PRESENTED BY:-REENA SWAMIIV YEAR EC

GUIDED BY:-MS. ANSHU TOSHNIWAL

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• 15,000-20,000 landmine victims per year• By comparison, average of 700 annual deaths

and 2,200 injuries due to terrorism over past decade

• 70% of victims are civilians• One-third die• Others lose limbs and/or vision

Solving the Problem: Good News and Bad News

Good news: 100,000 mines cleared each yearBad news: • Clearing the 50 million existing mines will take 500

years and $14-50 billion • Despite global ban, 1 million new mines are laid

annually• Thus, problem is getting worse: 10 times more mines

are laid than cleared each yearPotential good news: Innovative mine detection technologies could significantly accelerate demining and decrease costs

• ANTI-PERSONNEL – DESIGNED TO KILL OR MAIM DISMOUNTED TROOPS

• ANTI-TANK - DESIGNED TO DESTROY OR DISABLE TRACK OR WHEELED VEHICLES

• CHEMICAL - DESIGNED TO DISPENSE SMOKE, CS OR MORE DANGEROUS BIOLOGICAL OR CHEMICAL AGENTS

. . . But Mine Detection Technology Has Not Improved

Mine Detection Tool Kit• Metal detector• Pointed stick

Metal Detectors Do Not Find All Mines

Percentageof mines

found

1.Electromagnetic methods 2.Acoustic/seismic methods 3.Chemical vapor detection methods 4.Bulk explosives detection methods

Electromagnetic MethodsTechnology Principle

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR)

Reflects radio waves off mine

Electrical impedance tomography

Determines electrical conductivity distribution

X-ray backscatter Images mine with x-rays

Infrared Assesses temperature, light reflectance

The impulse GPR system

Impulsegenerator

tx

processorVisual display

A/D convertor

Pulse extender

rx

landmine

Low-metal mines

Metal mine

Mine Response to Ground-Penetrating Radar

X-RAY BACKSCATTERWhen X-rays pass through matter they will be attenuated, i.e. absorbed or scattered. The probability of scattering in the back direction. This probability depends inversely on the absorption power of the material to the incident and to the backscattered x rays. Organic materials typically absorb only a small fraction of the x rays, so that the scatter probability is high. Metals typically are strongly absorbing, and the scatter probability is low. Thus, organic materials are bright and metallic objects are dark in the image

capabilities and advantages :

1 . The information depth is sufficient to detect all regularly placed mines.2. XBT is able to detect metal-free landmines.

3 . landmines buried in a variety of soil conditions including various types of vegetation will be detected with XBT.

Technology Principle

Acoustic Reflects sound waves off mines

1.Acoustic-to-seismic wave-coupling approach to detect buried land mines. Acoustic sound waves penetrate the soil surface to generate seismic waves within the soil.

• These seismic waves cause the mine to vibrate and resonate, producing a displacement velocity field at the ground surface above the mine. This displacement can be measured by a laser vibrometer or UHF radar

Mine

Blank

120 170 220 270

Frequency (Hz)

Amplitude(m/s 10-5)

5

4

3

2

1

Well-Trained Dogs Are Most Sensitive

Vapor Sensors

If honeybees can be trained to seek the chemical components of explosives, the ability to track bees and analyze their hives could help pinpoint landmines or unexploded ammunition on firing ranges or old battlefields

Biological detector

Bulk Explosives Detection MethodsTechnology Principle

Nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR)

Radio frequency pulse causes nuclei in explosives molecules to resonate

Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance (NQR), a derivative of NMR, is a bulk inspection technology which can be used to detect certain chemical elements which have a magnetic dipole moment. Amongst these is nitrogen-14 (14N) which is a major constituent of explosives used in landmines, such as RDX and TNT. NQR has been described as "an electromagnetic resonance screening technique with the specificity of chemical spectroscopy" as it not only detects but can be used to identify the exact chemical compound used.

Nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR)

Detection process

Before stimulation

RF field is applied After excitation is removed

NQR Prototype

There’s No Silver Bullet: All Detectors Have False AlarmsTechnology Primary False-Alarm Sources

GPR • Roots and rocks• Water pockets

Acoustic • Hollow objects (soda cans)

Chemical vapor detectors

• Explosives residues• Natural vapors

Nuclear quadrupole resonance

• AM radio stations and other sources of radio waves

RAND Study Conclusion: Multi-Sensor System Is Needed

• Each innovative technology has false alarms and false negatives

• Combining sensors would decrease false alarms and false negatives

• Combined sensor system could employ recent advances in signal processing capability

Other Applications

Airport SecurityThe same technology used in nuclear LMD can also be used to scan luggage in airportsThis technology will allow faster and far more accurate scanning of luggage

References

1. www.pdfoo.com • www.college-seminars.com • www.springerlink.com