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The Irish Fieldschool of Prehistoric Archaeology

www.prehistoricfieldschool.ie

Preliminary Report on the excavation

of Wedge tomb CL016-061002,

Parknabinnia, Co. Clare.

Licence 16E0129

January 2017

Dr Ros Ó Maoldúin

The Irish Fieldschool of Prehistoric archaeology




Contents

Abstract ................................................................................................................................... i

List of figures ......................................................................................................................... ii

Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... 4

Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 6

Site location ............................................................................................................................ 6

Archaeological background.................................................................................................... 9

Project Aims ......................................................................................................................... 18

Archaeological excavation ................................................................................................... 19

Excavation methodology .................................................................................................. 20

Results of the archaeological excavation .......................................................................... 21

Discussion ............................................................................................................................ 36

Appendix 1 List of contexts ................................................................................................. 38

Appendix 2 List of finds....................................................................................................... 40

Appendix 3 Bone list ............................................................................................................ 42

Appendix 4 Horse mandible identification .......................................................................... 73

Appendix 5 Radiocarbon date .............................................................................................. 74

Bibliography ......................................................................................................................... 75



i

Abstract

This report details the excavation of wedge tomb CL016-061002, on Roughan Hill, Co. Clare.

It was excavated between June and August of 2016 as part of a fieldschool

(www.prehistoricfieldschool.ie). This was the second of three planned wedge tomb

excavations on Roughan Hill, aimed at addressing questions and theories set out in a paper

prior to commencement (Jones et al. 2015).

The tomb had been damaged and retained only one standing stone, it had suffered severe badger

disturbance. Nonetheless, a substantial amount of human bone, mostly cremated but also

unburnt was retrieved. Despite most of this coming from badger upcast, it will prove useful for

osteological, aDNA and isotope analyses.

Several lithics were retrieved from and around the cairn. These were mostly debitage and

cannot be stratigraphically tied to the burial depositions within the tomb. These are being

analysed by lithics specialist Dr Killian Driscoll.

Flakes from two polished stone objects were found, one in an in-situ deposit potentially

associated with a deposition of cremated bone and the other on the natural surface under badger

upcast and topsoil out front of the tomb. These will both be further analysed by the author,

brought to the Geology Dept., NUIG, for petrological identification and illustrated for the final

report.

Once, the osteological and zooarchaeological analyses are complete a comprehensive program

of radiocarbon dating, aDNA and isotope analyses is planned. The aDNA work will be carried

out by Lara Cassidy and Professor Dan Bradley at Trinity College Dublin, and the isotope

analysis will be carried out by Dr Rick Schulting’s team at the School of Archaeology, Oxford

University. It is intended to get all radiocarbon dates from Tandem Laboratories, Uppsala,

Sweden.

http://www.prehistoricfieldschool.ie/



ii

List of figures

Fig. 1 The location of the Roughan Hill tomb cluster in relation to other wedge tombs.

Fig. 2 Rectified orthophoto of the site and its environs during excavation.

Fig. 3 CL016-061002 and other wedge tombs on Roughan Hill in relation to the earlier

Neolithic Megaliths.

Fig. 4 CL0017-00082 in relation to earlier and potentially contemporary archaeology.

Fig. 5 Wedge tombs in Ireland.

Fig. 6 Plan of the wedge tomb excavated during 2015.

Fig. 7 1st Edition OS map (1837-1942), with the location of CL016-061002 indicated.

Fig. 8 Westropp’s map of Roughan Hill.

Fig. 9 Photo of Cl. 59 by de Valera and Ó Nualláin 1961, taken from the west.

Fig. 10 Drawing of Cl 59 by de Valera and Ó Nualláin 1961.

Fig. 11 Pre-excavation photo of the tomb, taken from the west.

Fig. 12 Numbered tombs as recorded by de Valera and Ó Nualláin 1961 and additional

tombs (lettered) added by the Jones et al. survey 1996.

Fig. 13 Orthophoto of the excavation after the removal of the topsoil.

Fig. 14a-d Excavating and recording (a: commencing excavation, b: inside the chamber, c:

moving a large stone & d: our youngest excavator).

Fig. 15a-b Unexcavated material with the potential for further remains (a: beneath and

adjacent cap-stone fragment C6 & b: remaining up-cast).

Fig. 16a-c Extensions to the original trench (a: The southern extension, b: the northern

extension & c: the area to the west/front of the tomb prior to the western

extension, showing the badger up-cast).



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Fig. 17 Photo of the core taken through the subsoil.

Fig. 18 Plan of the excavation post-initial removal of the topsoil.

Fig. 19 Post-excavation plan, showing areas left undisturbed.

Fig. 20 Site Matrix.

Fig. 21 Photo of the runnels on the interior side of the standing sidestone, taken from

the northwest.

Fig. 22 Photo of the crew estimating the amount the rear of the tomb may have sunk

into badger burrowing, taken from the north.

Fig. 23 Photo of the in-situ part of the northern sidestone (C8), taken from the south.

Fig. 24 Photo of the backstone (C8), taken from the east.

Fig. 25 Photo of the surface beneath the original floor of the tomb, on which leaves and

other detritus brought in by burrowing animals were found, taken from the

north.

Fig. 26 Photo of the cobble flake (C79) in-situ, taken from the south.

Fig. 27 Photo of the unexcavated material left between C6 and C4, taken from the west.

Fig. 28 Photo of the sub-aerially eroded boulders C14a & b, to the front/west of the

tomb, taken from the west.

Fig. 29 Photo of the horse mandible in situ, taken from the east.



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Acknowledgements

First and foremost, we would like to express our gratitude to all the Burren landowners who

allowed us unrestricted access to and through their land. We would especially like to thank Pat

McInerney, Thomas Hegarty and their families; our excavation was on Pat’s land and we

accessed the site through Thomas’s land daily.

Secondly, we would like to thank all our Tuesday night lecturers: Professor William O’Brien,

Mary Cahill, Dr Stefan Bergh, Dr Alan Hawkes, Dr Kerri Cleary, Christine Grant, Professor

Gabriel Cooney, Dr Kate Leonard and Dr Neil Carlin. Thanks also, to all those who attended

and thereby financially supported those talks and to Gerard Kennedy at Corofin Hall.

Thanks, are also due to all of those who visited and gave helpful opinions, especially our

academic director: Dr Carleton Jones, NUIG archaeology department members: Joe Fenwick

and Angela Gallagher, local archaeologists: Michael and Clodagh Lynch, and hydrologist: Dr

David Drew.

Last, but not least, the site director would like to express his gratitude to all the 2015 students,

supervisors, volunteers and specialists, listed below.



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Supervisors Students Specialists

Dr Eve Campbell Emily Smith Dr Fiona Beglane: Zooarchaeology

Dr Ger Dowling Jessica Murray Dr Linda Lynch: Osteoarchaeology

Dr Jenny Immich Ryan O’Sullivan Lynda McCormack: Loughcrew tour

Taylor Sobey Prof Dan Bradley: aDNA

Volunteers Alec Fancher Lara Cassidy: aDNA

Aileen Treacy Shelby Stuparits Prof Rick Schulting: Isotopes

Richie Jones Zoe Goodwin Dr Killian Driscoll: Lithics

Mary Howard Darcy Philips Prof Göran Possnert: Radiocarbon dating

Eileen O'Connor Donna Sessions Dr Richard Clutterbuck QGIS

Pascal Duffy Adrienne Gaiennie Dr Paul Naessans UAV survey

Margaret Duffy Zenora Lojkovzd

Pat Muldoon Damhnait Uí Mhaoldúin



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Introduction

This report comprises the preliminary results of the excavation of a wedge tomb on Roughan

Hill, in Parknabinnia townland, Co. Clare (CL016-061002). These works are part of a larger

project on Roughan Hill (www.prehistoricfieldschool.ie), which aims to explore prehistoric

society in the west of Ireland. The work was carried out as part of a National University of

Ireland, Galway fieldschool, ‘The Irish Fieldschool of Prehistoric Archaeology’

(www.prehisotricfieldschool.ie) and was largely funded through the participation fees of

students. The excavation was directed by Dr Ros Ó Maoldúin and overseen by our academic

director Dr Carleton Jones. The work was carried out under licence number 16E0129, between

April and August 2016.

Site location

Wedge tomb CL016-061002 is located on Roughan Hill, in Parknabinnia townland, Co. Clare,

at NGR 125772, 193377 or ITM 525739, 693414 (Figs 1-4). Roughan Hill is a southwest to

northeast orientated ridge situated on the southern extent of the Burren. Prior to the excavation,

the site had become enveloped in hazel forest/scrub and a path had to be cut to access it.

Consequently, it was difficult to get a visual understanding of the surrounding landscape. The

site is located on a slope that falls off to the north, with rising karst to the south and east. It is

likely that, if the scrub were to be cleared, there would be good views to the north, but for less

than 180 degrees. The surrounding landscape is typical of the Burren, with occasionally bare

karst limestone protruding through thin but fertile soils, however, in the immediate vicinity of

the tomb there appear to be some deeper soils, something which the excavation bore out.

The site was badly disturbed by badgers, probably attracted by the deeper soils at this location.

Entrances to their set were in evidence around the site and stones exposed as recently as the

1960s (see archaeological background below) had become covered by upcast from their

burrowing. The set was abandoned before we started works at the site.



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Fig 1. The location of the Roughan Hill tomb cluster in relation to other wedge tombs (Fig

by Dr Richard Clutterbuck).

Fig 2. Rectified ortho-photograph of the site location constructed from Aerial photographs

taken with a UAV (drone), during the excavation (Fig by Dr Paul Naessens). To view this

in 3D go to https://skfb.ly/XKux



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Fig 3. CL016-061002 and other wedge tombs on Roughan Hill in relation to the earlier

Neolithic Megaliths (Fig by Dr Richard Clutterbuck).

Fig 4. CL0017-00082 in relation to earlier and potentially contemporary archaeology. (Fig

courtesy of Dr Carleton Jones).

CL016-061002



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Archaeological background

Wedge tombs

Fig 5. Wedge tombs in Ireland.

The origin of wedge tombs

The origins of wedge tombs are poorly understood. In the past, explanations have oscillated

between the arrival of newcomers, either in substantial (de Valera and Ó Nualláin 1961, de

Valera and Ó Nualláin 1982, ApSimon 1986, Shee Twohig 1990, ApSimon 1997) or small

numbers (Case 1969, 19, O'Brien 2012), and a purely indigenous development (Cooney and

Grogan 1994, 84, Flanagan 1998, 91-94, Waddell 2010, 109). O’Brien (2012) has recently

suggested that wedge tombs are best interpreted as having arisen from a combination of



10

indigenous development and external influences. Those that argue for an external stimulus

normally point to northwestern France and the allées couvertes tombs, which they argue are

architecturally similar, share features such as occasional double walling and antechambers, and

occasionally face west (de Valera and Ó Nualláin 1961, de Valera and Ó Nualláin 1982,

ApSimon 1986, ApSimon 1997). These arguments normally postulate a point of arrival in the

peninsular southwest, because of the density of wedge tombs there and the region’s proximity

to France, but Shee Twohig (1990, 57) has also put forward the Shannon estuary as a likely

point of arrival. Those in favour of an indigenous origin, argue that the Breton allées couvertes

tombs are rectangular rather than wedge shaped and are not usually orientated to the west, and

that no supporting evidence has been found in the excavation of any the south-western wedge

tombs (Waddell 2010, 109). They look to court tombs as the source of inspiration for the wedge

tomb builders, point out shared features with those predominantly northern tombs, such as jamb

stones, and argue that the idea of the French connection has its roots in outdated culture-

historical models (Waddell 2010, 109). The idea of a French connection does arguably stem

from a time when culture-historical models were in the ascendancy, and when migration and

invasion were the favoured mechanism to explain cultural change. However, similar arguments

could be levelled against explanations with a purely insular origin; that they stem from a time

when processual and post-processual models focused so entirely on internal developments that

it was difficult to include any external impetus to considerations of cultural change (Kristiansen

and Larsson 2005, 5). A recent review and statistical modelling of the available dating suggests

the practice of building wedge tombs may have arrived relatively suddenly in both the north

and southwest (Schulting, Sheridan et al. 2008, 12), however, this does not necessarily support

an indigenous or immigrant origin. Currently, there is not enough dating evidence to say

whether the earlier wedge tombs are in the southwest, the Shannon basin, or the north. In the

absence of this, the arguments have had to rely on architectural similarities and differences.

Previous work on Roughan Hill

Roughan Hill has been the subject of several surveys and excavations, directed by Carleton

Jones (Jones, Walsh et al. 1996, Jones 1997, Jones 1998, Jones and Gilmer 1999, Jones 2000,

Jones 2003, Jones, Carey et al. 2011, Jones 2016) and the author of this report (Ó Maoldúin

2016). It is the site of an atypical court tomb, several unclassified megalithic structures, the

densest distribution of wedge tombs in the country, several prehistoric enclosures, a series of

prehistoric mound walls and several undated cairns (Fig 4).



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Jones’ excavations concentrated on the court-tomb, two of the farm enclosures and establishing

a chronology for the myriad of field-walls. The excavation of the farm enclosures produced

Beaker, Bowl and Vase tradition pottery (Jones, Walsh et al. 1996), suggesting that these

enclosures were in use during the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age, at the time the wedge

tombs are expected to date to. Also, and significantly for this project, the court tomb had very

late use dates (Schulting, Murphy et al. 2012). Although it was built at a time contemporary

with other court tombs, it continued to receive interments in an episodic but seemingly

continuous tradition up until as late as 2900/2700 cal BC. This late-use atypical-court tomb,

surrounded by the densest distribution of wedge tombs in the country (Fig 4), makes Roughan

Hill a particularly suitable place to investigate the potential relationships between the

builders/users of court tombs and wedge tombs.

Our excavation, last year (Ó Maoldúin 2016), focused on a wedge tomb with a very small

chamber (Fig 6). There were relatively few secure stratigraphical layers within the tomb. The

chamber was interfered with, when the capstone and the southern sidestone were removed at

some point in the past, and many bones had simply been placed in-between stones that could

have been prised up and replaced at any time in the past. Despite this the bone was well

preserved and we now have a much better understanding of the structure of the tomb.

The tomb chamber was the first element built. It was a small box like structure, approximately

2 m long, 1 m wide and, even with a capstone, can’t have been more than around 1.2 m high.

Despite this rather diminutive size, the orientation (WSW), carefully shaped and rising

sidestone, and the apparent widening to the tomb front all mark it out as a wedge tomb. There

was no sign of quarried surface in the area revealed around the tomb; therefore, it is possible

that the sidestones and capstone were sourced at the quarry, two fields (c.160 m) to the

southwest.



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Fig 6. Plan of the wedge tomb excavated during 2015 (Ó Maoldúin 2016).



13

The cairn was added in two phases, but it is not possible to say whether these construction

phases occurred within a very short or over a very long timeframe. The relative date of a

skeleton found placed up against the outside of the chamber, to the remains inside the chamber,

may offer some insight; however, either could have been added long after either construction

phase.

Post excavation for 2015 is still ongoing. The osteological, zooarchaeological and lithic reports

are completed, but we are awaiting the results of the radiocarbon dating, aDNA analyses and

isotopes analyses.

The Burren has the densest distribution of wedge tombs in the country and the Roughan Hill

cluster is the densest cluster within that distribution. Prior to our project no wedge tomb in the

Burren, or Co. Clare for that matter, had been excavated. The only date from a wedge tomb in

the Burren, or County Clare is from cremated human remains hand-collected from Baur South

wedge tomb; this returned a date of c. 2033-1897 cal BC (Grant 2009), however, we cannot be

sure that this represents the initial use of this monument. The dating of these tombs is critical

to any re-evaluation of the broader evidence.

Records indicate that cremated bone has been hand collected from two wedge tombs on

Roughan Hill in the past. Carleton Jones recovered a small amount of unidentifiable pottery

and bone from CL69. Some other human phalanges and animal bone were deposited with the

NMI by NUI Galway and we are currently trying to determine which tomb they came from. It

is intended to try and date at least one element from each of these sets of remains as part of this

project.

CL016-061002

CL016-061002 is clearly marked on the 1st edition Ordinance Survey map (1837-1942), as one

of four ‘Cromlechs’ (Fig 7); however, O’Donovan’s does not appear to describe it in his letters,

unless it is the one he simply describes as ‘prostrate’ (20).



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Fig 7. 1st Edition OS map (1837-1942), with the location of CL016-061002 indicated.

Borlase visited what he called ‘the Leana group’ in the 1890s, but does not seem to have found

the Parknabinnia cluster that includes CL016-061002 (Borlase 1897, 75-78), and as Westropp

says, appears to have ‘written rather confusedly, and passed over several of the remains’ (1896-

1915 [2004], 101).

Uncharacteristically, there is a little confusion in Westropp’s publication. In 1898, he described

a tomb with the characteristics CL16-061002 as being the northeast of a group of 4 tombs.

Careful as ever, he corrected this in 1905 (1896-1915 [2004], 101) and clearly marks it as tomb

1 on his map (Fig 8). He described it as a tomb that ‘…must have been a very fine example.

The south side is 5 ft. 9 in. (at the west to 2 ft. 3 in. high, 15 ft. 10 in. long and 9 in. thick; a

long ‘plank’ of the tope slab leans against it, and the fallen north side has strangely regular

natural channels across it’. The collapsed northern side-stone does lie with its eroded-side face-

up. It is now badly broken, but is covered in runnels, a type of karstic karren further discussed

below.



15

Fig 8. Westropp’s map of Roughan Hill.

CL016-061002 was next recorded by DeValera and Ó Nualláin during the Megalithic Survey,

in which it was labelled CL59 (de Valera and Ó Nualláin 1961). It was photographed (Fig 9),

drawn (Fig 10) and described in detail in this work.

De Valera and Ó Nualláin described each stone element and what they called the ‘the low

indefinite remains of a mound’. It is evident from the photograph that the area was not so

overgrown in the 1950s/60s; a low stand of hazel is visible in the background but it did not

envelope the monument. Similarly, it would appear from their drawing and description that

there was some heaped earth surrounding the tomb, the badger upcast was not as extensive (see

pre-ex condition of the monument below). Indeed, they make no mention of badger disturbance

and it seems likely that the badgers only moved in after the monument was enveloped in hazel.



16

Fig 9. Photo of Cl. 59 by de Valera and Ó Nualláin 1961, taken from the west.

Fig 10. Drawing of Cl 59 by de Valera and Ó Nualláin 1961.

Cutting CL016-061002 out of the hazel

The hazel surrounding CL016-061002 was cut back in February 2016, as part of a Burren

Conservation Volunteers (BCV) activity. The BCV are part of The Burren Trust

(https://burrenbeo.com/) a landscape charity dedicated to connecting all people in the Burren

to their place and role in caring for it. Before being cut out the tomb was entirely enveloped by

hazel scrub/forest (Fig 11).



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The pre-ex condition of the tomb

Once the hazel was cleared, it became apparent that CL016-061002 had suffered badly from

badger burrowing. Several set entrances could be seen within and surrounding the tomb.

Fig 11. Pre-excavation photo of the tomb showing a badger entrance under a fragment of

the capstone and mounds of badger up-cast around the tomb, taken from the west.



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Fig 12. Numbered tombs as recorded by de Valera and Ó Nualláin 1961 and additional

tombs (lettered) added by the Jones et al. survey 1996. The tomb excavated in 2015 is

marked in red and the tomb excavated in 2016 in green.

Project Aims

This project aims to investigate the ritual practices, origins, internal organisation, external

contacts and the environment of the Chalcolithic/EBA (Early Bronze Age) society that

inhabited Roughan Hill. A possible model was proposed in a paper by this author, our academic

director and Thor McVeigh (Jones et al. 2015), prior to beginning these excavations.

Aims of this excavation include:



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• ascertaining why there is such a relatively high density of wedge tombs on Roughan

Hill

• investigating the ritual use of a wedge tomb on Roughan Hill

• investigating the relationship between the builders of the Roughan Hill wedge tomb

society and the preceding Neolithic court tomb building society

• investigating the correlation between the variation in remains and the variation in

chamber size

Objectives of the excavation include:

• Comparing the material from this, a tomb with a large chamber, with those from last

year’s excavation of a tomb with a small chamber

• Constructing a site history of this individual monument

• Obtaining material suitable for absolute dating

• Obtaining human bone for osteological analysis, isotope analysis and DNA analysis

• Retrieving artefacts which might add to our knowledge of the Chalcolithic/EBA

society’s local exploitation of natural resources and the wider networks of exchange

the community on Roughan were involved in

• Obtaining soil samples suitable for flotation to add to our knowledge of the

contemporary environment and Chalcolithic/EBA society’s agricultural practices

• Exploring methods of 3 & 2D photogrammetry, time-lapse photography and other

innovative methods of excavation recording (see project strategy below)

Archaeological excavation

The excavation comprised one trench (Figs 13, 18 & 19). This was orientated in-line with the

tomb on a floating grid that was later tied into Irish Transverse Mercator (ITM), with a

differential GPS. The initial trench was 7 by 5 m, with its long axis on a roughly east west

orientation. This was extended to the south, west and north during the excavation. The entire

excavation eventually covered an area of 52m2.



20

Fig 13. Orthophoto of the excavation after the removal of the topsoil.

Excavation methodology

Where sod was present it was by cut by spade, removed by hand and stacked neatly on plastic

adjacent the trench for later backfilling. All large and/or potentially structural stones were

individually numbered, recorded, and carefully returned to the same position and orientation

after the excavation.

To access the deposits in the chamber it was necessary to move some large fragments of the

collapsed capstone. Wooden rails were constructed, and a winch and rollers (fence posts) were

used (Fig 14c).

All deposits were dry sieved for artefacts through sieves of less than 1cm (1/4 inch sieves:

0.635cm). All archaeological fills were excavated by trowel. Finds were bagged and recorded

by context. 3D co-ordinates (local floating grid) of the location of all finds recovered during

excavation were taken with a total station. Soil samples were also retained for environmental

analysis (see ongoing post-excavation work below).



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All contexts were recorded on context sheets, and additional notes were taken in the director’s,

supervisor’s and other excavator’s notebooks. Plans and sections were drawn on pre-gridded

permatrace, using planning frames and off-sets, as appropriate, and photogrammetry was used

to create 3D and orthphotograph records of the site. A timelapse video of the excavation was

also recorded, some segments of which are available to view on our website

www.prehistoricfieldschool.ie.

Fig 14 a-d. Excavating and recording (a: commencing excavation, b: inside the chamber, c:

moving a large stone & d: our youngest excavator).

Results of the archaeological excavation

Extent excavated

A licence was obtained to excavate a 10 by 10 m area. Initially, an area 7 by 5m was opened.

This was extended three times, to the west, north and south. The overall area of the excavation

comprised 9 by 5 m, with a southern extension - 3 by 1.5m and a northern extension - 2.5 by 1

m (Fig 19). This included all of the chamber interior, however, some material under collapsed

cap-stone fragment C6 was not judged safe to access and was therefore left unexcavated (Fig

http://www.prehistoricfieldschool.ie/



22

15a). To the north of the chamber, the extent of the excavation did not encompass all the badger

up-cast. The excavated badger up-cast was rich in cremated bone and the remaining material

is likely to contain more (Fig 15b).

Fig 15 a-b. Unexcavated material with the potential for further remains (a: beneath and

adjacent cap-stone fragment C6 & b: remaining up-cast).

The southern extension was opened to reveal the extent of some possible cairn remnant (Fig

16a). The northern extension was opened to reveal the extent of the collapsed side-stone C5

and to excavate more of the badger up-cast (Fig 16b). The western extension was opened to

excavate the badger up-cast to the front of the tomb (Fig 16c), and examine more of that area,

where deposition accompanying ritual practice was thought most likely to occur.



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Fig 16 a-c. Extensions to the original trench (a: The southern extension, b: the northern

extension & c: the area to the west/front of the tomb prior to the western extension,

showing the badger up-cast).

Post glaciation colonisation of the site by plants and living soil.

The post glaciation soil formation processes on the Burren are relatively poorly understood.

We do not know how much of it was bare karst when the ice sheets retreated and how much

had a covering of boulder clay or another glacial till.

On most areas of Roughan Hill there is only a thin humic soil cover which when removed

exposes bare karst, such as on last year’s excavation (Ó Maoldúin 2016). The location of the

2016 excavation was chosen partly because of the likelihood of deeper deposits. The badger

tunnels, while indicative of disturbance, also indicated deeper soils. There were two natural

subsoils encountered, a light whitish grey silt containing rounded limestone pebbles (C39) and

a mid-orangey-brown non-calcareous clayey silt containing occasional reddish sandstone

pebbles (C27). The former is a glacial till found relatively commonly on the Burren and

encountered elsewhere by the this author (Ó Maoldúin and McCarthy 2016), however, the

second is unusual and could indicate a glacial deposit with an origin in the Sliabh Aughty

Mountains to the northwest. The question was put to several geologists attending the IQUA

fieldtrip to the Burren during Autumn 2017, but there was some disagreement as to the probable

origin. Where both subsoils occurred together the orange clayey silt was always on top (Fig

17). Samples of both subsoils were retained and will undergo further analysis to determine their

nature and origin.



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Fig 17. Photo of the core taken through the

natural, showing the orange clayey subsoil

above the light whitish grey silt.

The structure of the chamber

Several elements of the tomb chamber (C3) survived in-situ (Figs 18 & 19); the southern

sidestone (C4), pining stones to the south/exterior of the southern sidestone (C17), part of the

backstone (C20), part of the footing of the northern sidestone (C8) and pining stones to the

north/exterior of the northern sidestone (C16). The rear (east) of the chamber was significantly

deeper than the front and it may have sat in a cut, however, the extensive badger burrowing

activity (C29) made it difficult to be sure.



25

Fig 18. Plan of the excavation post-initial removal of the topsoil.

Fig 19. Post excavation plan, showing areas left undisturbed.



26

Fig 20. Site Matrix.

The southern sidestone (C4) was the only fully extant chamber element still standing. It is

broken in 3 parts of 2.5m, 1.7m and 0.5m length, a total of 4.7m, and rises from 0.5m above

the ground level at the rear (east) of the tomb, to 1.7m above the ground level at the front and

is c. 0.3m thick. There are signs of cobble percussion along its upper edge, that

flattened/straightened its surface. It was erected with its eroded surface facing toward the

interior of the tomb (Fig 21). This is richly textured surface with deep sinuous runnels1, that

1 A type of karren – erosion found on karst limestone.



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formed in a sub-soil environment (David Drew pers. Comm.). An online stone weight

calculator suggests that it weighs over 4 tonnes2.

Fig 21. Photo of the runnels on the interior side of the standing sidestone, taken from the

northwest.

The size of the sidestone marks this wedge tomb as one of the largest on Roughan Hill and the

incline is by far the most pronounced. However, it appears that the rear of the tomb collapsed

into badger burrowing (C29). Its rear/east end now sits on the backstone (C20 - further

described below), a stone that may have further fractured from this pressure. The best way to

estimate the amount the sidestone collapsed is through observation of the line its upper edge

(Fig 22); this suggests it may have fallen by as much as 0.35m. This accentuated the incline,

however, it is still notably steeper than most of the other tombs on Roughan.

2 (http://www.amlinkmarble.com/weigtcalculator/weightcalculator.htm @ 4.7m by 1.2m by 0.3m it weighs just

under 4300 Kgs)



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Fig 22. Photo of the crew estimating the amount the rear of the tomb may have sunk into

badger burrowing, taken from the north.

The southern sidestone (C4) was pinned in place from the exterior by a series of limestone

slabs (C17) set on edge (Fig 13). These were an average of 0.26m thick and ran along the full

length of the sidestone (c.4.7m); some were partially shoved into a gryke. There was no

substantial support from the interior side, apart from the other elements of the tomb.

The northern sidestone appears to have been shorter in length, perhaps a total of 4m. The

footing of its rear or eastern end (C8) survived in-situ (Fig 23), while its front or western end

(C5) lay recumbent, with its inner eroded side face up (described further below). The remaining

in-situ footing (C8) was broken in 3 parts; combined these measured 1.4m long, 0.56m high

(max) and 0.18m thick. The upper half of the inner façade (facing south to the interior of the

tomb) was badly fractured, suggesting a sudden powerful break, presumably when this side of

the tomb collapsed. The eroded surface on the lower half faced inward to the interior of the

tomb. Judging from its depth, C8 appears to have been sat into a cut, but this was no longer

discernible because of the extensive badger disturbance (C29). A sub aerially eroded boulder

(C16) pinned it into place. It, C16, was 0.8m long, 0.46m wide and 0.42m high, and placed

with its flat underside against the exterior just at the rear of the northern sidestone (C8).



29

Fig 23. Photo of the in-situ part of the northern sidestone (C8), taken from the south.

The backstone (C20) was also badly fractured and missing its upper portion (Fig 24). The rear

end of the standing sidestone, C4, is out of place and now rests on the southern edge of the

backstone. The remaining portion of the backstone is split in four parts, which combined

measure 1.4m long, 0.22m thick and 0.45m high. Its eroded surface faces westward, toward

the interior of the tomb.

Fig 24. Photo of the backstone (C8), taken from the east.

Several slabs (C19) at the rear of the tomb may indicate a roughly paved surface. Two

particularly large ones (0.8m long, 0.45m wide and 0.18m thick; 0.62m long, 0.53m wide and



30

0.17m thick) certainly appeared placed. These were undermined by extensive badger

disturbance, collectively assigned cut C29 and fills C28 and C30.

The front of the northern sidestone (C5) lay recumbent with its inner face upward. It had fallen

outward and its footing had popped upward. Its original position can be discerned from a

combination of where it fell and the line of the remaining in-situ portion (C8). It was not moved

during the excavation. It is split into numerous pieces on its eastern end, but remains relatively

intact on its western end. It is 2.18m long (east-west), 1.58 high and c. 0.2m thick. Like the

southern sidestone, its inner surface is richly textured with deep sinuous runnels, that formed

in a sub-soil environment. Its front edge was obviously pecked, and its flat upper edge bore

marks of cobble percussion.

The capstone on the front/west end to the tomb is split in 2 parts (C6 and C7). C6 is almost

upright leaning against the northern side of the standing orthostat. Its eroded side would have

faced upward. It measures 1.7m long, 1.5m wide and c.0.2m thick. There is no sign of dressing.

The edge which sits on the ground is a relatively recent break and matches the northern edge

of C7. C7 lay recumbent on floor of the tomb, leaning against the foot of C6 with its flat

uneroded side facing upward. It measures 1.65m long, 1.35m wide and c.0.22m thick. When

complete the front capstone would have been 2.05m long.

There were several broken slabs in the tomb (C11, 9, 10, 26 & 32) that could either be parts of

the northern sidestone or capstones (Fig 18).

C11 lay flat with its smooth side up and is most likely a part of the northern sidestone (C8 &

C5), from its eastern end (Fig 18). It was 1.15m long, 0.85m wide and 0.21m thick.

C9 and C10 both were both stood on edge, leaning against the southern sidestone (C4). They

are most likely parts of collapsed capstones. C9 was 1.2m long, 1.04m wide and c. 0.2m thick.

Its lower end sat on the remains of the backstone, C20, and its fall into that position may have

been responsible for damaging it. C10 was 1.1m long, 0.8m wide and c.0.2m thick. Another

slab, C26, lying recumbent, to the west of C10, appears from its shape and erosional patterns

to have originally been part of the same slab. C26 was 0.8m long, 0.75m wide and 0.1m thick.

Three stone slabs (C32) were found lying recumbent within the chamber under the collapsed

roof slab C6. The largest of these was 0.9m long, 0.5m wide and 0.25m thick. These could be

either fragments of the northern sidestone or collapsed capstones.



31

As mentioned before, the interior of the tomb was badly disturbed by badgers. Set entrances

were located at the front of the tomb, adjacent the standing sidestone (C4), to the west and east

of the recumbent capstone fragment (C7), to the east of the recumbent part of the northern

sidestone (C5) and to the rear/east of the tomb, and excavation in the centre of the chamber

showed that the burrowing went beneath the level at which the tomb floor would have existed

(Fig 25). The material found at this level (C36) contained fresh leaves, hazel nuts and other

detritus brought in by burrowing animals. Its removal revealed the lower of the two natural

deposits (C39).

Fig 25. Photo of Dr Ger Dowling revealing a surface beneath the original floor of the tomb

on which leaves and other detritus brought in by burrowing animals were found, taken

from the north.

Despite the extensive disturbance, a substantial amount of bone was found within the confines

of the tomb, some of which may have been in-situ. In the front portion of the tomb, beneath

the recumbent capstone fragment C7 a sequence of 4 fills were uncovered. The lowermost,

C37, was a mid-brown topsoil-like silty clay at least some of which may have fallen down

between the overlying stones. It was only partially exposed, as it extended under the collapsed

northern sidestone C5 which was not moved. Its exposed extent measured 0.88m north-south

and 0.52m east-west and was a maximum of 0.05m deep, from which an animal tooth, a human

tooth and some burnt bone were retrieved. These finds may represent some of the earliest

deposits in the chamber, but could also have fallen from above and cannot be considered secure.

C37 was overlain by a layer of 8 angular stones (C35), from 0.15m to 0.4m in length, that



32

combined covered an area 0.8m north-south and 0.5m east-west. This was covered by dark

brown silty clay (C34), c.0.6m east-west and 0.5m north-south, that only occurred in patches

where trapped between the underlying (C35) and overlying (C31) stones. A cluster of burnt

bone fragments were found within this layer, trapped between stones, in a relatively secure

position. The overlying stone layer (C31) comprised angular to sub-angular stones from 0.2m

to 0.35m in length and extended across an area c.1.5m east-west and 0.9m north-south. A flake

from a highly-polished cobble (F79) and some burnt bone were retrieved from this layer (Fig

26). The cobble and some of the larger fragments of burnt bone were wedged upright between

stones, so must have been placed in at the same time or later than the stone layer (C31). This

was covered by patches of topsoil (C1) and upcast badger material (C2).

Fig 26. Photo of the cobble flake (C79) in-situ, taken from the south.

Another relatively well preserved sequence of layers, C42, C41 and C40, covering an area of

c. 0.6m north-south and 0.8m east west, survived beneath the other collapsed capstone fragment

(C6) and abutting the interior side of the standing sidestone (C4). This was in a rather

precarious position and for health and safety reasons was only partially excavated (Fig 27). The

basal layer, C42, was c. 0.15m deep and comprised a mixture of small sharp angular fragments

of limestone c. 40 – 60 mm in length and several larger fragments up to 0.2m in length. Some

of these may derive from the in-situ dressing of the sidestone. Some fragments of charcoal

were found under C42 on the surface of the natural subsoil, however, there were several voids

and it is possible that it could have filtered down from above. Overlying this was a c. 0.05m

deep dark blackish brown silty clay (C41) containing several unburnt human molars and



33

fragments of cremated bone. This was in turn overlain by a layer of rounded sub angular stones

up to 0.3m in length. A large flat slab, C15, 0.65m long, 0.45m wide and 0.25m thick was sat

on/against the front of these layers, protecting them from the elements. C42, C41 and C40, are

likely the same as C35, C34 and C31, however, they were no longer physically connected

because of badger disturbance. C15 also overlay C31 and C21, one of the slab layers to the

front of the tomb.

Fig 27. Photo of the unexcavated material left between C6 and C4, taken from the west.

There were two noticeably differently eroded boulders to the front of the tomb (Fig 28). One

was an angular boulder covered in deep fissures and the other was rounded with very rough

surfaces; both appear to be sub-aerially eroded boulders. The angular boulder (14a) was 1m

long 0.65m wide and 0.5m high. The rounded boulder (14b) was 0.9m long, 0.5m wide and

0.45m high. These are probably erratic boulders gathered from the landscape, rather than

quarried like most other elements of the tomb. They may have served as blocking or sill stones,

and, although in a slightly different position, it is interesting to note that a small sub-aerially

eroded boulder was also found to the front of the tomb excavated in 2015 (Ó Maoldúin 2016).



34

Fig 28. Photo of the sub-aerially eroded boulders C14a & b, to the front/west of the tomb,

taken from the west.

C14a and b sat adjacent one another and, while it is not possible to stratigraphically connect

them, it is likely that they were placed there contemporaneously. C14a overlay stone layer C35,

but was abutted by C31. C14b overlay C24 and sat against C13. It was not possible to tell

whether C14b was earlier or later than C13.

There was a spread of slabs and loose rocks (C12, C18, C19 & C21) surrounding the tomb.

These were not substantial enough to be considered a cairn and in places, most obviously to

the front and rear of the tomb, appear to have formed roughly paved areas.

To the front of the tomb there was at least two phases of slab surfaces, separated by a topsoil-

like deposit (C24) and a spread of stone (C13). The earlier slab-surface, C21 was sat directly

on the natural surface, however, when flipped over revealed modern rodent nest material,

including leaves and fresh hazelnut shells (C23). The slabs ranged from about 0.25m to 0.6m

in length and were c.0.06m to 0.1m thick. They were spread over an area c. 1.4m north south

and 1m east west. The topsoil-like layer (C24) above C21 extended throughout the western end

of the trench and varied from only 0.01m to 0.03m in depth. It contained a flake from a large

ground stone artefact (F78) and occasional pieces of human (cremated and unburnt) bone, and

animal bone. This was overlain by C13 a layer of sub-angular limestone stones, ranging from

0.12 to 0.35m in length, contained within a topsoil like matrix. It was spread throughout the

north-south extent of the cutting (5m), for about 2m beyond the front (western side) of the tomb



35

and was a maximum of 0.45m deep, in the northwest of the cutting. The upper slab layer C12

overlay C13. It comprised three large slabs to the front, or west, of the standing sidestone. A

horse mandible was found extending underneath the southernmost of those slabs (Fig 29). This

was identified as the mandible of an old adult horse of 16 years or over at the time of its death

(Appendix 5). This was subsequently radiocarbon dated and returned a 2 Sigma calibrated date

of 1450 – 1640 AD. C12 was overlain by topsoil (C1) and badger upcast (C2).

Fig 29. Photo of the horse mandible in situ, taken from the east.

On the southern exterior of the tomb, south of C4, there was a scatter of detached slabs and a

split boulder (C18). Many of the slabs were simply remnants of the karstic surface eroded and

detached, however, some particularly toward the western end may have been heaped in place

to give further support to the southern sidestone. The large boulder appears to have split in

place by weathering and hazel root action. In several places, there was soil (C25) underlying

the slabs (C18) and a deep badger burrow orientated east-west traversed the area. No human

bone was found in this area; the standing side-stone probably inhibited the badgers throwing

upcast from the direction of the tomb chamber.



36

Discussion

CL016-061002 was very badly disturbed by badgers. Most the remains retrieved during the

excavation came from badger upcast surrounding the tomb. Nonetheless, we now have a much

better understanding of the original structure and the remains we retrieved will provide us with

sufficient osteological, isotopic and aDNA information to progress our research project.

The overall chamber appears to have been 4.7m long, 1.4m wide at the back, approximately

2m wide3 at the front, 1.1m high at the rear and 1.95m high at the front4. It is one of the largest

wedge tombs on Roughan Hill. It was orientated southwest and had a very pronounced pitch.

Both sidestones and the backstone were placed with their eroded sides pointing into the interior

of the tomb. This is a pattern noted during the 2015 excavation (Ó Maoldúin 2016) and appears

to be consistent on all wedge tombs on Roughan Hill and most of those in the Burren. It is also

the opposite of the arrangement at most Neolithic tombs on the Burren. This may be a form of

‘ritual inversion’, a concept that will be expanded upon in the final report and a forthcoming

paper (for other examples of ritual inversion in the Irish Bronze Age see (Waddell 2014, 73-

81).

Cremated and unburnt human remains were deposited within the tomb and initial inspection of

the assemblage suggests that both biological sexes and all ages are represented.

There were relatively few artefacts found during the excavation. Most of the lithics retrieved

are likely to represent background residual material, from before the tomb was built, or debris,

from people partaking in daily tasks near the tomb after its construction. Only F79, a polished

cobble flake, was a definitively placed grave good. This will be examined under a high-

powered microscope to determine whether the polish is consistent with human action. One

other flake from a ground and polished artefact, C78, was found out to the front of the tomb.

This could have been a grave good displaced by badger burrowing. Both artefacts appear to

have been very deliberately and violently destroyed, perhaps in a form of ‘ritual object killing’

(eg. Grinsell 1961).

3 The front capstone was only 2.05m long 4 The projected height of the rear of the tomb, 1.1m, is a sum of the current height of 0.5m, the estimated collapse

0.35m and an estimated capstone thickness of 0.25m. The height at the front is the sum of the current height 1.7m

and an estimated capstone thickness of 0.25m.



37

Post-excavation work is ongoing. Osteological, zooarchaeological and lithic reports are

currently being prepared. Once these are completed a selection of bone will be chosen for

radiocarbon dating, aDNA and isotopes analyses and the final report will be compiled once

these are completed.

It is envisaged that final publication will take the form of a monograph, including the results

of the excavation of the three tombs, excavated during 2015, 2016 and 2017. It is intended to

write this up during spring of 2018.



38

Appendix 1 List of contexts

Context Description

1 Topsoil

2 Badger upcast

3 Group number for standing structural elements of the tomb - includes C4, 8 & 20

4 In-situ southern side stone

5 Ex-situ northern side stone

6 Ex-situ tomb slab

7 Ex-situ tomb slab

8 In-situ footing of East end of the northern side stone

9 Ex-situ tomb slab

10 Ex-situ tomb slab

11 Ex-situ tomb slabs - line of - includes C32

12 Arrangement of slabs in front (West) of the tomb

13 Stone spread to the front (West) of the tomb

14 Two sub-aerially eroded boulders to the front (W) of the tomb

15 Rounded stone in the tomb entrance

16 Sub-aerially eroded boulder pinning C8

17 Pinning stones along the south edge of C4

18 Loose stone in the southeast corner of the trench

19 Loose slabs in the northeast corner of the trench

20 Back stone of the tomb chamber



39

21 Layer of small slabs under C13 & C15

22 Void

23 Layer of topsoil-like material under C12

24 Topsoil-like material under C13

25 Topsoil-like material under C18

26 Ex-situ tomb slab

27

Natural subsoil - Mid orangey brown non-calcareous clayey silt containing occasional

sandstone pebbles

28

Loosely compacted dark brown silty clay in collapsed tunnel at the rear of the tomb -

badger disturbance

29 Cut of badger disturbance to the rear of the tomb

30

Loosely compacted mid-orangey brown clayey silt to the rear of the tomb - badger

disturbance

31 Spread of stones (of c.0.2-0.3m average length) inside the front of the tomb chamber

32

Linear arrangement of flat stone slabs within the tomb chamber (largest stone: 0.9 by

0.5 by 0.25m)

33 Void - Same as C14

34 Dark brown silty clay. Under C33 and above C31

35 Deposit of stone in the front of the tomb chamber. Under C34

36

Deposit of mid-greyish brown clayey silt containing small sub-angular pebbles in the

tomb chamber

37 Topsoil-like deposit beneath C35 in the centre (front) of the tomb

38 Void

39 Light whitish grey gritty silt containing limestone pebbles - natural subsoil



40

40 Deposit of angular stones against the inside of the southern sidestone

41 Dark blackish brown silty clay against the inside of the southern sidestone, under C40

42 Deposit of angular stones against the inside of the southern sidestone, under C41

Appendix 2 List of finds

All of the finds retrieved during the excavation are listed below. These include pieces of

unworked quartz, which were retained and recorded in recognition of the oft quoted association

between quartz and prehistoric burials. However, there did not appear to be a significant

amount of quartz and these have now been discarded. Similarly, several stones initially

retained as potential lithics have now been discarded. All discarded finds are marked in red.

Those marked in green have been forwarded to our lithics specialist – Dr Killian Driscoll – for

analyses. The quartz crystal, two ground/polished artefacts (F78 &79) and granite stone (F102)

are being analysed separately by the site director. The possible pottery crumb (F84) and shells

will be forwarded to relevant specialists for definitive identification.

Find Number Description Material Context E N RL

1 chert flake chert C001 93.750 101.845 119.805


3 chert chip chert C001 93.220 101.764 119.764

4 quartz unworked quartz C001 95.009 101.843 119.901

5 possible worked chert chert C001 97.255 102.704 119.738

6 possible chert core core C001 94.662 102.389 119.854


8 possible chert flake chert C001 95.000 102.904 119.757

9 possibly worked chert chert C001 94.924 102.680 119.759

10 chert debitage chert C001 95.804 100.709 119.666

11 quartz quartz C001 93.817 102.951 119.753



14 quartz quartz C001 96.463 104.103 119.785

15 possible worked chert chert C001 96.758 103.967 119.852

16 flake - white chert chert C001 97.338 100.704 119.791

17 quartz quartz C001 93.579 104.431 119.814

18 quartz quartz C001 93.489 104.094 119.776


20 Unworked quartz quartz C001 97.051 104.076 119.806




41



24 limestone flakes limestone C001 93.923 102.386 119.719

25 chert - possible pressure flake chert C001 93.738 101.929 119.721


27 quartz quartz C001 97.821 103.133 119.650

28 chert - possible core chert C001 94.291 103.850 119.850





33 quartz quartz C001 97.027 102.565 119.549

34 sea shell shell C001 97.182 104.786 119.806

35 unworked quartz quartz C001 93.53 102.859 119.707



38 coarse stone flake - sandstone sandstone C001 93.68 101.724 119.588








46 quartz crystal quartz C001 93.355 100.107 119.369

47 Unworked quartz pebbles quartz C001 96.898 102.77 119.758


49 shale fragments shale C001 93.939 103.872 119.537

50 Unworked quartz pebble quartz C001 97.039 104.826 119.108


52 chert chert C001 96.825 103.653 119.522

53 Void void void void void void



56 quartz quartz C001 97.254 104.582 119.452

57 quartz quartz C001 98.248 104.74 119.531



60 possible flint or chert debitage chert C001 97.404 104.52 119.494

61 possible burnt lithic chert or flint chert C001 93.600 101.500 119.419





66 quartz quartz C001 97.850 103.400 119.659



42

67 shell - oyster shell C001 97.750 103.060 119.477

68 quartz quartz C001 97.712 103.460 119.447



71 quartz pebble quartz C001 94.708 105.137 119.619



74 Chert flake Chert C001 96.339 105.681 119.609

75 Quartz quartz C001 95.361 105.937 119.59

76 Quartz pebble quartz C001 96.945 104.997 119.498

77 Chert flake chert C001 95 104 119.2

78 Flake from polishes/ground artefact (axe?) quartzite C024 94.231 101.583 119.52

79 Flake from highly pollished cobble quartzite C031 95.504 103.321 119.259

80 Quartz quartz C001 92.768 101.27 119.551

81 Quartz pebble quartz C028 99.338 102.501 119.584


83 Quartz quartz C001 96.889 102.437 119.359

84 Burnt clay (pottery fragment?) pottery? C028 99.301 102.486 119.565

85 Quartz quartz C024 92.607 102.347 119.498

86 Quartz quartz C001 96.791 102.509 119.253

87 Chert (core?) chert C001 91.956 103.586 119.333



90 Quartz quartz C001 91.952 101.175 119.451

91 Chert flake chert C001 91.952 104.665 119.152



94 chert flake (refits with 104) chert C024 93.391 102.659 119.42

95 quartz quartz C036 96.893 103.593 118.912


97 Chert core chert C024 93.41 103.723 119.306





102 Granite stone (possibly one slightly ground surface) Granite C001 91.726 104.913 119.055



Appendix 3 Bone list

B# Material Type Description Context E N RL



43

1

Unburnt

Bone

C001 97.459 102.455 119.453

2 Burnt Bone

C001 96.201 103.919 119.871

3 Burnt Bone

C001 97.453 102.739 119.781

4 Burnt Bone

C001 96.281 103.991 119.881

5

Unburnt

Bone

C001 94.765 103.119 119.970

6

Unburnt

Bone Animal Tooth C001 94.252 101.102 119.779

7

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C001 94.455 100.947 119.811

8

Unburnt


9 Burnt Bone

C001 94.765 103.119 119.970

10

Unburnt


11 Burnt Bone

C001 93.540 100.541 119.700

12

Unburnt

Bone Animal Antler C001 94.227 102.372 119.805

13 Burnt Bone

C001 93.948 101.955 119.788

14 Burnt Bone

C001 94.298 103.192 119.875

15

Unburnt

Bone

C001 94.040 102.877 119.813

16 Burnt Bone

C001 96.627 104.460 120.019

17 Burnt Bone

C001 96.627 104.460 120.019



44

18 Burnt Bone

C001 96.627 104.460 120.019

19 Void void void void void void void

20 Burnt Bone

C001 93.535 100.841 119.700

21

Unburnt

Bone Animal Tooth C001

22 Burnt Bone

C001 96.642 104.108 119.943

23 Burnt Bone

C001 93.710 100.180 119.723

24

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C001 97.095 104.526 119.892

25 Burnt Bone

C001 96.625 104.131 119.881

26 Burnt Bone

C001 95.371 100.802 119.620

27

Unburnt

Bone

C001 95.371 102.037 119.792

28

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C001 95.202 101.991 119.832

29 Burnt Bone

C001 93.319 100.802 119.620

30

Unburnt


31 Burnt Bone

C001 93.890 100.086 119.711

32 Burnt Bone

C001 96.750 104.496 119.953

33

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C001 99.389 103.684 119.759

34

Unburnt

Bone

C001 94.023 102.810 119.709

35 Burnt Bone

C001 0.000 0.000 0.000



45

36

Unburnt

Bone

C001 95.215 101.956 119.694

37

Unburnt

Bone

C001 93.626 104.241 119.822

38 Burnt Bone

C001 96.538 104.599 119.920

39 Burnt Bone

C001 94.221 103.060 119.728

40 Burnt Bone

C001 96.645 103.461 119.698

41 Burnt Bone

C001 94.366 101.260 119.791

42 Burnt Bone

C001 95.069 101.934 119.703

43

Unburnt

Bone

C001 93.697 103.999 119.777

44 Burnt Bone

C001 96.734 103.898 119.832

45 Burnt Bone

C001 94.606 100.934 119.807

46 Burnt Bone

C001 95.147 101.980 119.630

47 Burnt Bone

C001 98.865 103.726 119.789

48

Unburnt


49

Unburnt

Bone

C001 94.202 102.659 119.733

50 Burnt Bone

C001 94.153 102.153 119.711

51 Burnt Bone

C001 94.561 102.489 119.632

52 Burnt Bone

C001 94.562 100.969 119.770

53 Burnt Bone

C001 94.608 102.692 119.718



46

54

Unburnt

Bone

C001 94.470 103.056 119.749

55 Burnt Bone

C001 94.889 103.822 103.822

56 Burnt Bone

C001 97.568 103.899 119.854

57 Burnt Bone

C001 94.273 102.006 119.721

58

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C001 94.433 103.555 119.744

59 Burnt Bone

C001 94.419 101.058 119.705

60 Burnt Bone

C001 94.396 101.791 119.684

61

Unburnt

Bone

C001 94.343 102.283 119.737

62

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C001 94.316 103.753 119.720

63

Unburnt

Bone

C001 94.243 101.658 119.747

64

Unburnt

Bone

C001 94.206 102.492 119.709

65 Burnt Bone

C001 97.874 103.027 119.754

66

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C001 93.872 102.115 119.734

67 Burnt Bone

C001 94.408 100.226 119.664

68 Burnt Bone

C001 95.693 104.819 119.777

69

Unburnt

Bone Animal Tooth? C001 94.647 102.561 119.579



47

70

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C001 93.605 101.882 119.726

71 Burnt Bone

C001 94.958 100.252 119.690

72 Burnt Bone

C001 93.789 100.268 119.638

73 Burnt Bone

C001 94.178 100.960 119.667

74

Unburnt


75 Burnt Bone

C001 97.876 103.101 119.670

76

Unburnt


77

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C001 94.068 101.730 119.562

78

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C001 95.011 100.971 119.691

79 Burnt Bone

C001 95.521 104.877 119.676

80 Burnt Bone

C001 93.613 102.262 119.665

81

Unburnt

Bone

C001 93.826 101.768 119.661

82

Unburnt

Bone

C001 93.884 101.753 119.589

83 Burnt Bone

C001 93.693 101.736 119.663

84

Unburnt

Bone Animal Horse Mandible C023 94.159 100.909 119.647

85 Burnt Bone

C001 94.288 102.078 119.614

86 Burnt Bone

C001 96.677 103.739 119.792



48

87 Burnt Bone

C001 99.263 104.175 119.747

88 Burnt Bone

C001 95.651 104.860 119.668

89 Burnt Bone

C001 96.460 104.192 119.693

90

Unburnt

Bone

C001 94.412 101.933 119.611

91 Burnt Bone

C001 94.340 101.914 119.597

92

Unburnt

Bone

C001 94.188 102.314 119.633

93

Unburnt

Bone Animal Mandible C001 94.725 103.817 119.660

94

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C001 95.218 104.665 119.693

95

Unburnt


96

Unburnt

Bone Animal Animal Rib C001 96.502 104.402 119.713

97

Unburnt

Bone Animal Probable Piglet C001 93.287 101.772 119.635

98 Burnt Bone

C001 97.216 104.525 119.811

99

Unburnt

Bone

C001 99.023 104.654 119.639

100

Unburnt

Bone

C001 93.458 101.678 119.653

101

Unburnt

Bone

C001 98.924 104.499 119.690

102 Burnt Bone

C001 93.065 101.515 119.649



49

103

Unburnt

Bone

C001 97.011 104.522 119.810

104

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C001 93.481 104.313 119.661

105

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C001 93.365 101.655 119.622

106 Burnt Bone

C001 93.155 101.472 119.609

107 Burnt Bone

Charred Bone C001 93.344 102.170 119.606

108 Burnt Bone

C001 97.075 102.921 119.627

109 Burnt Bone

C001 93.553 103.998 119.577

110

Unburnt

Bone

C001 93.724 102.454 119.638

111

Unburnt

Bone Animal Animal Vertabrae C001 93.065 100.460 119.515

112 Burnt Bone

C001 94.261 104.008 119.607

113 Burnt Bone

C001 97.363 102.831 119.579

114 Burnt Bone

C001 95.290 100.349 119.663

115 Burnt Bone

C001 93.283 103.624 119.613

116 Burnt Bone

C001 96.965 103.172 119.687

117

Unburnt

Bone Human Tooth C001 93.289 104.037 119.588

118

Unburnt

Bone

Bone C001 93.403 101.526 119.466

119 Burnt Bone

C001 96.826 103.144 119.586



50

120

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C001 97.498 103.313 119.651

121

Unburnt

Bone Animal Bone C001 93.225 102.985 119.626

122

Unburnt

Bone Animal Carnivore tooth C001 97.274 104.756 119.720

123 Burnt Bone

C001 93.402 103.624 119.549

124

Unburnt


125 Burnt Bone

C001 93.756 102.728 119.578

126

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C001 93.273 102.848 119.551

127 Burnt Bone

C001 93.512 102.828 119.570

128

Unburnt


129 Burnt Bone

C001 96.663 104.257 119.486

130

Unburnt

Bone

Bone C001 93.403 102.824 119.556

131 Burnt Bone

C001 93.581 103.729 119.492

132

Unburnt

Bone

C001 93.170 103.816 119.455

133

Unburnt

Bone

C001 97.138 102.565 119.387

134 Burnt Bone

C001 97.065 102.898 119.461

135

Unburnt

Bone

C001 93.501 101.620 119.483



51

136

Unburnt


137 Burnt Bone

C001 93.689 103.223 119.423

138

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C001 93.730 104.485 119.489

139 Burnt Bone

C001 93.750 104.389 119.499

140

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C001 98.104 104.177 119.656

141

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C001 96.924 104.018 119.429

142

Unburnt


143

Unburnt


144

Unburnt

Bone

C001 93.369 103.255 119.507

145 Burnt Bone

C001 93.535 104.632 119.468

146

Unburnt

Bone

C001 93.543 104.634 119.469

147 Burnt Bone

C001 93.417 104.633 119.334

148 Burnt Bone

C001 93.264 103.533 119.492

149 Burnt Bone

Skull Fragment C001 94.459 102.852 119.388

150

Unburnt


151 Burnt Bone

C001 94.486 102.860 119.365



52

152 Burnt Bone

C001 94.445 102.926 119.363

153 Burnt Bone Human Tooth C001 94.473 102.785 119.407

154

Unburnt

Bone

C001 94.301 104.166 119.516

155 Burnt Bone

C001 93.155 102.834 119.536

156

Unburnt

Bone

C001 98.661 104.382 119.653

157

Unburnt


158 Burnt Bone

Bone C001 93.340 102.804 1190505.000

159

Unburnt


160 Burnt Bone

C001 96.953 103.826 119.484

161 Burnt Bone

C001 94.048 104.290 119.564

162 Burnt Bone

C001 93.193 103.068 119.456

163

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C001 97.172 103.472 119.569

164 Burnt Bone

C001 93.323 103.077 119.394

165 Burnt Bone

C001 97.061 103.675 119.388

166 Burnt Bone

C001 94.053 104.632 119.507

167 Burnt Bone

C001 97.212 104.118 119.449

168 Burnt Bone

C001 93.363 103.335 119.375

169 Burnt Bone

C001 93.218 101.885 119.414

170 Burnt Bone

C001 98.912 104.381 119.643



53

171 Burnt Bone

C001 94.338 104.669 119.490

172

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C001 95.031 103.054 119.571

173 Burnt Bone

C001 93.969 104.581 119.480

174 Burnt Bone

C001 97.261 104.054 119.643

175 Burnt Bone

C001 94.931 102.951 119.548

176

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C001 94.105 104.374 119.489

177

Unburnt

Bone Animal Vertebrae C001 97.480 104.493 119.634

178 Burnt Bone

C001 93.789 104.276 119.498

179 Burnt Bone

C001 97.059 102.554 119.369

180 Burnt Bone

C001 98.685 104.471 119.553

181

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C001 97.187 103.823 119.493

182 Burnt Bone

C001 94.354 102.493 119.509

183 Burnt Bone

C001 93.359 104.095 119.427

184 Burnt Bone

C001 93.246 104.093 119.425

185

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C001 93.246 104.093 119.425

186

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C001 93.400 102.400 119.484

187 Burnt Bone

C001 98.200 104.500 119.534

188 Burnt Bone

C001 91.800 97.400 119.493



54

189

Unburnt

Bone

C001 98.400 104.400 119.519

190 Burnt Bone

C001 93.750 104.400 119.489

191

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C001 93.750 104.400 119.489

192

Unburnt

Bone Petrous Human petrous C001 98.400 104.500 119.493

193 Burnt Bone

C001 97.000 103.200 119.461

194

Unburnt

Bone Animal Vertebrae C001 97.000 103.200 119.461

195 Burnt Bone

C001 93.300 104.300 119.395

196 Burnt Bone

C001 98.800 104.400 119.664

197 Burnt Bone

C001 94.150 104.650 119.431

198

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C001 94.250 103.000 119.643

199

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C001 98.250 104.400 119.545

200 Burnt Bone

Rib C001 93.800 102.400 119.553

201

Unburnt

Bone

Rib - found on spoil

heap C001 0.000 0.000 0.000

202 Burnt Bone

C001 97.400 103.100 119.492

203

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C001 97.400 103.100 119.492

204

Unburnt

Bone

C001 93.150 102.450 119.434



55

205

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C001 97.500 103.500 119.569

206 Burnt Bone

C001 94.200 104.650 119.382

207

Unburnt


208

Unburnt

Bone

C001 94.200 104.650 119.514

209 Burnt Bone

C001 97.550 104.050 119.633

210

Unburnt

Bone

C001 97.550 104.050 119.633

211

Unburnt

Bone

C001 97.600 103.100 119.459

212

Unburnt


213

Unburnt


214 Burnt Bone

C001 97.500 104.350 119.220

215

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C001 99.500 103.500 119.633

216

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C001 97.500 104.350 119.220

217

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C001 97.900 103.200 119.489

218 Burnt Bone

C001 97.600 103.800 119.439

219 Burnt Bone

C001 93.200 104.500 119.555

220 Burnt Bone

C001 97.600 103.100 119.475



56

221 Burnt Bone Animal Vertebrae C001 97.600 103.100 119.475

222 Burnt Bone

C001 97.500 103.700 119.536

223 Burnt Bone

C001 97.712 103.460 119.447

224 Burnt Bone

C001 93.400 104.770 118.225

225 Burnt Bone

C001 93.400 104.770 118.225

226

Unburnt

Bone Animal tooth C001 93.120 104.460 119.233

227

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C001 97.650 103.290 119.447

228 Burnt Bone

C001 98.620 104.540 118.237

229 Burnt Bone

C001 97.770 102.930 119.457

230 Burnt Bone

C001 97.712 103.460 119.447

231 Burnt Bone

C001 94.160 104.690 119.482

232 Burnt Bone

C001 97.700 102.830 119.238

233 Burnt Bone

C001 93.970 104.530 119.203

234

Unburnt


235 Burnt Bone

C001 97.700 102.490 119.239

236 Burnt Bone

C001 94.520 102.470 119.313

237 Burnt Bone

C001 94.865 102.770 119.043

238 Burnt Bone

C001 94.210 102.780 119.142

239 Burnt Bone

C001 93.740 104.450 119.199

240

Unburnt

Bone

C001 94.210 102.780 119.142



57

241 Burnt Bone

C001 96.912 102.344 119.389

242 Burnt Bone

C001 98.406 103.327 119.466

243

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C001 98.411 103.327 119.466

244

Unburnt


245

Unburnt

Bone

C001 97.627 103.466 118.982

246

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C001 97.821 103.273 119.200

247 Burnt Bone

C001 94.801 105.307 119.643

248 Burnt Bone

C001 96.537 105.447 119.730

249

Unburnt

Bone

C001 94.928 105.153 119.688

250

Unburnt


251 Burnt Bone

C001 96.310 105.569 119.651

252 Burnt Bone

C001 95.256 105.844 119.608

253

Unburnt

Bone Human phalanges C001 96.318 105.629 119.626


255

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C001 95.268 105.596 119.599

256

Unburnt




58

257 Burnt Bone

C001 96.491 105.592 119.140

258

Unburnt

Bone

C001 95.996 105.179 119.774

259 Burnt Bone

C001 96.450 105.100 119.804

260

Unburnt


261

Unburnt


262 Burnt Bone

C001 96.223 105.439 119.781

263

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C001 96.117 105.311 119.751

264

Unburnt


265 Burnt Bone

C001 95.808 105.114 119.621

266

Unburnt

Bone Human Petrous C001 96.159 105.017 119.688

267 Burnt Bone

C023 93.655 102.068 119.472

268 Burnt Bone

C023 94.165 101.887 119.533

269 Burnt Bone

C001 95.264 105.599 119.523

270

Unburnt

Bone

C001 96.321 105.004 119.428

271 Burnt Bone

C023 93.977 102.360 119.498

272 Burnt Bone

C023 94.534 100.992 119.520

273

Unburnt




59

274

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C001 96.790 105.814 119.537

275

Unburnt

Bone

C001 96.510 105.120 119.539

276

Unburnt

Bone

C001 96.210 105.730 119.532

277 Burnt Bone

C023 93.964 102.090 119.423

278

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C001 95.505 105.639 119.397

279 Burnt Bone

C001 95.120 105.742 119.438

280 Burnt Bone

C001 96.589 106.108 119.589

281

Unburnt


282 Burnt Bone

C024 94.103 102.603 119.582

283 Burnt Bone

C024 94.738 102.609 119.479

284 Burnt Bone

C024 94.166 103.881 119.432

285

Unburnt


286 Burnt Bone

C024 94.212 101.427 119.540

287

Unburnt

Bone

C024 94.220 101.556 119.505

288 Burnt Bone

C024 94.299 101.083 119.553

289 Burnt Bone

C024 94.385 103.659 119.521

290

Unburnt




60

291

Unburnt


292 Burnt Bone

C024 93.893 101.448 119.529

293 Burnt Bone

C024 94.301 103.617 119.420

294 Burnt Bone

C024 94.259 101.622 119.498

295 Burnt Bone

C024 94.337 103.306 119.311

296 Burnt Bone

C024 94.341 103.047 119.531

297 Burnt Bone

C024 94.861 102.522 119.427

298 Burnt Bone

C024 94.036 101.750 119.496

299 Burnt Bone

C024 93.642 101.221 119.511

300

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C024 94.077 103.251 119.361

301

Unburnt

Bone

C024 94.565 102.148 119.416

302 Burnt Bone

C024 94.048 103.416 119.350

303 Burnt Bone

C024 94.324 104.540 119.135

304

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C024 94.197 104.674 119.134

305

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C024 94.258 103.281 119.304

306 Burnt Bone

C024 94.200 101.413 119.455

307

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C024 94.371 103.306 119.315

308 Burnt Bone

C024 93.953 104.335 119.107



61

309 Burnt Bone

C024 94.285 103.227 119.317

310 Burnt Bone

C024 94.713 101.728 119.404

311

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C024 94.713 101.728 119.404

312

Unburnt


313 Burnt Bone

C024 94.101 102.822 119.417

314

Unburnt


315 Burnt Bone

C024 94.387 102.994 119.540

316 Burnt Bone

Charred Bone C024 96.026 103.217 119.294

317 Burnt Bone

C001 95.180 103.177 119.431

318 Burnt Bone

C001 96.628 101.522 120.223

319 Burnt Bone

C024 94.449 102.895 119.364

320 Burnt Bone

C024 94.099 102.799 119.419

321 Burnt Bone

C001 97.540 102.610 119.317

322 Burnt Bone

C001 93.898 104.385 119.090

323 Burnt Bone

C024 93.908 101.717 119.522

324 Burnt Bone

C024 93.790 102.515 119.558

325 Burnt Bone

C024 94.964 103.456 119.278

326

Unburnt

Bone

C001 95.370 103.645 119.291

327

Unburnt

Bone

C001 97.943 102.932 119.310



62

328

Unburnt

Bone Animal Vertebra C024 93.166 104.324 119.155

329 Burnt Bone

C001 95.022 103.095 119.435

330 Burnt Bone

C001 94.978 102.993 119.444

331

Unburnt


332

Unburnt

Bone

C024 93.949 102.885 119.340

333 Burnt Bone

Charred Bone C024 93.861 102.813 119.382

334

Unburnt


335 Burnt Bone

C024 93.577 103.335 119.348

336 Burnt Bone

C001 98.001 102.925 119.045

337 Burnt Bone

C001 96.348 103.572 119.172

338

Unburnt

Bone

C001 97.838 103.023 119.092

339

Unburnt

Bone

C031 95.905 103.288 119.106

340 Burnt Bone

C001 98.041 103.177 119.146

341 Burnt Bone

C001 92.855 101.106 119.730

342 Burnt Bone

C031 95.504 103.321 119.259

343

Unburnt

Bone

C001 97.189 102.456 119.268

344 Burnt Bone

C001 92.708 100.700 119.625



63

345

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C031 95.506 103.671 119.200

346

Unburnt


347 Burnt Bone

C001 92.390 100.991 119.673

348

Unburnt

Bone

C001 97.743 102.730 119.150

349

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C001 92.786 103.356 119.633

350 Burnt Bone

C001 92.905 103.518 119.641

351

Unburnt

Bone

patella C001 99.641 104.238 119.232

352

Unburnt


353

Unburnt

Bone Human tooth C001 97.309 102.850 119.116

354 Burnt Bone

C001 97.220 102.690 119.271

355 Burnt Bone

C001 92.403 101.632 119.703

356

Unburnt

Bone

C001 97.321 102.562 119.273

357

Unburnt


358

Unburnt


359 Burnt Bone

C001 92.586 101.578 119.762

360 Burnt Bone

C001 92.817 102.187 119.738



64

361 Burnt Bone

C001 92.218 101.667 119.680

362 Burnt Bone

Charred Bone C001 92.728 101.167 119.715

363 Burnt Bone

C001 92.293 100.390 119.550

364 Burnt Bone

C001 92.446 103.220 119.597

365 Burnt Bone

C001 92.788 100.497 119.545

366 Burnt Bone

C001 92.208 104.390 119.421

367 Burnt Bone

C001 92.596 103.806 119.520

368 Burnt Bone

C001 92.311 102.371 119.371

369 Burnt Bone

C001 92.157 103.778 119.521

370

Unburnt


371

Unburnt


372

Unburnt

Bone

C001 92.651 100.580 119.504

373 Burnt Bone

C001 92.651 100.580 119.504

374 Burnt Bone

C001 92.693 102.177 119.684

375 Burnt Bone

C001 91.920 101.577 119.511

376 Burnt Bone

C001 92.596 104.398 119.369

377 Burnt Bone

C001 92.483 101.309 119.260

378 Burnt Bone

C001 92.794 102.302 119.628

379 Burnt Bone

C001 92.554 100.972 119.556

380 Burnt Bone

C001 92.897 104.247 119.404



65

381 Burnt Bone

C001 92.932 102.440 119.633

382 Burnt Bone

C001 92.773 101.021 119.541

383 Burnt Bone

C001 92.842 101.564 119.750

384 Burnt Bone

C001 92.915 102.137 119.660

385 Burnt Bone

C001 97.863 102.728 118.924

386 Burnt Bone

C001 92.872 103.882 119.453

387 Burnt Bone

C001 92.639 101.217 119.540

388 Burnt Bone

C001 92.354 101.632 119.597

389 Burnt Bone

C001 97.538 102.498 119.147

390

Unburnt


391 Burnt Bone

C001 92.786 104.797 119.358

392 Burnt Bone

C001 92.831 101.569 119.660

393 Burnt Bone

C001 92.873 101.952 119.556

394 Burnt Bone

C001 92.606 101.948 119.551

395 Burnt Bone

C001 91.912 101.809 119.492

396

Unburnt


397

Unburnt

Bone

C001 92.378 101.560 119.563

398

Unburnt

Bone

C001 92.849 101.235 119.506

399

Unburnt

Bone

C001 96.894 102.363 119.341



66

400

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C001 96.790 102.399 119.280

401

Unburnt

Bone

C001 92.441 100.883 119.180

402 Burnt Bone

C001 92.269 104.356 119.320

403 Burnt Bone

C001 92.093 100.441 119.183

404

Unburnt

Bone

phalanges C001 92.502 101.114 119.521

405 Burnt Bone

C001 92.649 101.886 119.543

406 Burnt Bone

C001 92.813 102.176 119.508

407 Burnt Bone

C001 92.261 101.074 119.515

408

Unburnt

Bone

phalanges C001 92.367 101.070 119.529

409

Unburnt

Bone

C001 92.460 102.153 119.506

410

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C001 97.106 102.472 119.197

411 Burnt Bone

C001 92.104 101.729 119.498

412 Burnt Bone

C001 92.558 104.862 119.386

413 Burnt Bone

C001 91.440 100.969 119.466

414 Burnt Bone

C001 92.014 100.191 119.521

415 Burnt Bone

C001 91.686 102.724 119.425

416 Burnt Bone

C001 92.361 104.839 119.373

417

Unburnt




67

418 Burnt Bone

C001 96.878 102.729 119.252

419

Unburnt

Bone

C001 92.608 100.964 119.498

420

Unburnt

Bone

C001 92.463 102.665 119.483

421 Burnt Bone

C001 92.486 102.241 119.513

422 Burnt Bone

C001 92.480 102.240 119.513

423 Burnt Bone

C001 92.485 102.230 119.513

424 Burnt Bone

C001 91.909 104.942 119.410

425 Burnt Bone

C001 92.216 101.020 119.472

426

Unburnt

Bone

C001 92.804 102.880 119.485

427 Burnt Bone

C030 98.798 103.395 119.343

428 Burnt Bone

Charred Bone C001 96.986 102.684 119.193

429 Burnt Bone

Charred Bone C001 97.529 102.417 119.135

430

Unburnt

Bone

C001 91.340 101.876 119.374

431 Burnt Bone

Charred Bone C001 98.604 103.503 119.940

432

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C030 98.604 103.503 119.940

433

Unburnt

Bone

C030 92.612 100.938 119.451

434 Burnt Bone

C001 98.604 103.503 118.940

435 Burnt Bone

C030 96.844 102.520 119.169



68

436

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C001 96.876 102.579 119.167

437

Unburnt

Bone Animal tooth C001 98.597 103.470 118.949

438

Unburnt


439 Burnt Bone

C001 98.545 103.196 119.033

440 Burnt Bone

C001 98.542 103.245 119.029

441

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C030 98.615 103.665 118.889

442

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C030 98.674 103.408 118.958

443 Burnt Bone

C001 91.587 100.682 119.370

444

Unburnt

Bone

C001 92.475 104.684 119.324

445 Burnt Bone

C001 92.059 102.884 119.408

446

Unburnt

Bone

C030 98.454 103.882 119.181

447

Unburnt

Bone

C001 97.771 102.529 119.034

448

Unburnt

Bone Human Tooth (infant) C001 92.056 104.610 119.252

449

Unburnt

Bone Human Tooth (infant) C001 97.694 102.508 119.011

450 Burnt Bone

C001 91.887 102.965 119.965

451 Burnt Bone

C001 97.664 102.506 118.970



69

452 Burnt Bone

C001 91.694 103.357 119.379

453 Burnt Bone

C001 92.033 102.178 119.387

454 Burnt Bone

C001 91.819 102.580 119.344

455 Burnt Bone

C034 95.264 103.634 119.297

456

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C001 91.539 103.912 119.244

457 Burnt Bone

C001 92.890 104.770 119.289

458 Burnt Bone

C001 91.552 103.130 119.260

459

Unburnt

Bone

C030 99.052 104.534 118.926

460 Burnt Bone

C001 91.906 101.072 119.417

461 Burnt Bone

C001 92.466 104.115 119.273


463 Burnt Bone

C001 92.516 104.673 119.266

464 Burnt Bone

C001 92.069 101.550 119.376

465 Burnt Bone

C001 92.191 104.719 119.152

466 Burnt Bone

C001 92.170 104.306 119.231

467 Burnt Bone

C034 95.089 103.797 119.331

468 Burnt Bone

C001 97.023 102.548 119.001

469 Burnt Bone

C001 96.168 102.506 119.035

470 Burnt Bone

C001 91.168 101.487 119.238

471 Burnt Bone

C035 95.115 103.882 119.165



70

472

Unburnt

Bone Animal tooth fragment? C001 96.935 103.235 118.818

473 Burnt Bone

C028 99.666 103.367 119.344

474 Burnt Bone

C001 92.116 101.019 119.331

475

Unburnt

Bone Animal

C030 99.709 104.649 118.865

476 Burnt Bone

C030 99.093 104.448 118.867

477 Burnt Bone

C024 93.576 102.441 119.428

478 Burnt Bone

C024 93.864 102.705 119.318

479 Burnt Bone

C024 94.061 101.632 119.419

480 Burnt Bone

C001 91.444 101.258 119.245

481 Burnt Bone

C024 93.504 102.901 119.308


483 Burnt Bone

C024 93.562 103.172 119.348

484 Burnt Bone

C024 94.063 102.798 119.252

485 Burnt Bone

C001 93.100 104.322 119.109

486 Burnt Bone

C028 99.835 103.526 119.456

487 Burnt Bone

C001 95.197 105.906 119.478

488

Unburnt


489 Burnt Bone

C024 93.018 101.638 119.365

490 Burnt Bone

C024 92.581 102.496 119.317

491 Burnt Bone

C024 93.533 102.492 119.444



71

492 Burnt Bone

C024 93.018 102.406 119.365

493 Burnt Bone

C001 95.022 102.162 119.546

494

Unburnt


495

Unburnt

Bone

C001 95.183 102.581 119.378

496

Unburnt


497 Burnt Bone

C001 95.142 103.896 119.129

498 Burnt Bone

C001 95.053 102.053 119.604

499

Unburnt


500 Burnt Bone

C001 98.736 102.311 119.430

501

Unburnt


502 Burnt Bone

C001 95.121 103.511 119.214

503 Burnt Bone

C001 95.100 102.073 119.485

504

Unburnt


505 Burnt Bone

C001 95.134 102.195 119.546

506 Burnt Bone

C001 95.095 103.094 119.219

507 Burnt Bone

C024 92.246 103.619 119.011

508 Burnt Bone

C001 94.980 101.819 119.334

509

Unburnt




72

510

Unburnt


511 Burnt Bone

C037 95.249 103.290 119.256

512

Unburnt




73

Appendix 4 Horse mandible identification

Material for Radiocarbon dating: 16E0129: Roughan Hill, Co. Clare

A total of 21 fragments of one horse mandible were received. This was recorded as recovered

from Context C023 and as Sample 084.

ID No. Context Sample Species Element Side P2 P3 P4 M1 M2 M3

5657 023 084 Horse Mandible Left Alv Alv Alv Alv Pres Pres

Measurements:

M2: L=23.2 W=13.0, H=circa 13mm.

M3 W=12.5 H=23.0mm.

On the basis of the toothwear it is estimated that the horse was aged 16 years or over at the

time of its death. This equates to an old adult.

Dr Fiona Beglane



74

Appendix 5 Radiocarbon date



75

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