presentation water scarcity pakistan
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NATIONAL MANAGEMENT COLLEGESenior Management Wing
9th Senior Management Course
SIMULATION EXERCISE-II
Zaraat: Hikmat-e-Amli Aur Amal Daraamad
SYNDICATE-3
Salman Choudhry PSPINTER-PROVINCIAL COMMISSION ON WATER
MANAGEMENT AND WATER DISTRIBUTION AMONGST
THE PROVINCES OF PAKISTAN
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Sequence
Introduction
Research Methodology
Terms of Reference
Historical perspective of water disputes
IRSA
Provincial set up
Analysis
Recommendations
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Introduction
2011 2025
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Is this our future?
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Key Facts of the Irrigation System
Major Reservoirs 3
Barrages/Head-works 18
Interlink Canals 12
Canal Systems 44
Length of water courses 107,000 Kms
Length of Canals 56,073 Kms
Average Water Available 104.7 MAF
Ground Water Estimates 41.6 MAF
Irrigated Land 44.5 Million Acres6
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Research Methodology
Primary:
Year Book 2004-05 & 2005-06, Ministry ofWater & Power.
The Indus Water Treaty 1960.
Water Apportionment Accord 1991.
National Water Policy Draft 2006.
Vision 2030, Planning Commission, Islamabad.
Economic Survey 2009-10.
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Contd,
Secondary Sources:
Problems and Politics of Water Sharing andManagement in Pakistan, edited by Pervaiz IqbalCheema, Rashid Ahmed Khan & Ahmad Rashid Malik.
Islamabad Policy Research Institute (IPRI), 2007. The Politics of Managing Water edited by Kaiser
Bengali Oxford University Press 2003.
Kala Bagh Dam and Sindh; A View Point by
Muhammad Idris Rajput, Sindh Graduates Association(SGA) April 2005.
Indus Water Treaty in Retrospect by Mr. Bashir A.Malik, Lahore 2005.
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Contd,
Interviews:
Mr. Rab Nawaz, Secretary Irrigation Punjab
Mr. M. H. Siddiqi, Consultant Irrigation Punjab
Mr. Tariq Hameed, ex Chairman WAPDA
Ch. Muhammed Amin IRSA Islamabad
Syed Muhammed Ali Shah, GM Water, WAPDA Interview with Mr. Javed Majeed, ex Secretary
Irrigation Punjab.
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Terms of Reference
To conduct critical appraisal of the waterdistribution & management structure
To have an overview of the various committeesconstituted for water distribution amongst theprovinces
To analyze the role of IRSA and effectiveimplementation of its decisions
To evaluate the water distribution andmanagement perspective of each province
To study the Water Policy of the Government
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Contd,
To understand why Pakistan is suffering water
losses and becoming water stressed country
To study what are the reasons of insufficient
water storage capacity
To examine international best practices and
their applicability in Pakistan
To understand the plans for improving water
storage for the future
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History of water disputes
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Contd,
Darlay Committee 1929
Anderson Committee 1935
Rau Commission 1942
Draft Agreement 1945
Operational Agreement 1947
Indus Water Treaty 1960
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Contd,
Akhtar Hussain Committee 1968
Fazal e Akbar Committee 1970
Adhoc Decision of Federal
Government 1971
Anwar ul Haq Commission 1977
Haleem Commission 1982
Water Accord 1991 15
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Calm Waters WAA 1991or an Illusion
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Indus River System Authority (IRSA)
Created under Act XXII 1992 as a result of
WAA 1991
4+1 Members All provinces represented for 3 years
One member from Federal Government
Chairman on rotation amongst the
members for 1 year
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Role of IRSA
Regulation & Distribution of surface water
Settlement of any dispute between the
provinces
Monitor the water discharge from the RIM
stations on the rivers & canals
Compile 10 days situation report for water
distribution
Operating the telemetry system
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Water Apportionment Accord (WAA) 1991Para 2
PROVINCE KHARIF RABI TOTAL
(MAF)
Punjab 37.07 18.87 55.94 48.92%
Sindh* 33.94 14.82 48.76 42.64%
KPCivil canals**
3.481.80
2.301.20
5.783.00
5.06%
Baluchistan 2.85 1.02 3.87 3.38%
Total 77.34+ 1.80
37.01+1.20
114.35+3.00
100%
*Including already sanctioned urban & Industrial uses for Karachi
**Un-gauged civil canals above the RIM Stations
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Para 4 WAA 1991
In case there is surplus water (including floodsupplies and future storages) it will bedistributed as follows:
Punjab 37% Sindh 37%
Baluchistan 12%
KP 14%
Total 100 %
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Para 6 WAA 1991
The need for storages, wherever feasible onthe Indus and other rivers was admitted andrecognized by the participants for planned
future agricultural development Sindh agreed to develop consensus on
Kalabagh Dam
KP Government didnt agree on this clauselater on
(M.H. Siddiqi Consultant & Participant of WAA 1991)
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Para 14 (b) WAA 1991
The record of actual average system uses for
the period 1977-82 would form the guideline
for developing a future regulation pattern.
Those 10 daily uses would be adjusted prorata to correspond to the indicated seasonal
allocations of the different canal systems and
would form the basis for sharing shortages &surpluses on all Pakistan basis
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Disputes
In 2003 Musharaff regime made the federal
representative permanently from Sindh
Unable to develop consensus on futurestorage plans
Para 14 is a bone of contention for Sindh
(what if there is shortage of water) A new formula known as three tier devised
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Three tier formula since 2003
Scenario I
Water Availability is less than Actual Average SystemUsing 1977-82 timeline water to be Distributed as per14 (b) of the WAA 1991
Scenario IIWater Availability is greater Actual Average SystemUsing timeline 1977-82, but less than Para 2 of WAA1991, then the water is distributed on:
Actual Average System Uses are protectedBalance available as per Para 2 i.e. 10-daily
approved by CCI
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Contd,
Scenario III
When Water Availability is greater than Para 2
of WAA 1991, the water is distributed as per:
Para 2 i.e. 10-daily approved by CCI are
protected
Balance as per Para 4 of the WAA 1991
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Comparison of para 2 & 14 (b)
PROVINCES Para 2 Para 14 (b) Difference
MAF % MAF % MAF
(2-4)
%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7Punjab 55.94 48.92 54.51 53.06 1.43 12
Sindh 48.76 42.64 43.53 42.37 5.23 45
Baluchistan 3.87 3.38 1.63 1.59 2.24 19
KP 5.78 5.06 3.06 2.98 2.72 24
Total 114.35 100 102.73 100 11.62 100
26IRSA, Islamabad 2011
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Provincial Set Up
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Punjab
Head works & Barrages 13Main Canals 25
Length of Main Canals & Branches 6,389 kms
Length of Distributaries & MinorCanals 30,706 kms
Length of Inter River Link Canals 845 kms
Off Take capacity of main Canals 120,000 cusecs
Off Take Capacity of Link Canals 110,000 cusecs
Gross Command Area 23.35 million acres
28Irrigation Department, Government of Punjab 2011
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Perspective of Punjab
Punjab feels that IRSA is not functioning on fairbasis
The storage capacity of Terbala & Mangla isdwindling
Lack of funding for the existing canal system
Over exploitation of underground water (800,000tube wells)
Economic Value of waterRs. 84 per acre Kharif
Rs. 50 per acre Rabi
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Balochistan
(Area Under Cultivation acres)
1971-72 2008-09 % Change
Canals 600,000 1,203,326 101%
Wells 9,600 31,051 223%
Tube wells 45,600 563,601 1136%
Karez 67,200 188,520 -62%
Artificial Tanks 4,800 0 -100%
1,159,200 1,986,499
30Irrigation Department, Government of Balochistan 2011
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Perspective of Balochistan
Karez system in shambles
Tube wells lowering ground water
Spate inundation due to flash floods Joined the bandwagon of opposition to
Kalabagh
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Sukkur Barrage
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Sindh
Head works & Barrages 3
Main Canals 13
Length of Main Canals & Branches 6,963 Kms
Length of Distributaries & Minor Canals 10,599 Kms
Length of Inter River Link Canals 0
Off Take Capacity of Main Canals 138,210 cusecs
Off Take Capacity of Link Canals 0
Gross Command Area 12.12 million acres
33Irrigation Department, Government of Sindh
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Perspective of Sindh
Not happy with present sharing system
Shortages in Kahrif season
Storage in Mangla
Operation of Links Canals in Punjab
Intrusion of sea into the Indus Delta
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Gomal Zam Dam
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KP
Reservoirs 14
Flow Irrigation Schemes 83
Lift irrigation Schemes 45Irrigation Tube wells 356
Average Water Withdrawals 6 MAF
Length of Canals 4,335 Kms
Gross Command Area 2.28 Million Acres
36Irrigation Department, Government of KP 2011
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Canal Systems in KP
Length Discharge Area
10 Canal
Systems
2,974 Kms 12,948
Cusecs
1.21 million
acres
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Perspective of KP
Less storage capacity
Stress on Chashma Right Bank Canal System
No protective embankments on Rivers Swat,
Kunhar & Kabul
Creating grounds not to build Kalabagh
Dam
Royalties from Terbela
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Mistrust
Lack of trust amongst the provinces especiallybetween Sindh & Punjab (no water for evenwashing dead bodies)
Difference on the interpretation on the WAA
1991Construction of additional storage (para 6)
Minimum escapage to sea (para 7) 10 MAF or39 MAF
The mode of sharing shortages para 14(b) or3 tier formula
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Future perspective
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Water Projections
Sectors Water 2010
(MAF)
Water 2025
(MAF)
Additional
Requirement
Agriculture 100 128 28
Municipal &
Rural Water
Supply
5.8 12.2 6.4
Industry 2.2 4.8 2.6
Total 108 145 37
42WAPDA 2003, & Courtesy Mr. Tariq Hameed ex Chairman WAPDA
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Where do we stand
River Basin Capacity (MAF) Days
Nile River 132 1000
Colorado 59.62 900
Sutlej Beas
India Total
11.32
245 120
Yellow River 68.95 120
Columbia 34 60Indus Basin 18.37 30
World 8,000 3,000
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Response
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Draft Water Policy 2006
Initiated in 2002 and completed in 2006
Still lying with Ministry of Water & Power Federal
Government since 2007
Contention of the previous government was that
the new government may approve the policy
The views of all stakeholders not reflected
Cold feet by Federal Government despite thebleak future
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Principles of the policy
Realization
Improvement
Community participation
Management of available water
High Yields Crops
Increase the water storage capacity
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Loss of Storage Capacity
Original
Capacity
(MAF)
Loss 2003 Loss 2010 Loss 2015 Loss
2020
Terbala
(1974)
11.62 3.14
(27%)
3.95
(34%)
4.43
(38%)
4.98
(43%)
Mangla
(1967)
5.88 1.21
(21%)
1.60
(27%)
1.63
(28%)
1.79
(30%)
Chashma
(1971)
0.87 0.38
(44%)
0.48
(55%)
0.50
(57%)
0.50
(57%)
Total 18.37 4.73
(26%)
6.03
(33%)
6.56
(36%)
7.27
(40%)
48WAPDA 2010
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Sluicing for Dams
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A b Th
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A rose between two Thorns
(India & Afghanistan)
Baghliar Dam
Kishanganga
Uri II
Dam on River Kabul in Afghanistan
Carbon Rights
Future of the IWT 1960
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Efficient Irrigation Techniques
Sprinkler System:
It is still in infancy
stage
Not widely used inPakistan
Used in Mid West
USA
Energy Intensive
Expensive installation
51T.E. Bilderback & M. A Powell, North Carolina USA
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Contd,
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Contd,
Drip System
Orchards
Salinity can effect
the lines
Not widely used
in Pakistan
Can reduce
wastage by 70%
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Contd,
Change the crop Pattern
Paddy and Sugar Cane is not suitable
for Southern Sector Introduction of High Yield and Less Water
Intensive Crops
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Recommendations
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Short Term 2-5 years
Active Conflict Resolution Mechanism
Review of Federal Nominee to IRSA
Regulation of Ground water usage
Water rates
Legislation on water related issues
Safety of dams
Contamination of surface & Ground waters
Safe Drinking water
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Medium Term 5-7 years
Lining of canals to stop water seepage (45-50%)
New telemetry system
Coordination between Meteorological and
Irrigation departments
Drip & Sprinkler system
Interprovincial accord on new storage capacity
They can do it! Look at 18th Amendment &
NFC Award
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Contd,
Small dams on hill torrents Mirani Dam
IWT has served for 50 yrs, Pakistan must make
best use of the option to build dams on
western rivers to lay its claim
Sluicing technology for dams
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Long Term 7-10 years
There is no alternative, but to
build new dams
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The Future
Schemes Storage MAF
Basha Dam 9.04 To be started
Kalabagh Dam 6.1 Doldrums
Akhori Dam 7.04 Design Complete
Kurram Tengi
Dam
0.92 Completed
ManglaDam
Raising
8.01 Complete, filling not
started
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Contd,
Schemes Storage MAF
Satpara Dam 0.93 Complete
Sabakzai Dam 0.03 Design completed
Mirani Dam 0.2 Complete
Munda Dam 0.67 Design complete
Gomal Zam Dam 0.65 Complete
TOTAL 33.59
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WAPDA 2004 & 2010
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Plan B
In case of any laxity or calamity no alternative
plan can be offered. The syndicate believes
that this is the only way out as mentioned
The source of water is not infinite and weneed to store water. The only available
technology or solution is to build dams
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The future
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Thank you