prc-japan relations historical legacies and current issues
TRANSCRIPT
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PRC-Japan Relations
Historical Legacies and Current Issues
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Historical Legacies: I
• Cultural influence in ancient times– written characters– architecture– calendar– ...
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Historical Legacies: II
• Similar experience of Western invasion in 19th century
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Historical Legacies: III
• Rise of Japan in late 19th century
• Japan’s territorial gains from China– 1895: Taiwan– 1931: northeast China– 1937: north & east China– 1944: central China
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Rape of Nanking (1937)
• Tillman Durdin of the New York Times:– ``… to get to the gate I had to just climb over
masses of bodies accumulated there … one of the great atrocities of modern times.”
• Christian missionary, John Magee:– ``… every prisoner they could find but also a
vast number of ordinary citizens of all ages … were shot down”
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Peace Treaty with Japan
• 1951, Peace Treaty with Japan was signed in San Francisco– neither PRC nor ROC was invited
• 1952, Republic of China (Taiwan) signed Peace Treaty with Japan– ``state of war between the Republic of China
and Japan is terminated”
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Contacts before 1972
• Sporadic, unofficial contacts between PRC and Japan before 1972
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Diplomatic Relation (1972)
• Turning point: Nixon visited Beijing and Shanghai in February 1972
• Japan’s Prime Minister visited Beijing and signed Joint Communiqué in September
• Diplomatic relations were established between Japan and P.R. China
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Joint Communiqué (1972)
• Japan ``fully understands and respects” that ``Taiwan is an inalienable part of the territory of the People's Republic of China”
• neither Party will seek regional hegemony
• both shall oppose any attempt by any other country or group of countries to establish regional hegemony
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Peace Treaty (1978)
• Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the People's Republic of China and Japan
• Deng Xiaoping visited Japan
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War Reparations
• 1951 Peace Treaty at San Francisco– John Foster Dulles sought to eliminate war
reparations– feared that heavy reparations burdens would
similarly cripple Japan as did Germany in 1919
– make it vulnerable to Communist domination
• 1972, PRC government waived the claim of war reparations against Japan
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Japanese Loans to PRC
• Official Development Assistance (ODA)
• Japanese government loan
• energy loans
• Japanese free aid
• trade surplus loans
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After Cold War
• Relative rise of U.S. and China
• Relative decline of Russia and Japan
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Current Status
• Washington-Tokyo-Beijing triangle– PRC & Japan regard relationship with each
other as 2nd in importance to that with US
• Japan plays significant role in integrating PRC into world economy
• Japan has a vital interest in PRC’s development and stability
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PRC’s Trade Partners 2013
• Japan is Mainland China’s third largest export destination and second largest import source
• Total trade volume: US$313 billion
• 7.5% of Mainland China’s total foreign trade
• Total imports from Japan: US$162 billion
• 8.3% of Mainland China’s total imports
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Japan’s Trade Partners 2012
• Mainland China is Japan’s largest source of imports and largest export destination– Exports: China 18.1%, US 17.6%, S.K. 7.7%– Imports: China 21.3%, US 8.6%, Austra. 6.4%
• PRC (including both Mainland China and Hong Kong) became Japan’s largest trade partner in 2004– surpassing the US for the first time
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Japan's Top Trade Partners (Total Volume, in trillion yen)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
USA Mainland China Hong Kong
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Japan’s Direct Investment
• 2nd largest investment source
• 31,855 projects
• US$66.6 billion
• 1 million employees
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Current Issues
• Yasukuni Shrine– worship of Class-A war criminals of WWII– visits by Prime Ministers and high officials
• Japan recognized its aggression against China for the first time in 1998
• Japanese history textbooks– minimize Japan’s aggression in Asia
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Other Issues
• destruction of Japanese chemical weapons in China– a memorandum was signed in 1999
• Rape of Nanking– Japanese nationalist extremists claim that the
rape of Nanking was a fabrication
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Territorial Dispute
• Diaoyu (Senkaku) Islands in East China Sea
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Lack of Understanding
• China:– does Japan ignore or deny wartime atrocities?– may extremists revert Japan to militarism?
• Japan:– is China a military threat?
• mutually reinforcing misunderstandings
• both need public relations efforts abroad