present scenario and future perspectives of nepalese agriculture: focus on livestock development and...
TRANSCRIPT
Present scenario and future perspectives of
Nepalese agriculture: Focus on livestock
development and vegetable seed
production
Prabhat Khanal, PhD
Subash Neupane
Nepal – country profile Small land-locked country
Highest peak in the world to the plains in Terai
147181 sq. km (800 km east to west; 144 to 240 km north to
south)
India (East, South, West) and China (North) at borders
Nepalese agriculture
Distinct land use patterns (climatic variation,
altitude)
Migration of people from hills to plains
(deforestation)
Subsistence type of agriculture
Agriculture associated with ethnic groups and
religion
Nepalese agriculture - overview
Land type (Mountain region 35 %; Hilly region 42
%; Terai region 23 %)
Cultivated agricultural area – 20.5 %
Uncultivated agricultural land – 7 %
Forest area (including shrubsland) – 39.6 %
Grassland and pasture – 12 %
Contribution of agriculture to NGDP - 35 %
Population engaged in agriculture – 65.6 %
Livestock in Nepal Livestock – a major component of Nepalese
agriculture (11 % - GDP)
Different management systems (transhumant,
sedentary, stall-fed)
Livestock population associated with agro-zones
Eco-zones Cattle Buffaloes Sheep Goats
Mountains 12.46 8.79 43.42 13.87
Hills 47.16 52.57 44.21 49.66
Terai 40.38 38.65 12.38 36.47
MoAC, Nepal
Livestock Production Milk production
Buffalo milk (71 %)
Cow milk (29 %)
Meat production
Buff (65 %)
Lamb/mutton (1 %)
Goat/chevon (20 %)
Pork (6.9 %)
Fowl (7 %)
Duck (0.1 %)
Livestock production status and demand
Commodity Production Growth rate (%)
Required quantity
Balance
Meat (000 mt)
203 3.95 331 -128
Milk (000 mt)
1154 2.72 1345 -191
Eggs (ten millions)
54.8 5.04 113 -58.2
Department of livestock services, Progress Report
Milk availability: 109 liters of milk per person per year (Lack of 57
liter per person per year in Nepal)
Livestock market and trading practices
Traditional markets – Terai regions (communications, availability of marketable products, long porous border with India)
Major consumption areas/ Meat processing industries - city areas
In hills and mountains, permanent markets - only in district headquarters or a few other centers
Market agents/traders visit villages
Livestock trade
Nepal imports appr. half of its current meat and milk
requirements
Livestock exports - 0.2 % of total exports
Livestock imports - 1.1 % of total imports
Growth in animal numbers a significant contribution to output
growth
Average annual average growth of livestock population
(cattle - 0.39, buffaloes - 3.4, goats -3.72, pigs - 1.65, fowls -
2.38 %)
Department of Livestock Services
Trade policies 1990 (Restoration of democracy)
Market-friendly economic policies
1992 (Eight development plan)
Liberalization of domestic and international markets
Promotion of private sector initiatives
2000 (Ministry of land reform and management)
Integrated land use policies to prevent keeping land
fallow and land fragmentation
Development of national geographic land information
system
Trade policies
Agriculture perspective plan (1997 – 2017)
Livestock production and productivity as an engine for growth
in agriculture
Free trade zone agreement with SAARC countries and
member of WTO (2004)
Bilateral agreements with different countries
Tenth development plan (2002- 2007)
Livestock as a means to meet poverty reduction targets
Livestock and Poverty ?
Livestock and poverty
About 70 % of households keep some type of
livestock
Farmers with landholding size of:– 0.2 - 0.5 ha keep ~25 % of livestock
– <0.2 ha of land own ~11 % of livestock
Nepal - one of highest ratios of livestock to humans
in Asia (5.8 livestock and poultry/ household)
Development of livestock sector – a way to reduce
poverty in Nepal
Core problems
ADS (2012)
Low productivity of animals – a major problem of
livestock sub-sector
Genetic inferiority of local breeds
Poor livestock practices
Breeding and forage management
Lack of commercialization
10 – 20 % of livestock – commercially managed
40 – 45 %: Poultry
ADS, Agricultural Development Strategy
Future opportunities
Increased milk productivity
Now, low average milk production: 426 per cow and 824
kg per buffalo/ year
Improved breeds
Feeding strategy
Investment
Israeli-Holstein Cow, Photograph taken in 2009
Future opportunities Increased meat productivity
Improved breeds
Genetic improvement
Commercial management
Feeding strategy
Integrated farming
External investment
Future opportunities
Reproduction and breeding
Improved breeds / efficient milk and meat producers
Feeding
Feed availability throughout the year
Feed preservation
TMR / Complete ration systems
TMR, Total Mixed Ration
Agro-industry
Productivity
Better management o Breedso Feedingo Health of animalso Commercialization o Technology
Investment !
Agro-industries
Sufficient capacity
Quality control
Productivity Agro-industries
Agricultural products
Quality control
Industrial products
Quality control
Market
Marketing
Cost of production
Good quality
Export volume
Stability in supply
Product diversification
Processing plant
Collaboration with external
partners
Efficient
marketing
systems/
channels
What we have now? - ExamplesPoultry farming in Chitwan district Location
Suitable agro-climatic condition
Feed companies
Agriculture university
Veterinary services available
Future? Lands – residential areas
Poultry health
Competition Breeds
Processing and market
Israeli featherless chicken, Photograph taken in 2009
Meat production
"Animal Slaughterhouse and Meat Inspection Act (1999)”. License for slaughterhouse
Appointment of meat inspector and supervisor
Quality and quantity of meat for marketing
Future? More attraction to commercial farming
Meat processing and product diversification (value production?)
Efficient marketing channel
Dairy sector
> Half of livestock sector contribution to AGDP
Crop-Livestock-Forest integrated system
Bilateral agreements with New Zealand, Switzerland and
Denmark (e. g. cow farm in Dolakha under PPP)
DDC in 1964 under corporation act and DANNIDA supports
programs by NDDB (1992)
Future? Attraction to commercial farming
Marketing and product diversification (Yak cheese production!)
DDC, Dairy Development Corporation; AGDP, Agricultural Gross Domestic Product; PPP, Public-Private Partnership
Productivity Human resources
Agricultural inputs (feed, breeds etc.)
Quantity
Product quality Processing
Diversification
Government policy Favorable trade policies
Marketing system Local market
Product internationalization
Future investments
Commercial farming and development
Commercial farming and agricultural productivity
Agribusinesses and agro-based
industries
65.6% of total population
Increased number of people
in industries
Thank You
Vegetable seed production in Nepal
Status and Overview
Vegetable holdings : 69% of total household (18% involved in commercial production)
Expense on farm input : 26% for seed/seedlings
About 58% of vegetable farmers receive quality seed (around 40% in both hills and mountain)
Status and overview contd…
51% of total household
Area: 246392 hac , Yield: 13.4 mt/hac (30 mt/ha in developed countries in average)
Traditional management practice Lack of fertilizers Lack of Improved seeds (20-25% reduction)
Insufficient vegetable consumption
Status and Overview contd…
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
2009 2010 2011 2012
Am
ount
ton
Vegetable seed trade status
Veg seed import
Veg seed export
Trade and export promotion center, 2013
Seed system in Nepal
Informal
Farmer’s produced and preserved for
own purpose
50% supply of seed requirement
Formal
Vertical production and distribution of
registered and improved seed
50% supply
Scope for vegetable seed production
Vegetable seed: High value low volume
commodity
Diverse climatic zones: Production diversity
Increasing seed replacement rate
Increasing trend of hybrid seeds use
Situation of food shortage and import
Increasing import led seed business
Lack of national hybrids
Qualified manpower
Potential export market: Asia and Europe
(Through participation of European investments)
Scope for vegetable seed production
Seed security : prerequisite of food security
Potential seed production niches surveyed by MoA
Thak Marpha2516 masl
Mushikot1460 masl
Kathmandu1100 masl
Sarlahi60 masl
Cabbage CarrotCressPeas Turnip Broad leaf mustard
Onion Radish Peas CauliflowerTurnip Spinach
Cauliflower Cress Spinach Turnip Radish Broad leaf mustard Tomato
Tomato Egg plant Cucurbits Capsicum Okra
MoA : Ministry of Agriculture, masl: meter above sea level
What is quality seed???
Genetic purity
True to type and Physical purity
High germination %
Optimum moisture and vigour
Free from disease, pests and noxious weeds
Increased productivity
What can be produced?
Nucleus seed: Genetically pure parent material
produced by breeder
Breeder seed: Progeny of nucleus seed under
complete supervision of breeder
Foundation seeed: Progeny of nucleus or breeder
seed in multiplication farm
Certified seed I and II: Progeny of foundation
seeds in farmer’s farm or research farms
Organizations involved in veg seed production
NARC and DoA
National seed company limited (NSCL)
NGO’s as CEAPRED, FORWARD, LIBIRD
Private seed companies
Community based seed production (CBSP)
District level seed self sufficiency programmee
(DISSPRO)
NARC: National agricultural research center, DoA: Department of agriculture
Vegetable Seed development projects
Koshi hill agriculture project (1987-1992)
Fresh vegetable and vegetable seed production
project (1979-1994) : Swiss govt and FAO
Community based economic development project
(1997-2002)
Vegetable seed project (2004-2014): Veg seed
production and marketing utilizing resource poor
farmers
Seed vision 2013-2025Opportunities in seed sector
Foreign investment friendly policy
Varietal development
Seed multiplication
Seed processing
Seed supply
Seed use
Constraints of seed multiplication
Inadequate supply of source seed (BS/FS)
Lack of research for development of new varieties
Cross border flow of non notified seeds
Preference of farmers : Quick return from
vegetables rather than seed production
Fragmented land use
Ways forward
Inclusion of biotechnology and plant breeding
Development of new varietal options
Establishment and maintainence of seed banks
Establishment of hybridization program
Areas we can contribute
Varietal and hybrid development
Research and collaboration with NARC, Agricultural
universities
Seed multiplication and dissemination
Private commercial, collaboration with farmers, MoA and
I/NGOs
Thank You