M.SANKEERTHT.JAGADISH BABUN.V.KESAVA VYAS

CURRENT STATISTICS IN INDIA AIM OF PROJECT : SOLAR RADIATION VS ANGLE OF INCIDENCE PROJECTION EFFECT APPLICATIONS PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM DESIGNING FUTURE SCOPE

We are using single axis solar trackers Gujarat is leading in solar power

generation(654.8MW) Rajasthan stands second(510.5MW) Andhra Pradesh stands third (22MW)

Trackers need not point directly at the sun to be effective. If the aim is off by ten degrees the output is still 98.5% of the full-tracking maximum.

Single-axis trackers follow the sun accurately enough that their output can be very close to full tracking.

Dual-axis trackers (“full tracking”) are used to tilt and rotate to point directly at the sun, taking maximum advantage of the sun’s energy.

Angle of incidence Direct power lost

0 0

1 0.015

3 0.14

8 1

23.4 8.3

30 13.4

45 30

75 >75

Concentrated solar power (CSP) applications using dual axis tracking include solar power towers and dish systems

In satellite In ships and boats For mobile applications like electrical vehicles

DEFINITION: A solar cell (also called

photovoltaic cell or photoelectric cell) is a solid state electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity

by the photovoltaic effect. PRINCIPLE: Photoelectric effect.

They produce direct-current (DC) electricity

Can be connected in both series and parallel electrical arrangements to produce any required voltage and current combination.

Higher the fill factor, greater the efficiency

MEANING: A Device which follows the movement of the sun as it rotates from the east to the west every day.

NEED FOR TRACKING: The energy contributed by the direct beam drops off with the cosine of the angle between the incoming light and the panel.

PASSIVE TRACKING SYSTEM: Realizes the movement of the system by

utilizing a low boiling point liquid.Vapourization of liquid-shift of centre of mass-new equilibrium position.

SINGLE AXIS TRACKING SYSTEM:

o It can only pivot in one plane–either horizontally or vertically-only one degree of freedom.

o Commanded by a controller responding to the solar direction.

o less complicated o generally cheaper o less effective at harvesting

the solar energy.

DUAL AXIS TRACKING SYSTEM:

o Two degrees of freedomo Can rotate

simultaneously in horizontal and vertical directions

o Provide the best performance

o More complicatedo High accuracy.

ACTIVE TRACKING SYSTEM:

PARTS / COMPONENTS USED

LOGIC BEHIND THE PROJECT

INTERFACING

WORKING

SOLAR PANEL

STEPPER MOTORS

8051 MICROCONTROLLER

LDR’S FOR SENSING

BATTERY

•A solar panel is a set of solar photovoltaic modules electrically connected and mounted on a supporting structure. A photovoltaic module is a packaged, connected assembly of photovoltaic cells.•The efficiency of a module:6-20%

A stepper motor (or step motor) is a brushless DC electric motor that divides a full rotation into a number of equal steps.

Features: -•Flash : 16KB • EEPROM : 1024B • SRAM : 512B •Clock freq. : upto 20MHz • Supply voltage : 2.8-5.5v

The ATMEGA-168

A microcontroller is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals.

LDR (Light Dependant Resistor):The principle on which these work is that their resistance decreases as the light intensity increasesTypically it is about 1M ohm in darkness, 10K ohm in moderate light and 2K ohm or less in bright sunlight)

Lead–acid batteries are the oldest type of rechargeable battery.

Their ability to supply high surge currents means that the cells maintain a relatively large power-to-weight ratio.These features, along with their low cost, make them attractive for use

LDR 1 LDR 2 LDR 3 LDR 4 LDR 5 ACTION

0 X X X X NO ACTION

1 0 0 X X Rotate right

1 0 1 X X Rotate right

1 1 0 X X Rotate left

1 1 1 0 1 Move down

1 1 1 1 0 Move up

1 1 1 1 1 NO ACTION

+5 V

FROM LDR 1,2,3,4 AND 5

LDR 5

START

LDR 1=1

LDR2=LDR3= LDR4=LDR5=1

DELAY/ SLEEP

ROTATE LEFTROTATE RIGHT

LDR2=LDR3=1

LDR2>LDR3

LDR4=LDR5

=1

LDR4>LDR5

ROTATE UP ROTATE DOWN

YES

YESYES

YES

NONO

NO

NO

MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING

25 V

EXIT