prepared by elaine wallace phd global and regional policy networks in the ict environment ict4d...

Prepared by Elaine Wallace PhD Prepared by Elaine Wallace PhD

Global and Regional Policy Networks Global and Regional Policy Networks in the ICT environmentin the ICT environment

ICT4D policy development workshopICT4D policy development workshop

CIVIC 2.0CIVIC 2.0

November 11-12, 2008November 11-12, 2008


Global and Regional Policy NetworksGlobal and Regional Policy Networks

Current policy frameworkCurrent policy framework• Common developmental vision via CSMCommon developmental vision via CSM• Imperative for ICT developmentImperative for ICT development

Reasons: Reasons: • Economic prosperityEconomic prosperity• Improved service deliveryImproved service delivery• Enhanced democracyEnhanced democracy• Political accountabilityPolitical accountability



“ … “ … The strong influence of The strong influence of Information and Communication Information and Communication Technology in shaping the process of Technology in shaping the process of globalization, particularly in the globalization, particularly in the productive, commercial and financial productive, commercial and financial spheres, is also widely recognised.” spheres, is also widely recognised.” (CARICOM, 2006)(CARICOM, 2006)



EnvironmentEnvironment Markets more globalisedMarkets more globalised

• Domestic markets linked/led (?) to Domestic markets linked/led (?) to global marketsglobal markets

• ICT industry globalisedICT industry globalised information and communication servicesinformation and communication services telecommunicationstelecommunications electronic media services.electronic media services.


Global and Regional Policy Global and Regional Policy NetworksNetworks

Global ICT marketplaceGlobal ICT marketplace plus US$3.7 trillion in 2008 plus US$3.7 trillion in 2008 plus US$4 trillion by 2011plus US$4 trillion by 2011• annual 10.3 per cent growth 2007 and 2008annual 10.3 per cent growth 2007 and 2008• Top 10 ICT spenders:Top 10 ICT spenders:

United States, Japan, China, Germany, United United States, Japan, China, Germany, United Kingdom, France, Italy, Brazil, Canada, and SpainKingdom, France, Italy, Brazil, Canada, and Spain

• Technology sector dominatesTechnology sector dominates• Govt. & business 71%; consumer 29%Govt. & business 71%; consumer 29%

(Sources: (Sources: http://mis-asia.com/final-import/cwm/cio-article-2795http://mis-asia.com/final-import/cwm/cio-article-2795, Oct 13/08; (, Oct 13/08; (http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/10/05/ict_growth_report/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/10/05/ict_growth_report/ - accessed Oct 17/07) - accessed Oct 17/07)



China China • largest exporter (US to 2003) largest exporter (US to 2003) • 22% growth since 200022% growth since 2000• spending in 2005 estimated at around $118bnspending in 2005 estimated at around $118bn

Globally:Globally: Approx. 13 per cent the share of ICT Approx. 13 per cent the share of ICT goods in total international trade goods in total international trade

• Sources: Sources: http://mis-asia.com/final-import/cwm/cio-article-2795http://mis-asia.com/final-import/cwm/cio-article-2795, Oct 13/08; , Oct 13/08; ((http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/10/05/ict_growth_report/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/10/05/ict_growth_report/ - accessed Oct - accessed Oct 17/07 17/07



Areas for ICT development - Areas for ICT development - World Bank (2006) World Bank (2006) • financing infrastructure, financing infrastructure, • public-private partnershipspublic-private partnerships• effective competition extending access, effective competition extending access, • ICT for business and national e-strategiesICT for business and national e-strategies



Overarching considerationsOverarching considerations• Conceptual (subjective) adjustment to Conceptual (subjective) adjustment to

current ICT environment. current ICT environment. • Market dynamicsMarket dynamics

Infrastructural deficitsInfrastructural deficits Competition vs consolidationCompetition vs consolidation Monopoly/duopoly again?Monopoly/duopoly again? ICT primary products?ICT primary products? Access and appropriationAccess and appropriation



Measuring ICT developmentMeasuring ICT development• Technology Achievement Index – UNDP (2001)Technology Achievement Index – UNDP (2001)• Digital Achievement Index – ITU (WSIS)Digital Achievement Index – ITU (WSIS)• Networked Readiness Index – World Econ. Networked Readiness Index – World Econ.

Forum)Forum)• OthersOthers

Digital opportunity IndexDigital opportunity Index E-Readiness IndexE-Readiness Index ICT Opportunity IndexICT Opportunity Index

• Towards common indicators (UN ICT Task Towards common indicators (UN ICT Task Force)Force)



UNDP [Information] Technology UNDP [Information] Technology Achievement Index (2001) to Achievement Index (2001) to measure capacity for integration and measure capacity for integration and participation in global economy.participation in global economy.

Indicators Indicators Creation of technologyCreation of technology Diffusion of recent innovationsDiffusion of recent innovations Diffusion of old technologiesDiffusion of old technologies Human skillsHuman skills



Indicators for Digital Achievement Index - Source: ITU



Upper LevelUpper Level

Bahamas 0.622Bahamas 0.622St. Kitts and Nevis St. Kitts and Nevis 0.6030.603Antigua & Barbuda Antigua & Barbuda 0.5740.574Barbados 0.575Barbados 0.575Dominica 0.546Dominica 0.546Trinidad & Tobago Trinidad & Tobago 0.5370.537Jamaica 0.538Jamaica 0.538St. Lucia 0.529St. Lucia 0.529Grenada 0.51Grenada 0.51

Medium LevelMedium Level

Belize 0.47Belize 0.47Suriname 0.46Suriname 0.46Guyana0.43Guyana0.43Dominican Republic Dominican Republic 0.420.42(Cuba 0.38)(Cuba 0.38)

Low LevelLow Level

Haiti 0.15Haiti 0.15Source:: International Source:: International Telecommunications Union- DAI)Telecommunications Union- DAI)



““Network readiness’ - degree to which a Network readiness’ - degree to which a community is prepared to participate in community is prepared to participate in the networked world the networked world World Economic Forum and the World Economic Forum and the

International Trade CentreInternational Trade Centre (2002) (2002) Networked readiness Index indicatorsNetworked readiness Index indicators

• Environment for ICT developmentEnvironment for ICT development• Readiness of individuals, business and govt.Readiness of individuals, business and govt.• ICT use by above groupsICT use by above groups



World Bank (2006 report) measures of b/band World Bank (2006 report) measures of b/band useuse

ReadinessReadinessUnited States United States • 129.1/1000 subscribers to a broadband internet129.1/1000 subscribers to a broadband internet• 3308 bits per person 3308 bits per person

Caribbean Caribbean • Few less than 1.0 subscribers Few less than 1.0 subscribers • other countries ranged 11.5/1000 in Grenada s other countries ranged 11.5/1000 in Grenada s • Barbados highest with 101/1000. Barbados highest with 101/1000.



ECLAC study (2007) concluded “ …all elements all elements are in place for the Caribbean to take off and are in place for the Caribbean to take off and materialize the promise of ICT for Human materialize the promise of ICT for Human Development’ Development’ • But … deficits.But … deficits.• Uneven developmentUneven development

Hence, Regional Plan of Action eLAC2007 with Hence, Regional Plan of Action eLAC2007 with UN support and CARICOM UN support and CARICOM • research, awareness and capacity building project on research, awareness and capacity building project on

Public (ICT) policies in the Caribbean Region Public (ICT) policies in the Caribbean Region • Assessment of Public ICT Policies and Information Assessment of Public ICT Policies and Information

Society in the Caribbean.Society in the Caribbean.



Deficits Deficits • processes of capacity buildingprocesses of capacity building• infrastructure strengtheninginfrastructure strengthening• investment in research, science and investment in research, science and

technologytechnology• (some) institutional and social (some) institutional and social

components components Regulatory FrameworksRegulatory Frameworks Financing and Human resourcesFinancing and Human resources



eLAC2007 frame of reference for eLAC2007 frame of reference for issues issues • • Access and InfrastructureAccess and Infrastructure

• • Capacities and KnowledgeCapacities and Knowledge

• • Content and Public ServiceContent and Public Service

• • Policy Instruments.Policy Instruments.



IssuesIssues Absence of developed policy frameworks for Absence of developed policy frameworks for

ICTICT Absence of data requiredAbsence of data required Allocation of government resources Allocation of government resources

insufficientinsufficient Potential not being realised Potential not being realised

• Democracy and citizen participationDemocracy and citizen participation• Contibuting transparency and accountability of Contibuting transparency and accountability of

public authoritiespublic authorities• facilitating local governance and civil society facilitating local governance and civil society

participationparticipation



Issues cont’d…Issues cont’d… Infrastructure to support ICT services Infrastructure to support ICT services

(reliability, redundancy and (reliability, redundancy and affordability) affordability)

Increasing access to infrastructureIncreasing access to infrastructure• Increasing penetration of ICTs Increasing penetration of ICTs

access to computers, access to computers, narrow and broadband Internetnarrow and broadband Internet



IssuesIssues Increasing facilities/programmes for social Increasing facilities/programmes for social

access to ICTaccess to ICT• ICT community centerICT community center• CybercafésCybercafés• universal access to ICT in schools universal access to ICT in schools • public access points - libraries, post offices, public access points - libraries, post offices,

government offices government offices Limited response to training needs, Limited response to training needs,

demand for contentdemand for content



IssuesIssues Funding limitedFunding limited

• Few universal funding arrangementsFew universal funding arrangements Education – focus to be greater; Education – focus to be greater;

potential to be maximisedpotential to be maximised• Training required Training required

ICT literacy/ digital Literacy ICT literacy/ digital Literacy Use and appropriation of ICTs in the populationUse and appropriation of ICTs in the population

Limited entrepreneurial engagementLimited entrepreneurial engagement



Issues Issues ContentContent

• Generally limited, however …Generally limited, however … Younger generation active Younger generation active communications media with online diaspora websites communications media with online diaspora websites

e.g. for Jamaican musice.g. for Jamaican music Use of mobile phones (technology)Use of mobile phones (technology)

For internet access in the absence of computers For internet access in the absence of computers among many tin the populationsamong many tin the populations

Disaster preparedness and recoveryDisaster preparedness and recovery Delivering information and contentDelivering information and content Use of ICT in crime fighting, national security and e.g. Use of ICT in crime fighting, national security and e.g.

agricultureagriculture



General policy contextGeneral policy context• WSISWSIS

2003 Plan of action2003 Plan of action 2005 Tunis Commitment 2005 Tunis Commitment

-> ICTs to drive productivity and competitiveness-> ICTs to drive productivity and competitiveness

-> social and economic development-> social and economic development

Americas connectivity agendaAmericas connectivity agenda Regional connectivity agendaRegional connectivity agenda



Global policyGlobal policy Urugruay Round –new profile of Urugruay Round –new profile of

infocom economic activitiesinfocom economic activities WTO WTO

• 1997/94% of global markets; liberalised 1997/94% of global markets; liberalised tradetrade

• formalised global competitionformalised global competition• TRIPS – intellectual property in tradeTRIPS – intellectual property in trade



GATSGATS ICT services = tradable services ICT services = tradable services General agreement on Basic Telecoms General agreement on Basic Telecoms

servicesservices 1996 Ministerial declaration on Information 1996 Ministerial declaration on Information

technology – binding commitments for technology – binding commitments for development of IT industriesdevelopment of IT industries



Global market trendsGlobal market trends high-cost high-cost low-cost production locations low-cost production locations

• Developed Developed developing countries developing countriesMalaysia, PhilippinesMalaysia, Philippines other countries to lesser extendother countries to lesser extend

Shift in investment & trade flowsShift in investment & trade flows• OutsourcingOutsourcing• Offshoring Offshoring • (productivity gains/ employment gains)(productivity gains/ employment gains)



processes convergeprocesses converge• New multilateral agreements have New multilateral agreements have

redefined trade and economic relations redefined trade and economic relations viz flow of information/communications viz flow of information/communications goods and servicesgoods and services

• New multilateral agreements reflect New multilateral agreements reflect globalised economyglobalised economy

• Globalisation facilitated by info. Globalisation facilitated by info. Technology developmentsTechnology developments



Americas Agenda for Connectivity in Americas Agenda for Connectivity in the Americas held 2001 in Quebec the Americas held 2001 in Quebec CanadaCanada

Caribbean Single Market (and Caribbean Single Market (and economy)economy)

Ministers responsible for ICT (2004)Ministers responsible for ICT (2004) Coordinated approach to conceptualization Coordinated approach to conceptualization

and development of ICT policies and development of ICT policies ICT group within the CARICOM Working ICT group within the CARICOM Working

Group on Services (COTED) Group on Services (COTED)



CARICOM CARICOM • CARICOM Connectivity Agenda 2004 Steering CARICOM Connectivity Agenda 2004 Steering

CommitteeCommittee• Shift in policy on regional ICT policy makingShift in policy on regional ICT policy making

Coordination Coordination Trade and economic development portfolioTrade and economic development portfolio ICT connectivity agenda cross sectoralICT connectivity agenda cross sectoral Connectivity for CSMConnectivity for CSM CARICOM’s ICT4Dev Agenda.



ECLACECLAC• Regional Plan of Action eLAC2007 with Regional Plan of Action eLAC2007 with

UN support and CARICOM UN support and CARICOM decisions from Tunis commitment and decisions from Tunis commitment and

AgendaAgenda

• Research, awareness and capacity Research, awareness and capacity building in Public ICT policiesbuilding in Public ICT policies

• Assessment of Public ICT Policies and Assessment of Public ICT Policies and Information Society in the Caribbean.Information Society in the Caribbean.



Other regional institutions CTU: Monitors the development of

Telecommunication markets and technologies

CKLN: The Caribbean Knowledge Learning Network• Capacity Building through ICTs

Information Technology • Interconnection of academic institutions



Regional policy frameworkRegional policy framework RequirementsRequirements

• Cross-sectoral approachCross-sectoral approach Macro-economic policyMacro-economic policy EducationEducation Foreign relationsForeign relations Institutional rolesInstitutional roles

• CARICOM/CSMCARICOM/CSM• CTUCTU• CDBCDB• Regional negotiations/WTORegional negotiations/WTO



Status Moving forwardStatus Moving forward Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago

• most advance viz ICT policy framewokrsmost advance viz ICT policy framewokrs• Policy/plan Policy/plan • Coordinating agency,Coordinating agency,• funding budget,funding budget,• implementationimplementation

BarbadosBarbados• advanced advanced • dedicated budget in 2006dedicated budget in 2006



Grenada Grenada • ICT plan ICT plan • Partial agencyPartial agency

St Lucia St Lucia • Partial ICT plan Partial ICT plan • Coordinating agencyCoordinating agency

Guyana Guyana • strategy publishedstrategy published• coordinating agencycoordinating agency



Jamaica, Barbados and Trinidad and Jamaica, Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago lead on the main indicatorsTobago lead on the main indicators• Egovernment servicesEgovernment services• Link between public sector reform and ICT Link between public sector reform and ICT

developmentdevelopment• Jamaica leads with ICT budget and public ICT Jamaica leads with ICT budget and public ICT

fundsfunds• Trinidad most advanced with legislative Trinidad most advanced with legislative

framework – etransactions, cybercrime, framework – etransactions, cybercrime, consumer protectionconsumer protection

• Barbados and Guyana had highest broadband Barbados and Guyana had highest broadband use in 2004 (W/Bank 2006)use in 2004 (W/Bank 2006)


Main regional policy objectivesMain regional policy objectives

Regional Policy CoordinationRegional Policy Coordination Formulation and Implementation of Formulation and Implementation of

Policies at a National LevelPolicies at a National Level Budget and FinancesBudget and Finances e-Government Initiativese-Government Initiatives Accessibility and ReachAccessibility and Reach Strengthening Local ICT CapacityStrengthening Local ICT Capacity Research and Information CollectionResearch and Information Collection Telecommunication IssuesTelecommunication Issues



Thank youThank you

prepared by elaine wallace phd global and regional policy networks in the ict environment ict4d...

Documents

elaine wallace phd global

ict spenders

ict developmentimperative

global marketsdomestic

ict development reasons

share of ict goods

globalised markets

cent growth