Pre-Columbian Links to the Caribbean:

Evidence Connecting Cusabo to Taino

Blair A. RudesUniversity of North Carolina at Charlotte

A. Map of Cusaboan-speaking Territory (WaddeD 1980:inset)

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Cusaboan-speaking Territory: Carolina Lowcountry from the Savannah River to the Wando River, and from theAtlantic coast for an unknown distance inland, perhaps as far as the village of Hymahi near the juncture of theCongaree and Wateree rivers.Cusaboan ViUages: Ashepoo, Bohicket, Combahee, Edisto, Escamacu, Hoya, Kiawah, Kussah, Mayon, Stalame,Stono, Touppa, Wimbee, Witcheaugh, Ypaguano (Etiwan).

B. Taino-speaking Territory: Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, The' Bahamas, Santo Domingo, and other islands of theGreater Antilles.

Map Showing Cusaboan-speaking Territory and the Northern Fringe of Taino-speaking Territory (Goetzmannand Williams 1922:23)

(Next page)

Pre-Columbian Links to the CaribbeanBlair A. Rudes, UNC Charlotte

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Pre-Columbian Links to the Caribbean

Blair A. Rudes, UNC CharlotteLAVIS ill

April 16, 2004

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E. Taino.like Grammatical Features of Cusaboan

1. Locative Suffix

Cusaboan -bu (-bo(0), as in Cussah : Cussabo, Sewee : Sewee=boo, Westo : Westoe bou)Island Carib -bu 'at' (Taylor 1977:58)

2- Pluralizer

CusaboanTaino

-no (in Ypaguano, Stono)-no 'pluralizer' (Taylor 1977:19; used in fonning the name Taino [Taylor 1977:20])

E. Possible Cognate Lexical Item

CusaboTaino

Toya 'name of a diety (?)' (Laudonniere 1562:314-315)tay- 'a high ranking lineage' (the base of the name Tamo, Taylor 1977:20)

F. Taino-like Words in Catawba

Catawba sirf'siri- 'rattle, dance rattle, snake's rattle'Island Carib s{sira '(shaman's) rattle' (Taylor 1977:40)

CatawbaCAICGuajiro

t{riri- 'thunder'ad6ro- 'thunder' (Taylor 1977:38)atiri- 'thunder' (Taylor 1977:38)

Catawba i-t- 'blood' U-dna?'myblood', t-t?a'?'ourblood')Island Carib -ita- 'blood' (h£tao 'blood', n£ta 'my blood') (Taylor 1977:55)

G. Comparison ofProto.Siouan, Catawba and Central American Island-CaribPronominal AtrlXes

H. Cusboan Place Names with Possible Taino Etymologies

AHOYA.(compare Arawak h6i 'prairie, savane' [Taylor 1977:30]) Sixteenth and early seventeenth village near Port Royal(modem Charleston). Waddell (1980:215) states that "the more COtrectfonn was probably Hoya (and Hoyabe)because Rogel (1570) was the best source, and the SpanishJrequently prefixed an 'a' to Indian words 'after theArabian manner' (Coxe 1741:22)." Ahoya (Bandera 1990a:290), Hoia (White 1585), Hoya (Laudonniere 1562:314),Oya (Geiger 1937:175)- (Waddell1980:214-216_)

AHOYABE.(compare Arawak h6i 'prairie, savane' [Taylor 1977:30] plus Island Carib -bu 'at' [Taylor 1977:58]). Sixteenthcentury village near Port Royal. Note: Waddell (1980:215) states that, "the more correct fO1mwas probably Hoya (and

Proto-Siouan Catawba CAIC

Is *wq-/*w( a)-/*wi- na-/ni-/n- -nar n- -na2s *yi- (*yi- ?)/*y( a)- Ya-/yi-/y- -yar b- -ba3s *w(a)-/*i-/*ko- hi-/h- -war I-/t- -i/-u '" -{l

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Pre-Colnmbian Links to the Caribbean

Blair A. Rndes, UNC Charlotte

LAVIS ID

April 16, 2004

Page 4

Hoyabe) because Rogel (1570) was the best source, and the Spanish frequently prefixed an 'a' to Indian words 'afterthe Arabian manner' (Coxe 1741:22)." Ahoyabe (Bandera 1990a:293). (WaddeIl1980:85.)

BOHICKET.(compare Taino {bohique) 'medicino' [Taylor 1977:21],El Bojike 'augurcurandero indo-antillano' [ColI yToste 1972:8]). Seventeenth century tribe; seventeenth century through present creek. Bohicutt (Mathews 1685),Bohekit (Dunlop 1687:128), Bohecutt (Anonymous 1707-1711:78-79), Bohicott (Cooper 1836:300-301). (Waddell1980:95-98.)

HYMAHI.(compareArawakhime 'fish', Guaijarohime 'fish' [Taylor1977:131,135]).Sixteenthcenturyvillagesomewhere between Santa Elena and Cofitachequi. Aymi (early Spanish explorers, cited in Swanton 1922:37),Hymahi (RangeI1993:275), Ayamy (Elvas 1993:81), EmaE (Bandera 1990a:259), GuiomaE (Bandera 1990a:259).

KIAWAH.(compare Taino (Cay) 'island' [TLC 1999:C-l] plus (yagua) 'sp. of palm' [Taylor 1977:21]; Taylor 1977:20gives (caya), (cayo) 'island', but the Taino Dictionary glosses (Cayo) as 'a pass between islands, (cay) island, a pass ora key' [TLC 1999:C-2]; further support for the spelling in the Taino Dictionary comes from the observation that Tainotends to lose final short vowels as in (giiey) (*[weyD 'sol' [CoIl y Toste 192:22], Karina (True Carib) we.yu 'sun'[Taylor 1977:143]). Sixteenth and seventeenth century name of Charleston Harbor; sixteenth through eighteenthcentury name of a tribe; seventeenth and eighteenth century name of an island, a river and a territory; seventeenththrough nineteenth century name of a creek, eighteenth century name of a plantation. Cayagua (ore 1617-1620:44),Cayaque (Geiger 1937:109), Cayegua (Ecija 1605), la yagua (Ecija 1605), Keywaha (Sanford 1666:80), Kayawah(Carteret 1670: 166-168), Keyawah (Mathews 1671:170-171). (Hodge 1910:I.682, WaddeIl1980:221-243.)

ORISTA.(compare Island Carib audo 'town' [Taylor 1977:54] plus *ista, an unidentified partial that also appears in thename Stono [see below]). Sixteenth through eighteenth century village on the south side of the 'BroadRiver, latermoved to Edisto Island; seventeenth century to present name of an island on Saint Helena Sound; seventeenth centuryto present name of a river. Waddell (1980:139) remarks that "[u]nquestionably, Usta, Andusta, and Orista are thesame. 'Usta' is obviously a shortened fonn of 'Audusta' ..." The alternation of the name Usta and Audusta suggests thatthe town was called Usta, and Aud- was just the word for town appended before the name. JEdistaw (Woodward1670:458), Audusta (Laudonniere 1562:310-328), Edistoh (Sanford 1666:62-82), Orista (Bandera 1990a:289), Orixa(Orix, Ouxa) (early Spanish explorers, cited in Swanton 1922:37), Usta (Rojas 1564:116-123). (Hodge 1910:I.414,WaddellI980:126-168.)

STONO.(compare the unidentified partial *ista that appears also to be part of the native name for Edisto [see above] and theTaino plural suffix (-no) [Taylor 1977:19]). Seventeenth through eighteenth century tribe first located on the Stono_Rivernorth of the Edisto and later on Stono Island, which is now called Seabrook Island. Sixteenth century throughpresent name of a river. Note that the initial vowel of the name is recorded only in the oldest recording of the name.Ostano (Ecija 1609), Stonohs (Hilton 1663:20-23), Stono (Mathews 1671:334), Stonoes (Ferguson 1682:13-14),Stoanoes (Cooper 1836:309). (Hodge 1910:II.643; Wadde111980:302-309.)

TOUPPA.(compare Karina (True Carib) to'pu 'stone', Yao (tapou) 'stone', Wayana tepu 'stone' [Taylor 1977:17]).Sixteenth century village or tribe on the Broad River near Charleston. Toupa (White 1585), Touppa (Laudonniere1562:314). (Hodge 1910:II.796, WaddeIl1980:314.)

YPAGUANO.(compare Taino (bagua) 'sea' [Taylor 1977:20] and Taino (-no) "plural suffix" [Taylor 1977:19]). The Etiwanname for themselves. The initial (Y) may be an unidentified prefix, a separate word fonning a compound, or anepenthetic element added by the Spanish recorder. Ypaguano (Ecija 1605).

References

Anonymous. 1707-1711. Records of the Register of the Province. Miscellaneous Volume 8. MS. Columbia: SouthCarolina Department of Archives and History.

Bandera, Juan de la. 1990. The ~'Long"BanderaRelation: AGI, Santo Domingo 224. Paul E. Hoffman, trans. ,In:CharlesHudson. The Juan Pardo Expeditions: Exploration of the Carolinas and Tennessee, 1566-1568, pp. 205-296.Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. '

Pre-Columbian Links to the Caribbean

Blair A. Rudes, UNC Charlotte

LAVIS ill

April 16, 2004

Page 5

Carteret, Nicholas. 1670. Mr. Carterets Relation of Their Planting at Ashley River 70. In: Langdon Cheves, 00. 1897. TheShaftesbury Papers and Other Records Relating to the Carolinas and the First Settlement on the Ashley River Prior tothe Year 1676.Collections of the South Carolina Historical Society 5:165-168.

Cooper, Thomas. 1836. The Statutes at Large of South Carolina, Volume First, Containing Acts, Records, and Documentsof a Constitutional Character, Arranged Chronologically. Columbia: A.S. Johnson.

Coxe, Daniel. 1741.A Description of the English Province of Carolina. London: Olive and Payne.Dunlop, William. 1687. Capt. Dunlop's Voyage to the Southward. 1687. In: Mabel Louise Webber. 1928. South Carolina

Historical and Genealogical Magazine 30:127-133.Ecija, Francisco Fernandez de. 1605. Testimonio del viaje que hizo el Capitan Francisco Fernandez de Ecija a la visita de la

costa de la Canada del Norte de este pressidion/ aiio 1605. In: Woodbury Lowery. n.d. The Spanish Settlements withinthe present Limits of the United States, vol. V. MS. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress Manuscript Division.

Ecija, Francisco Fernandez de. 1609. Orden del Governador D. POOreode Ibarra (de S. Augustin de la Florida) a el CapitanFrancisco Fernandez de Ecija para reconocer las costas del norte de aquelIa Provincia y Relacion de este viaje llevandoa cavo por el mismo Capitan. In: Woodbury Lowery. n.d. The Spanish Settlements within the present Limits of theUnited States, vol. VI. MS. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress Manuscript Division.

Elvas, Hidalgo de. 1993.The Account by a Gentleman from Elvas. James Alexander Robertson, trans. In: Lawrence R.Clayton, Vernon James Knight, Jr., and Edward C. Moore, eds. The De Soto Chronicles: The Expedition of Hernandode Soto to North America in 1539-1543, pp. I, 19-220. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press.

Ferguson, Robert. 1682. The Present State of Carolinawith Advice to the Settlers. London: John Brinhurst.Friederici, Georg. 1960. Amerikanistisches Worterbuch und Hilfsworterbuch flir den Amerikanisten. Hamburg: Cram, De

Gruyter.Geiger, Maynard. 1937. The Franciscan Conquest of Florida (1573-1618). Studies in Hispanic-American History Vol. I.

Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America.Goetzmann, William H. and Glyndwr Williams. 1992. The Atlas of North American Exploration: From the Norse Voyages

to the Race to the Pole. Nonnan: University of Oklahoma Press.Hilton, William. 1663. A True Relation of a Voyage upon discovery of part of the Coast of Florida, from the Lat. of 31

Deg. to 33 Deg. 45 m. North Lat. in the ship Adventure, William Hitton Commander, and Commissioner with captainAnthony Long and Peter Fabian set forth by several Gentlemen and Merchants of the Island of Barbadoes; sailed fromSpikes Bay Aug. 10, 1663. In: Langdon Cheves, ed. 1897. The Shaftesbury Papers and Other Records Relating to theCarolinas and the First Settlement on the Ashley River Prior to the Year 1676. Collections of the South CarolinaHistorical Society 5:18-28.

Hodge, FrederickWebb, ed. 1907-1910. Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico. 2 vols. Washington, D.C.:Govmment Printing Office.

Laudonniere, Rene. 1562. "The description of the West Indies in generall, but chiefly and particularly of Florida" andRibaut's First Voyage to Florida. In: Richard Haklvyt. 1600. The Third and Last Volume of the Voyages, Navigations,Traffiques, and Discoueries of the English Nation, and in somefew places, where they haue not been, of strangers,peiformed within and before the time of these hundred yeeres, ..., pp. 304-319. London: George Bishop, RalfeNewberie, and Robert Baker.

Mathews, Maurice. 1671. Mr. Mathews to Ld. Ashley 30thAugt. 71 Ashley river. In: Langdon Cheves, ed.. 1897. TheShaftesbury Papers and Other Records Relating to the Carolinas and the First Settlement on the Ashley River Prior tothe Year 1676.Collections of the South Carolina Historical Society 5:332-336.

Mathews, Maurice. 1685. A PIat of the Province of Carolina in North America. The South part Actually Surveyed by Mr.Maurice Mathews. Ioel Gascoyne fecit. MS. London: British Museum.

Ore, LUlsHieronimo de. 1617-1620. An Account of the Martyrs of the Province of Florida: Twelve Religious of theSociety of Jesus, Who Suffered in Jacan, and Five of the Order of Our Seraphic Father Saint Francis, in the Province ofGuale. Offered Also, is a Description of Jacan Where the English have Fortified Themselves; and of Other MattersRelative to the Conversion of the Indians. Written by Father LUlsHier6nimo de Ore, Lector of Theology andCommissary of the Province of Santa Elena of Florida and the Island of Cuba. In: Maynard Geiger. 1936.The Martyrsof Florida (1513-1616) by LUlsGeronimo de Ore, O. F. M. Translated, with Bibliographical Introduction and Notes.Franciscan Studies 18 (July):ix-xvi. New York: Joseph F. Wagner, Inc.

Rangel, Rodrigo. 1993. Account of the Northern Conquest and Discovery of Hernando de Soto. John E. Worth, trans. In:Lawrence R. Clayton, Vemon James Knight, Jr., and Edward C. Moore, eds. The De Soto Chronicles: TfleExpeditionof Hernando de Soto to North America in 1539-1543,pp. I, 247-306. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press.

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Rojas, Hemando Manrique de. 1564. The Report ofManrique de Rojas. In: Charles E. Bennett. 1964. Laudonniere & FortCaroline: History and Documents, pp. 107-124. Gainesville: University of Florida Press.

Rudes, Blair A. (forthcoming). Place Names ofCofitachequi. Anthropological Linguistics.Rudes, Blair A., Thomas J. Blumer, and J. Alan May. 2004.Catawba.In: RaymondFogelson,00.Handbookof North

AmericanIndians, Volume17: Southeast.Washington,D.C.: Washington,D.C.Sanford, Robert~1666.The PortRoyal Discovery.Being theRelationof a voyage on theCoast of the Provinceof Carolina

fonnerly called Floridain the ContinentofNortheme AmericafromCharlesRiver neere CapeFeare in the CountyofClarendonand theLat:of 34: deg: to Port Royall in the NorthLat: of 32 d.begun 14thJune 1666.Perfonned by RobertSanfordEsqr. Secretaryand ChiefeRegister for theRight Honora9lethe LordsProprietorsof their County of Clarendoninthe Provinceaforesaid.Fungor OfficijsAnno Domni 1666.In: LangdonCheves,ed. 1897.The ShaftesburyPapers and OtherRecordsRelating to the Carolinasand the First Settlementonthe AshleyRiver Priorto the Year 1676.Collectionsof theSouthCarolinaHistoricalSociety 5:57-82.

Swanton, John R. 1922. Early History of the Creek Indians and Their Neighbors. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin73. Washington, D.C.: Goverment Printing Office. -

Taino Language Project. 1999. The Dictionary of the Spoken Taino Language. (http://members.dandy.net/ orcobixftelist-a.htm, 4/03/01)

Taylor, Douglas. 1977. Languages of the West Indies. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.Waddell, Gene. 1980. Indians of the South Carolina Lowcountry 1562-1751. Columbia: University of South Carolina,

Southern Studies Program.Waddell, Gene. 2004. Cusabo.ill: Raymond Fogelson,00.Handbookof NorthAmericanIndians, Volume17: Southeast.

Washington,D.C.:Washington,D.C.White, John. 1585. La Virgenia Pars. Manuscript in British Museum Print Room, L.B. 1.1. In: William P. Cumming. 1962.

The Southeast in Early Maps with an Annotated Check List of Printed and Manuscript Regional and Local Maps ofSoutheastern North America During the Colonial Period, no. 7. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

Woodward, Henry. 1670. H. Woodward to Sr. Jo: Yeomans 10 Sept 70. Letter written from Albymarle Pointe inChyawhaw. In: Langdon Cheves, ed. 1897. The ShaftesburyPapers and Other Records Relating to the Carolinas andthe First Settlement on the Ashley River Prior to the Year 1676.Collections of the South Carolina Historical Society5:186-188.