heroesmythological characters or great heroes
Today 88 constellations are recognizedToday 88 constellations are recognized Constellations divide the sky into units, likeConstellations divide the sky into units, like
state boundaries in the United Statesstate boundaries in the United States
The brightest stars in a constellation areThe brightest stars in a constellation areidentified in order of their brightness by theidentified in order of their brightness by theletters of the Greek alphabetletters of the Greek alphabet alpha, beta,alpha, beta,and so onand so on
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Earth motionsEarth motions
Two primary motionsTwo primary motions
RotationRotation
Turning, or spinning, of a body on its axisTurning, or spinning, of a body on its axis
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Earth motionsEarth motions
Two primary motionsTwo primary motions
RevolutionRevolution
The motion of a body, such as a planet or moon,The motion of a body, such as a planet or moon,along a path around some point in spacealong a path around some point in space
Earth's orbit is ellipticalEarth's orbit is elliptical
Earth is closest to the Sun (Earth is closest to the Sun (perihelionperihelion) in January) in January
The plane of theThe plane of the eclipticecliptic is an imaginary plane thatis an imaginary plane thatconnects Earth's orbit with the celestial sphereconnects Earth's orbit with the celestial sphere
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Motions of theEarthMotions of theEarth--Moon systemMoon system
Lunar motionsLunar motions
EarthEarth--MoonMoon
Moon's period of rotation about its axis and itsMoon's period of rotation about its axis and itsrevolution around Earth are the same, 27 1/3revolution around Earth are the same, 27 1/3daysdays
Causes the same lunar hemisphere to always faceCauses the same lunar hemisphere to always faceEarthEarth
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Motions of theEarthMotions of theEarth--Moon systemMoon system
EclipsesEclipses
Simply shadow effects that were first understoodSimply shadow effects that were first understood
by the early Greeksby the early Greeks Two types of eclipsesTwo types of eclipses
Solar eclipseSolar eclipse
Moon moves in a line directly between Earth andMoon moves in a line directly between Earth and
the Sunthe Sun
Can only occur during the newCan only occur during the new--Moon phaseMoon phase
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SolareclipseSolareclipse
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Motions of theEarthMotions of theEarth--Moon systemMoon system
EclipsesEclipses
Two types of eclipsesTwo types of eclipses
Lunar eclipseLunar eclipse
Moon moves within the shadow of EarthMoon moves within the shadow of Earth
Only occurs during the fullOnly occurs during the full--Moon phaseMoon phase
For any eclipse to take place, the Moon must be inFor any eclipse to take place, the Moon must be in
the plane of the ecliptic at the time of newthe plane of the ecliptic at the time of new-- or fullor full--MoonMoon
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Motions of theEarthMotions of theEarth--Moon systemMoon system
EclipsesEclipses
Two types of eclipsesTwo types of eclipses
Lunar eclipseLunar eclipse
Because the Moon's orbit is inclined about 5Because the Moon's orbit is inclined about 5degrees to the plane of the ecliptic, during most ofdegrees to the plane of the ecliptic, during most ofthe times of newthe times of new-- and fulland full--Moon the Moon isMoon the Moon is
above or below the plane, and no eclipse canabove or below the plane, and no eclipse canoccuroccur
The usual number of eclipses is four per yearThe usual number of eclipses is four per year
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LunareclipseLunareclipse