presentataion on latest computer and technology

7/31/2019 Presentataion on Latest Computer and Technology

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Latest Computer

& TechnologyBy

Mr. shailesh h. chahande


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Introduction

Since its invention in 1948, electronic computers have changedthe way world works. It is undoubtedly one of the top ten greatestinventions of mankind.

Today we cannot even think to live without computers. Originallydesigned for defence purposes during World War II, the machinecalled computer has become an indispensable part of our dailylives, and its uses are almost beyond comprehension itself.

Present day computers are used to work, to play, to have fun, toshop, to study, to talk, to date and to generally do anything onecan think about.

Computers have replaced human beings in so many fields that itis easy to list those tasks where it has failed to replace humanstill date.

Thankfully computers cannot replace humans in those fieldswhere feelings, taste,experience, judgment and creativity are required. Howeverefforts are on to add theseattributes as well to computer.


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First computer in India

Even though the world got introduced to the computertechnology in late forties, India bought its first computer in1956 for a princely sum of Rs 10 lakh.

It was called HEC-2M and was installed at Calcutta's IndianStatistical Institute. It was nothing more than a numbercrunching machine and was huge in size.

The dimensions of this monster were 10 ft in length, 7 ft inbreadth and 6 ft in height. It played a critical role informulating annual and five-year plans by the planningcommission, and in top-secret projects of India's nuclearprogram.

Moreover, it went on to turn out India's first generation of

computer professionals.

It was at least ten thousand times slower in solving evensimple problems than today's machines. But it set the stagefor the development of computers in India.


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Supercomputers

Supercomputers are used for highly calculation-intensive

tasks such as problems involving quantum physics, weather

forecasting, climate research, molecular modelling (computing

the structures and properties of chemical compounds,

biological macromolecules, polymers, and crystals), physical

simulations (such as simulation of airplanes in wind tunnels,

simulation of the detonation of nuclear weapons, and research

into nuclear fusion).


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India's First Supercomputer

India's First Supercomputer was PARAM 8000.

PARAM stood for Parallel Machine. This computer was

developed by the government run Centre for Development ofAdvanced Computing (C-DAC) in 1991. The PARAM 8000

had a rating of 1 Gigaflop (billion floating point operations per

second). All the chips and other elements that were used in

making of PARAM were bought from the open domestic

market. The major applications of PARAM Supercomputer are

in long-range weather forecasting, remote sensing, drug designand molecular modelling.


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Latest Technologies

The most important developments in thefields of latest computer technology includethose of

3-D Processor chips,

Smart Processors, Highly efficient Operating systems that

replaced old Windows,

4G Technology,

Robotic humans having the ability to showall natural human expressions,

and many other technical advancements.


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The Smart Processors are the latest typeof processors in new computerstechnology,

for example, the i5 and i7 processors, that

have unique ability of automaticallyadapting to an individual's needs. This alsohelps in boosting the performance qualityof daily useful applications.

They provide good performance to the

latest computers whenever needed andalso help in energy saving wheneversystem is not in use.


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Cloud based OS is the latest computer technologyproviding access to a variety of web-based applicationsthat allow the user to accomplish simple tasks withoutcompletely booting the operating system. It boots veryquickly and is highly efficient. The latest computers usethis cloud technology efficiently.

Apple iOS: 4.3,

Apple OSX: 10.6 Snow Leopard, Microsoft Windows 7

and Ubuntu Linux: 11.04

are the best ones in new computers technology.


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The Robots with human expressions is

the latest computer technology, which

will prove to be a great advancement in

the field of robotics and relatedcomputer fields. The latest robot named

Guardian Robot is amazing invention

that can show you love in the form of

hugs, hi-fives and other loving responsesin a very natural way. This definitely is

going to be good help to the human kind.


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Introduction of 4G Technology Evolution of Mobile Technologies

Zero Generation Technology (0G)

0G refers to pre-cell phone mobile telephony. Being thepredecessors of the first generation of cellular telephones, thesesystems are called 0G (zero generation) systems. Usually

vehicle mounted, they had the transceivers mounted in thevehicle trunk and dials & display mounted near the driver seat.

Technologies used in 0G systems included PTT (Push to Talk),MTS (Mobile Telephone System), IMTS (Improved MobileTelephone Service), and AMTS (Advanced Mobile TelephoneSystem).


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First Generation Technology (1G)

1G refers to the first generation of wireless telecommunicationtechnology, more popularly known as cell phones. In 1G, Narrowband analogue wireless network is used; with this we can havethe voice calls. These services are provided with circuitswitching. Through 1G, a voice call gets modulated to a higherfrequency of about 150MHz and up as it is transmitted between

radio towers using a technique called Frequency-DivisionMultiple Access (FDMA).

Different 1G standards prevalent were AMPS (Advanced MobilePhone System) in the United States, TACS (Total AccessCommunications System) in the United Kingdom, NMT (NordicMobile Telephone), used in Nordic countries, Eastern Europeand Russia, etc.


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Second Generation Technology

2G - 2G first appeared around late 1980s; 2G system digitizedthe voice signal, as well as the control link. It provided the facilityof short message service (SMS) unlike 1G that had its primefocus on verbal communication. Depending on the type ofmultiplexing used 2G technologies can be divided into TimeDivision Multiple Access (TDMA) based and Code DivisionMultiple Access (CDMA). 2G system offered better quality andmuch more capacity. 2G cellphone units were generally smallerthan 1G units, since they emitted less radio power.

Based on TDMA, Global System for Mobile communications(GSM) is the first European standard & the first commercialnetwork for use by the public for 2nd generation mobile (2G)telephony. A typical 2G G.S.M network service uses 800/900MHzor 1800/1900 frequency spectrum. Typical average data rate ofGSM is 9.6 kbps. 2G CDMA (IS-95A) uses BPSK and offers datarate upto 14.4 kbps. The bandwidth of 2G is 30-200 KHz.


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Third Generation Technology (3G)

3G - G systems promise faster communications services,entailing voice, and fax and Internet data transfer capabilities.The aim of 3G is to provide these services anytime, anywherethroughout the globe, with seamless roaming between standards.ITUs IMT-2000 is a, global standard for 3G.

3G networks are wide area cellular telephone networks whichhave evolved to incorporate high-speed internet access andvideo telephony. It offers large capacity and broadbandcapabilities. It has greater network capacity through improvedspectrum efficiency. 3G technology supports around 144 Kbps,with high speed movement, i.e. in a vehicle, 384 Kbps locally,and up to 2Mbps for fixed stations, i.e. in a building. 3Gtechnology uses CDMA, TDMA and FDMA. The data are sentthrough Packet Switching. Voice calls are interpreted throughCircuit Switching. It is a highly sophisticated form ofcommunication that has come up in the last decade.


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Fourth Generation Technology (4G)3G may not be sufficient to meet needs of future

high-performance applications like multi-media, full-motion video, wireless teleconferencing.

Multiple standards for 3G make it difficult to roamand interoperate across networks

Requirement of a single broadband network withhigh data rates which integrates wireless LANs,Bluetooth, cellular networks, etc .

4G is all about convergence; convergence of wiredand wireless networks, wireless technologiesincluding GSM, wireless LAN, and Bluetooth as wellas computers, consumer electronics,communication technology and several others. 4Gis a Mobile multimedia, anytime anywhere, Globalmobility support, integrated wireless solution, andcustomized personal service network system


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Key Components & Technologies in 4G Smart Antennas

Adhoc Networks Adaptive Modulation And Coding(AMC) Adaptive Hybrid ARQ Improved Modulation Software Defined Radio (SDR) :-

SDR iskey to 4G systems. Software Defined Radio allowssome of the functional modules of radio equipment likemodulation demodulation, signal generation, coding and link-layer protocols, that used to be traditionally implemented inspecial purpose hardware to be implemented in modifiablesoftware or firmware operating on programmable processingtechnologies.

Since 4G is all about convergence of diverse wireless standards,this can be efficiently realized using SDR technology


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3G Vs 4GParameters 3G 4GNetwork

Architecturecell-based Integrated

technologiesSpeeds 384 Kbps to 2 Mbps 100 Mbps to 1

GbpsFrequency Band Lower Band (1800-

2400 MHz) Higher bands (2-8GHz)Bandwidth 5-20 MHz 100 MHz (or more)Switching Scheme Circuit and Packet PacketAccess

Technologies W-CDMA, 1xRTT, Edge OFDM and MC-CDMAIP No. of air link protocols All IP (IP6.0)


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Moving Beyond 4G

4G is not the end of all. "5G Technology" is alreadyin research arena and is bound to up the data ratefurther.5G is going to alter the way of our usage ofour cell phones; may replace our DesktopPCs/laptops. Coupled with innovations being donein the field of smart sensors, 5G mobile phones with

extremely high data rates, IP core, and world-widecoverage will offer features which have notimagined so far.

Currently 5G is not a term officially used for anyparticular specification, however, it is being used in

research papers and standardization bodies for thefuture wireless standards.


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Thank You

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