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Chapter Introduction

Section 1 Early Humans

Section 2 The Neolithic Revolution and the Rise of Civilization

Chapter Summary

Chapter Assessment

Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.

Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.


Key EventsAs you read, look for the key events in the history of early humans and the beginnings of civilization.

• Paleolithic peoples learned how to adapt to their nomadic lifestyle, improve on their primitive tools, and use fire to their advantage, thus enabling them to create a more sophisticated human culture.

• The agricultural revolution of the Neolithic Age gave rise to more complex human societies that became known as the first civilizations.

Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information.Click the mouse button or press the

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The Impact TodayThe events that occurred during this time period still impact our lives today.



• Scientists continue to search for the remains of early humans, and their discoveries are changing the way we view the first humans.

• Paleolithic peoples used technological inventions to change their physical environment, just as humans do today.

Chapter ObjectivesAfter studying this chapter, you should be able to:



• explain the methods scientists use to uncover early human existence.

• describe the nature of human life during the Old Stone Age.

• identify the important developments of the New Stone Age.

• define civilization and identify the characteristics of a civilization.

• By 10,000 B.C., Homo sapiens sapiens had spread throughout the world.

• Paleolithic peoples used technology.

Main Ideas



Early Humans

Key Terms• prehistory

• archaeology • artifact • anthropology • fossil • australopithecine • hominid

• Homo erectus • Homo sapiens • Neanderthal • Homo sapiens

sapiens • Paleolithic Age • nomad

• Louis B. Leakey

People to Identify

• Olduvai Gorge

Places to Locate

• Lascaux



Early Humans

• Mary Nicol Leakey • Donald Johanson

• What methods do scientists use to uncover the story of early humans?

Preview Questions

• What important and dramatic developments took place during the Paleolithic Age?



Early Humans

Preview of Events

Early Humans

Early hominids called australopithecines were primarily herbivores, but the development of stone tools, which allowed them to remove flesh from animal carcasses, meant that later hominids, such as Homo habilis, could eat meat regularly.

(pages 19–21)(pages 19–21)

Before History • The period before history–prehistory–is

the period for which we have no written records.

• We know about prehistory from archaeological and biological information.

• Archaeologists and anthropologists create theories based on this information.

• Archaeology studies the structure of past societies by analyzing the artifacts–tools, household items, weapons, buildings, artworks, religious figures, etc.–people left behind.





Before History (cont.)

• For example, by studying tools and weapons scientists create theories about the economic and military structures of a society.

• Examining bones and hides tells us about the diet of people.

• Anthropology focuses more on culture by studying artifacts and human remains–human fossils.

(pages 19–21)(pages 19–21)



• One of the most important scientific tasks is dating prehistorical artifacts and fossils.

• One valuable dating method is radiocarbon dating.

• This method dates accurately up to 50,000 years old.

• Thermoluminescence measures accurately up to 200,000 years old.

• Archaeologists and anthropologists use scientific methods to create their theories.


(pages 19–21)(pages 19–21)

• Biological methods such as DNA and blood molecule analyses also give us information about the societies of prehistory.


(pages 19–21)(pages 19–21)


(pages 19–21)(pages 19–21)

What artifacts from contemporary culture would best show contemporary ways of life, beliefs, and values to archaeologists and anthropologists ten thousand years from now? Explain what these artifacts would teach future peoples about us.



• Australopithecines were the first hominids (creatures that walk upright) to make stone tools.

(pages 21–22)(pages 21–22)

• The earliest humanlike beings, called australopithecines (“southern apes”) by their discoverer, Donald Johanson, lived in Africa three to four million years ago.

Early Stages of Development



Early Stages of Development (cont.)

• This species dates from about 1.5 million years ago.

• These hominids used larger and more varied tools, and were the first to move into parts of Europe and Asia.

• They could migrate into colder areas because they were the first beings to make fires deliberately.

• Homo erectus marks the next stage of human development.

(pages 21–22)(pages 21–22)


(pages 21–22)(pages 21–22)



• Two subgroups developed from Homo sapiens: Neanderthals and Homo sapiens sapiens. The Neanderthals died out, possibly as a result of conflict between the two groups.

• Homo sapiens sapiens was the first group that looked like us.

• They appeared in Africa between 150,000 and 200,000 years ago.

• All humans today belong to this subgroup of Homo sapiens.

• Homo sapiens (“wise human being”) emerged about 250,000 years ago.


(pages 21–22)(pages 21–22)

Why did it take Homo sapiens sapiens tens of thousands of years to spread over the world?

Groups of these people moved beyond their old hunting grounds at a rate of probably only two to three miles per generation.

Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the answer.




(pages 22–25)(pages 22–25)

The Hunter-Gatherers of the Old Stone Age • A basic distinguishing feature of human

beings is making and using tools.

• Early tools were made of stone. Therefore, the term Paleolithic Age (“old stone”) designates the earliest period of human history.

• The Paleolithic Age is from 2,500,000 to 10,000 B.C.



The Hunter-Gatherers of the Old Stone Age (cont.)

• Over the centuries they developed better hunting tools like spears, bows and arrows, harpoons, and fishhooks.

• They were nomads (people who move from place to place) because they had to follow the vegetation cycles and animal migrations.

• Scientists speculate these nomads lived in bands of twenty to thirty people.

• Paleolithic people hunted game and gathered nuts, berries, fruits, and wild grains.

(pages 22–25)(pages 22–25)




• Probably both men and women found food, with men hunting and women gathering.

• Women probably stayed close to camp because of bearing and raising children.

• Most of Paleolithic life was organized around and devoted to finding food.

(pages 22–25)(pages 22–25)




• Probably both made decisions that affected the group.

• The word technology refers to what we make to sustain ourselves and control our environment.

• Stone tools were made by using a harder stone like flint to create an edge on another stone.

• Paleolithic men and women may have been roughly equal because they shared the vital responsibility of finding food.

(pages 22–25)(pages 22–25)




• Later Paleolithic people added a handle to the stone axe.

• These tools were used to kill and butcher animals, cut plants, dig up roots, and cut branches to build shelter.

• The most common early stone tool was the hand axe.

(pages 22–25)(pages 22–25)




• Later Paleolithic people fashioned houses and huts, often using wood as a frame that was then covered with hides. Sometimes they used animal bones for the frame.

• Early shelter was in caves.

(pages 22–25)(pages 22–25)




• Fire gave warmth, it fostered a sense of community, it scared away wild animals, flushed out animals for hunting, and cooked food.

• Fire was especially important as a source of warmth during the Ice Ages, the most recent of which lasted from about 100,000 to 8000 B.C.

• Paleolithic people used fire systematically as long ago as five hundred thousand years.

(pages 22–25)(pages 22–25)




• One of the largest discoveries of Paleolithic art, done between 25,000 and 12,000 B.C., is at Lascaux, France.

• The paintings are in underground caves. • Most of the images are of animals.

• Probably these paintings were used in magical or religious rituals to bring about a successful hunt.

• That even Paleolithic people created art shows that art is important to human life.

(pages 22–25)(pages 22–25)



The Paleolithic cave paintings probably were part of a magical or religious ritual to ensure a successful hunt. Few people in contemporary times believe art has this kind of power, yet art continues to be a vital human activity. What are other functions of art?

Possible answers: We learn from art, and we get pleasure from experiencing the beautiful.


(pages 22–25)(pages 22–25)

__ 1. humans and other humanlike creatures that walk upright

__ 2. the study of past societies through an analysis of the items people left behind them

__ 3. tools, pottery, paintings, weapons, buildings, and household items left behind by early people

__ 4. “upright human being,” a species that emerged around 1.5 million years ago and marked a second stage of early human development

__ 5. the study of human life and culture based on artifacts and human fossils

A. anthropology

B. archaeology

C. artifacts

D. hominid

E. Homo erectus

Define Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column.

D

B

C

E

A

Checking for Understanding

Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the answers.Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the answers.

Explain why obtaining food by hunting and gathering is characteristic of a nomadic lifestyle.


Nomads must follow animal migrations and vegetation cycles.






List the types of evidence archaeologists and anthropologists rely on to reconstruct prehistory.

Archaeologists and anthropologists rely on artifacts and fossils to reconstruct prehistory.

Critical Thinking



Compare and Contrast Distinguish between the roles of Paleolithic men and women in finding food. Explain why finding food was the principal work of Paleolithic peoples.

Women gathered berries, nuts, and grains; men hunted. People had to find food for survival.

Analyzing Visuals



Examine the photographs of the Iceman on page 24 of your textbook and the stone tools shown on page 23 of your textbook. How do archaeologists and anthropologists analyze limited evidence such as this skeleton and the stone tools to draw conclusions about the past?

Archaeologists and anthropologists analyze date, location, and use.

Close

Describe the progression in food-procurement methods discussed in this section. Then list innovations that helped in this progression.



The Neolithic Revolution and the Rise of Civilization

• Systematic agriculture brought about major economic, political, and social changes for early humans.

Main Idea

Key Terms• Neolithic Revolution

• systematic agriculture • domestication • artisan

• Bronze Age • culture • civilization

• monarch




• Mesoamericans

People to Identify

• Jericho

Places to Locate

• Çatal Hüyük

• priest

• What changes occurred during the Neolithic Revolution that made the development of cities possible?

Preview Questions

• How did systematic agriculture spread in different areas of the world?




Preview of Events


Early civilizations’ food surpluses were made possible by a variety of agricultural innovations. Among these was the crossbreeding of crops. In the Indus Valley, for example, crossing local goatsface grass with Western Asiatic enmer wheat produced bread-wheat.



(pages 27–30)(pages 27–30)

The Neolithic Revolution • Human survival depends on the

systematic growing and storing of food, an accomplishment of the people of the Neolithic Age.

• After the end of the last Ice Age (8000 B.C.), the Neolithic Revolution began.

• The word neolithic is Greek for “new stone.”

• The revolution was a change from hunting and gathering to systematic agriculture.



The Neolithic Revolution (cont.)

• Some historians believe that this agricultural revolution was the single most important event in human history.

• The ability to acquire food regularly gave humans greater control over their environment and made it possible to give up nomadic ways of life for settling into communities, a step vital for the development of civilization.

• Systematic agriculture means planting crops and domesticating (taming) animals for food, clothing, and work.

(pages 27–30)(pages 27–30)



• Mesoamericans (inhabitants of present-day Mexico and Central America), for example, grew beans, squash, and maize (corn).

• Systematic agriculture gave rise to permanent settlements, which historians call Neolithic farming villages.

• One was Jericho, in Palestine.

• The largest was Çatal Hüyük, in present-day Turkey.

• Systematic agriculture developed all over the world between 8000 and 5000 B.C.


(pages 27–30)(pages 27–30)



• Because of increased food production and storage, people had more food than they needed.

• These surpluses allowed some people to do work other than farming.

• Artisans made such things as jewelry and weapons. These items fostered trade.

• Archaeologists found 12 products that were grown in Çatal Hüyük and evidence of widespread domestication of animals.


(pages 27–30)(pages 27–30)



• These show that religion was gaining importance during the Neolithic period.

• The Neolithic period brought many important changes: more complex communities were developed, trade caused people to specialize and a division of labor developed, basic crops were first cultivated, and cloth was first woven.

• Çatal Hüyük also had shrines to and statues of gods and goddesses.


(pages 27–30)(pages 27–30)



• Women did more domestic tasks like weaving.

• As men took on more responsibility for obtaining food and protecting the settlements, they played a more dominant role.

• Men became more active in farming and herding, which took them away from the home.


(pages 27–30)(pages 27–30)



• First they used copper. Then people mixed copper and tin to make bronze, a more durable metal.

• Historians call the period when bronze was in widespread use (3000 to 1200 B.C.) the Bronze Age.

• Between 4000 and 3000 B.C., people learned to use metals.


(pages 27–30)(pages 27–30)

In what ways did the development of agriculture make life better or worse for Neolithic people?


(pages 27–30)(pages 27–30)



(pages 30–31)(pages 30–31)

• Culture is a people’s way of life.

• A civilization is a complex culture.

• Historians have identified six of the most important characteristics of civilization: cities, government, religion, social structures, writing, and art.

• The first civilizations and cities developed in river valleys.

The Emergence of Civilization



The Emergence of Civilization (cont.) • Generally, the first governments were led

by monarchs (kings or queens) who organized armies to protect their subjects and made laws to regulate their lives.

• Religions explained the workings of nature and the existence of things.

• A class of priests developed to perform rituals for pleasing the deities.

• Many rulers claimed their power came from the divine.

• Some rulers even claimed to be divine themselves.

(pages 30–31)(pages 30–31)



• Social structures developed based on economic status.

• Rulers, priests, officials, and warriors were the upper classes.

• Below them was a class of free farmers, traders, artisans, and craftspeople.

• Below them were slaves and servants.

The Emergence of Civilization (cont.)

(pages 30–31)(pages 30–31)



• Writing was used to keep records and for creative expression through literature.

• Arts such as painting and sculpture were developed to portray natural forces or gods and goddesses on temples and shrines.


(pages 30–31)(pages 30–31)


(pages 30–31)(pages 30–31)

Why do you think so many civilizations arose in river valleys?

__ 1. the keeping of animals andthe growing of food on aregular basis

__ 2. the way of life a peoplefollows

__ 3. adaptation for human use

__ 4. a skilled craftsperson whomakes products such asweapons and jewelry

__ 5. a king or queen who rules a kingdom

A. artisan

B. culture

C. domestication

D. monarch

E. systematic agriculture

Define Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column.

E

B

C

A

D



Explain how some Neolithic people were able to become artisans.


Food surpluses allowed people not to farm.






Compare the roles of men and women in the Neolithic Age.

Men farmed and herded animals; women cared for children and the home.

Critical Thinking

Describe What was the relationship among artistic activities, religion, and government during the rise of civilization?

Rulers claimed their power came from the gods; temples and pyramids were built for religious services or to honor dead rulers.



Examine the photo of Skara Brae on page 30 of your textbook. What does the village’s ocean location tell you about the way its Stone Age inhabitants lived?

Analyzing Visuals

Stone Age inhabitants probably depended on the ocean for food.



Close

Write four topic sentences that express main ideas about the first civilizations. Then read and discuss your sentences in class.

Chapter Summary

Chapter 1 emphasizes cultural change, movement, and technological innovations.

1. The _______________ of animals provided humans with a steady source of meat, milk, and wool.

2. The rise of cities, growth of governments, and development of religion are characteristics of _______________.

3. The period of time before writing was developed is called _______________.

4. The _______________ designates the period when humans used simple stone tools.

5. Remains of human and animal bones preserved in the earth’s crust are _______________.

Insert the key term that best completes each of the following sentences.

Using Key Terms


domestication

civilization

prehistory

Paleolithic Age

fossils

Science and Technology Explain how radiocarbon dating of fossils and artifacts differs from thermoluminescence dating.

Reviewing Key Facts

Radiocarbon dating measures the amount of carbon (C-14) left in an object; it can only date objects back about 50,000 years. Thermoluminescence dating measures the light given off by electrons trapped in the soil surrounding an object; it can date objects back 200,000 years.



Reviewing Key Facts



Society Give four outcomes, or results, of the settlement of humans in villages and towns.

With the settlement of humans in villages and houses, development of permanent structures started, people became artisans, trade began, and division of labor occurred.

Reviewing Key Facts



Economics Discuss early trade among different groups of people.

Early trade produced contact between peoples and led to the transfer of new technology.

Reviewing Key Facts



History What is the most significant development of the Neolithic Age?

The shift to the keeping of animals and the growing of food (systematic agriculture) were the most significant developments of the Neolithic Age.

Reviewing Key Facts



Culture What evidence has led historians to believe that Neolithic peoples had religious beliefs?

Çatal Hüyük had shrines containing figures of gods and goddesses.

Critical Thinking



Evaluating Explain the importance of cities, government, and religion in the development of a civilization. How are these three related?

The need to provide smooth interaction among people, to manage the food supply, and to defend the city led to the growth of government. To explain the forces of nature and their own existence, people developed religions.

Critical Thinking



Analyzing Analyze and explain why the development of systematic agriculture by Neolithic peoples deserves to be called a revolution.

It allowed humans to give up their nomadic existence and begin to live in settled communities, which gave rise to civilization.

Analyzing Maps and ChartsStudy the map below and answer the questions on the following slides.

Based on fossil evidence, where did groups of Homo sapiens sapiens migrate first, Europe or Australia?

They first migrated to Australia.



Analyzing Maps and Charts




What factors would influence migration?

Climate and physical barriers such as mountains, deserts, or large bodies of water influenced migration.


Approximately how many miles did Homo sapiens sapiens travel from the equator to Australia?

They traveled approximately 2,000 miles.




From where did Homo sapiens sapiens first migrate?

They first migrated from Africa.



The basic change that occurred with the Neolithic Revolution was

A an increase in human population.

B the cultivation of rice.

C the shift to raising animals as a regular source of food.

D an increase in the importance of hunting.

Test-Taking Tip Always read the question and all the answer choices. Do not simply choose the first answer that seems to have something to do with the topic. In this question, you want the choice that comes closest to defining the Neolithic Revolution.



Standardized Test Practice

Directions: Choose the best answer to the following question.

In seeking the remains of early hominids, how does a paleontologist know where to look?

It is important for the paleontologist to search in the right rock stratum (for geologic age), the right region (for habitable prehistoric climate), and the right area for fossilization (very rare, and determined by soil and environmental conditions).



Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter.

Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Glencoe World History Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://wh.glencoe.com

The Arts Paleolithic cave painters used a variety of techniques. They daubed, dotted, ad sketched, using charcoal or pigments from the earth. Painters of different eras often worked on the same cave walls. At Lascaux, France, 13 eras are evident.

Kamoya Kimeu One of the greatest fossil hunters in the world is an African archaeological excavator named Kamoya Kimeu. Working as an assistant to Dr. Louis Leakey, Dr. Mary Leakey, and their son Richard Leakey, he is responsible for finding some of the most important hominid fossils in the later part of the twentieth century. Kimeu jokes that the fossils “speak” to him, accounting for his amazing ability for unearthing the remains of human ancestors. Kamoya Kimeu is currently curator of prehistoric sites for the National Museums of Kenya.

Describe how Paleolithic peoples used technological discoveries and innovations to change their physical environment.

Identify important changes in human life caused by the Neolithic agricultural revolution.

On some maps, Greenland appears to be larger than Australia. Australia, however, actually has a larger landmass than Greenland. Have you ever wondered how this happens? Why do flat maps distort the size of landmasses and bodies of water? The answer lies in understanding the ways that flat maps are constructed.

Understanding Map Projections

Why Learn This Skill?

This feature can be found on page 26 of your textbook.This feature can be found on page 26 of your textbook.

To make flat maps, mapmakers project the curved surface of Earth onto a piece of paper. This is called a map projection. Unfortunately, the process is not exact. Different kinds of projections can accurately show either area, shape, distance, or direction. No one map, however, can show all four of these qualities with equal accuracy at the same time.

Learning the Skill



Learning the SkillMapmakers try to limit the amount of distortion by using different kinds of map projections. A conformal map shows land areas in their true shapes, but their actual size is distorted. An equal-area map shows land areas in correct proportion to one another but distorts the shapes of the landmasses.



Learning the SkillThe map below is a Cylindrical Projection (Mercator). Imagine wrapping a paper cylinder around the globe. A light from within the globe projects its surface onto the paper. The resulting conformal projection makes Alaska appear larger than Mexico. Distortion is greatest near the North and South Poles.



Learning the SkillA Conic Projection is formed by placing a cone of paper over a lighted globe. This produces a cross between a conformal and an equal-area map. This projection is best for showing the middle latitudes of Earth.


To understand map projections:

• Compare the map to a globe.

• Determine the type of projection used.

• Identify the purpose of the projection.

This feature can be found on page 26 of your textbook.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

This feature can be found on page 26 of your textbook.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Turn to the map of the world in the Atlas in your textbook. Compare the sizes and shapes of the features on the map to those on a globe. Based on this comparison, answer the following questions.

Practicing the Skill



What is the map’s projection?Practicing the Skill

It is a Winkel-Tripel projection.

This feature can be found on page 26 of your textbook.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.



How does the map distort Earth’s features?Practicing the Skill



Distortions occur because it is difficult to portray the three-dimensional Earth on a flat surface. Winkel-Tripel has some distortions. Compare the map to a globe to find specific distortions.


In what way does the map accurately present Earth’s features?


The sizes and shapes of continents and the distances between places are fairly accurate, and visually disturbing distortions have been minimized.




Why do you think the mapmaker used this projection?


The Winkel-Tripel projection is a good compromise.




Read A Remarkable Discovery on page 18 of your textbook. Then answer the questions on the following slides.


Mary Leakey

Louis Leakey

What did Mary Leakey find at the Olduvai Gorge dig site?

Mary Leakey found human bones at the Olduvai Gorge dig site.

This feature can be found on page 18 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.


Why was this find so exciting to the Leakeys?

The Leakeys had been excavating this site for many years, and they had unearthed remains of a past civilization without finding concrete evidence that humans had lived there. The bones provided that proof.



Tools

The word technology refers to the ability of human beings to make things that sustain them and give them some control over their environment. The technology available at the beginning of human history was quite simple. It consisted primarily of the ability to make stone tools.

Read the excerpt on page 23 of your textbook and answer the questions on the following slides.


Analyzing How did the ability to make simple tools change human life?

Tools enabled people to hunt and kill large animals, make nets and baskets, sew hides together for clothing, butcher meat, cut plants, dig roots, cut branches to build simple shelters, and clean animal hides for clothing and shelter.



Before History

After viewing “Before History,” you should:

Objectives

• Realize that petroglyphs and cave paintings can be found on every continent.

• Know some of the techniques that archaeologists use to determine the age of rock art.

• Understand why early North Americans may have painted and etched images on rocks and caves–and why present-day people study these artifacts.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Click in the window above to view a preview of the World History video.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Click in the window above to view a preview of the World History video.

Before History

What type of rock art can be radiocarbon-dated?

Rock paintings whose pigments contain organic materials can be radiocarbon-dated.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.


Before History



What does archaeologist Sally Cole believe the horned animals represented?

Cole believes that clans identified themselves with horned animals and used their images as social symbols.

Radiocarbon Dating

History and Science Human Origins:Different Points of View

Charts

Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.

Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.

Spread of Homo Sapiens SapiensMap

Chart

History and Science Human Origins:Different Points of View

Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the answers.

A and C

B and DA

Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the answers.

no ground level entrances

climb the ladder to the rooftop, and then enter through the entrance on the roof

for protection from enemies

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