REPORTED BY:

RUTH UYPATRICK O WINCHARD

SANTIAGOJAYSON ESCAREZ

NECESSARIMAYZEL BANAAGMATHEW TUZON

Preschooler

• 3-5 years of age

• Physical growth slows considerably during this period, personality and cognitive growth are substantial.

• Important period growth for parents

• This age want to do things for themselves

Physical Growth

• Preschooler becomes slimmer, taller and much more childlike proportions

• Contour changes become apparent

can be

•Ectomorphic (slim body build)

• Endomorphic (large body build)

• Lymphatic tissue increase in size

• IgG and IgA antibodies increases

• Innocent heart murmurs

• Bladdeer is easily palpable above the symphysis pubis;Void frequently (9 or 10 times a day)

• Genus Valgus

• Pulse Rate: 85 bpm

• Blood Pressure: 100-160

• Respiratory Rate: 20-30 cpm

• Frequent voiding(9-10x a day)

• Has well formed arch of the foot.

Genus Valgus

•Condition where the knees and angle in and touch one another when the legs are straightened.

• Normal phase of development

•Between ages 2-5 years old

• Girls have more genu valguscompared to young boys

Height and Weight

Height:

• Growth in height averages

(6.25 to 7.5cm)per year.

• Average height at 5 years 110cm, or double the birth length.

Height and Weight

Weight:

• The average weight gain during preschool age is 2.3kg/year.

• Average weight at 5 years 18.7kg. ordouble the weight of one year of age.

Head Circumference

• Head circumference is not routinely measured at physical assessments on children over 2 years of age.

Teeth

• Preschoolers generally have all the 20 deciduous teeth

• Rarely that a new teeth erupts at this stage

Developmental Milestone

Language Development

• 3 years old child has 900 vocabulary words

• Used to ask question (up to 400 a day)

• Mostly how and why questions

• Imitates language exactly

• Egocentric

Play

• Imitates what they’re parents are doing (imitative play)

• Pretend to be a nurse, doctor, teacher etc.

• Have imaginary friends

• Interested in group games and songs (5y/o)

Developmental Task

Initiative vs Guilt (Erickson)

• Initiative is the developmental task that a child should be able to achieve.

• Child is punished Child develops guilt

Or criticized upon f or wanting to try

initiative new activities

* A child with well developed sense of initiative discovers that learning something new is fun.

Imitation– children generally imitate what they’re parents are doing

•pretends feeding a doll

•do chores (helping to mop the floor)•a girl might wear a large shoes

Fantasy•learns to differentiate fantasy and reality•become afraid that they might lost their identify and become stuck in their fantasies

Oedipus and Electra Complex

• Oedipus – refers to the strong emotional attachment of a preschool boy to his mother

• Electra Complex – attachment of a preschool girl to her fatherOedipus

Nursing Responsibility:

Parents who are not prepared for this behaviourmay feel hurt/rejected it is important to reassure them that this phenomena of competition is normal.

Gender RolesPreschoolers need exposure to an adult of the opposite gender so they can become familiar with opposite gender roles

SocializationPreschoolers become more involve in play groups thus arguments would be often.

•They develop having best buds or best friends

Motor Development of Preschool child

At 3 Years:– Can wash hands.– Can feed himself well.– Build a tower of 9-10 blocks.– Can go to toilet.– Begins to use a scissor.– Can ride a tricycle.– Go up stairs.– Stand on one foot for a few

seconds.

Motor Development of Preschool child (cont.)

At 4 Years:• Can jump well, goes up and down stairs.• Can brush his teeth, lace

his shoes.• Can copy a square.

Motor Development of Preschool child (cont.)

At 5 Years: • Can use scissor well.• Drew a recognizable picture of a man.• Can dress himself without assistance.• Can wash himself without wetting his

clothes.• Can balance on one foot for about 8 seconds.

Gross motor

• 3 years old – runs

- alternate feet on stairs

- stands on one foot

• 4 years old – jumps and skips

• 5 years old – Throws overhand

PhyschosexualDevelopment

• Phallic stage – child learns sexual identity through awareness of genital area

Nursing Implications

• Accepts child’s sexual interest such as fonding his/her own

• Genirals as a normal area of exploration. Help parents answer child’s question about birth or sexual differences

Cognitive Development (Piaget)

• Preoperational Thought

Centering – looks at an object and focuses only to one of its characteristics

Intuitional Thought –refers to lack of insight to put themselves in someones situation

Lack of Conservation- meaning they cannpot see that only the form not the amount has changed

Lack of Reversibility – they cannopt retrace steps

Moral Development

• Pre-conventional Level (Level 1)

2-3 years old – punishment or obedience orientation. Child does right to avoid punishmet

4-7 years old – individualism. Carries out action to satisfy own needs rather than the society’s

Promoting Preschool Safety

• Keeping children Safe, Strong and Free

1. Warning them not to talk or accept a ride from strangers

2. Teaching a child how to call for help

3. Describe how police officer look like

4. Explain that if children/adults ask them to keep a secret and made them uncomfortable they should tell their parents or another trusted adults

4. Explain that if children/adults ask

them to keep a secret and made them uncomfortable they should tell their parents or another trusted adults

5. Explain that bul;lying behaviour

from other children is not to be tolerated but should be reported so they can receive help in managing it.

Promoting Motor Vehicle and Bicycle Safety

• Parents should stress the importance of seat belts.

• Parents should provide they’re child with helmet when riding on their bicycle.

Promoting Nutritional Health

• Offer small amount of servings so the children wouldn’t be overwhelmed by the amount of food on the plate.

• Don’t give sugary foods before meal as they decrease child’s appetite.

• Teach parents to make mealtime happy and enjoyable.

Promoting Development of preschool in Daily Activities

• Dressing

Preschooler prefer bright colors or prints and may select clothes that mismatched

•Sleep

- Refuse to go to sleep at night because of fear of dark and nightmares

• Bathing - Do not leave unattended in the bath tub

•Care of the Teeth- Child should continue drinking

fluoridated wter to keep strong - After preschooler brushed their

teetyh parents should check that all tooth surfaces are cleaned.- Encourage children to eat healthy snacks like apple, banana, carrots instead of sweets to prevent tooth decay.

• Night Grinding or Bruxism

- Refers to grinding the teeth at night (usually at sleep )

- children do this for a short time each night to release tension which allows them to fall asleep

- children who grinds teeth extensively has greater than normal anxiety

Promoting Healthy Functioning Family

• Major parntal role – develop vocabulary development

Discipline

• Time out as discipline technique

-Time out is a discipline technique that invovles placing children in a very boring place for several minutes following unacceptable behaviours.Timeout means time out fro any attention.

Common Health Problems

• Major Cause of Death

1. Automobile Accidents

2. Poisoning

3. And Falls

• Minor Illnesses

1. Colds

2. Ear Infections

3. Flu

Common Fears of the Preschool

• Fear of the dark

• Fear of mutilation

• Fear of separation or abandonment

Behaviour Variations

• Telling Tales- means stretching stories to make them more interesting

• Imaginary Friends –although this is normal in preschooler parents should help child to separate fact from fantasy

• Difficulty Sharing

• Regression

• Sibling Rivalry

Effect of birth of a sibling

• Any environmental changes may have traumatic effect on the child, the birth of sibling is a change and deprives the older child of some parent’s attention.

• The child feels loss of affection.

• He feels also rejected and may become jealous. continue

• He usually shows his hostility to the new baby openly and directly.

• He shown his hostility toward his mother in different ways

• The mother should accept such temporary behavior and must discuss with him the difference between his needs and those of the infant.

Effect of birth of a sibling

Early Sexual Development

■ Purposefully touching private parts (masturbation), occasionally in the presence of others

■ Attempting to see other people when they are naked or undressing

■ Mimicking dating behavior (such as kissing, or holding hands)

Early Sexual Development

■ Talking about private parts and using “naughty” words, even when they don’t understand the meaning

■ Exploring private parts with children their own age (such as “playing doctor”, “I’ll show you mine if you show me yours,” etc.)

Child Care Center

• A school or childcare experience is helpful for preschoolers, as peer exposures appears to have a positive effect on social development.

• The terms “childcare center” “preschool” and “nursery school” are often used interchangeably, so parents cannot depend on the name of school to define it’s structure.

Broken Fluency

• Broken Fluency – Repetition and prolongation of sonds , syllables and words

○ often referred to us (secondary

stuttering)

○It is part of the normal

development and as such will pass

Encourage a Sense of Initiative on a Physically Challenged Child

• Nutrition –respect child prefernces

:serve toast or sandwiches cut into animal shapes

• Medicine – Allow child to choose a chaser such as juice after taking oral medicine

• Rest – Provide adequate light in child’s room

• Hygiene – allow child to choose bath tub toys, clothing

- allow child to wash himself

•Pain –Encourage the child to express pain

Stimulation

• Guessing games encourage sense of initiative

• Provide Provide manipulative toys(finger paint , clay )

• Encourage use of play rooms for socialization

• Encourage child to interact with family (drawing pictures for siblings or telephoning home )

• ■ Purposefully touching private parts (masturbation), occasionally in the presence of others ■ Attempting to see other people when they are naked or undressing ■ Mimicking dating behavior (such as kissing, or holding hands) ■Talking about private parts and using “naughty” words, even when they don’t understand the meaning ■ Exploring private parts with children their own age (such as “playing doctor”, “I’ll show you mine if you show me yours,” etc.)