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Page 1: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición

Page 2: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

(1) eradicating extreme poverty and hunger; (2) achieving universal primary education; (3) promoting gender equality; (4) reducing child mortality; (5) improving maternal health; (6) combating HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases; (7) ensuring environmental sustainability; and (8) developing a global partnership for development.

Millennium Development Goals

Estado actual de la malnutrición y los factores determinantes en los países de América Latina y el Caribe. Manuel Hernández-

Triana, Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición, Departamento de Bioquímica y Fisiología Instiututo de Nutrición, Habana, Cuba

Page 3: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

Under-5 mortality from 1970 to 2010, by region

4% por década

Page 4: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

The child

mortality rate has

been greatly

reduced in Latin

America and the

Caribbean

(LAC). More than

half of the gains

in reducing child

mortality are

attributable to

immunization.

Page 5: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,
Page 6: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,
Page 7: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,
Page 8: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,
Page 9: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,
Page 10: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

Programas de Transferencia de Efectivo para el Combate de la Pobreza en América Latina y El Caribe

Page 11: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

“ Latinoamérica era la única de las cinco regiones del mundo que estaba avanzando", ya que había bajado de 53 millones a 45 millones de hambrientos de 1990 a 2005, pero esa relación fue revertida en 2008, a causa de la crisis que envolvió a los mercados”

Page 12: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional en América Latina y el Caribe FAO, Oct 2011

Page 13: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

En 2010, el número de personas con hambre en América Latina y el Caribe fue de

52,5 millones.

De igual forma, el porcentaje de personas con hambre (prevalencia) se ha mantenido estable en 9% en los últimos dos años.

Page 14: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,
Page 15: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,
Page 16: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

21,7 23,7 26,8

6,8

16.3

5.6 9.8

19.2

54.5

30.1 30.1

15.5

29.8

Underweight Stunted Overweight

Cuba 2005 1.3 (1.0 – 2.9) 3.7 (3.3 – 4.9) 12.5

Page 17: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

4

años

7

años

7

años

125 cms

100

cms

103

cms

Nutrition problems in Latin America:

• LBW

• retarded growth

• micronutrients deficiency

• overweight and obesity

140 millons

of children

Page 18: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

+ -

IMC al inicio

del embarazo

Glucosa Materna Insulina

Flujo Sanguíneo Placenta

feto

Crec. Fetal

restringido

Macrosomía fetal

alimentación artificial

Crecimiento rápido

Early Adiposity rebound

Maduración Sexual puberal

Obesidad Central

Síndrome Metabólico

↑ IMC Obesidad

Respuesta hormonal

Respuesta Hormonal

Mujeres en edad fértil con ↓ IMC

Page 19: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,
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Page 21: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

Ҳ=44.68, p=0.0000

Gráfico 3. Distribución porcentual de los escolares sobrepeso y

normopeso según el peso al nacer.

2008

Page 22: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

Adultos con sobrepeso

Page 23: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

Adultos Obesos

Page 24: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

Trends in age-standardised mean BMI by subregion between 1980 and 2008

Men

Women

Increase: 0,6 – 1,1kg/m2 per decade Increase: 0,4 – 1,4kg/m2 per decade

Men

Page 25: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY IN PRESCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN

450 surveys from 144

countries with trend data

for 111 countries.

21% 31% 36%

Page 26: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

América Latina Libre de Ácidos Grasos trans

Page 27: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,
Page 28: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,
Page 29: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

Deficiencia de Vitamina A Food Nutr Bull. 2009 Jun;30(2):103-11. Are vitamin A and iron deficiencies re-emerging in urban Latin America? A survey of schoolchildren in Bogota, Colombia. Maslova E, Mora-Plazas M, Forero Y, López-Arana S, Baylin A, Villamor E. Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.

2811 low- and middle-income children 5 to 12 years of age in Bogotá, Colombia. deficiencies of vitamin A (plasma retinol < 0.70 micromol/L) 14% retinol positively associated with child's age and household's socioeconomic stratum, The prevalence rates of vitamin A are not negligible. vitamin A is associated with socioeconomic status and anthropometric indices.

Page 30: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,
Page 31: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,
Page 32: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,
Page 33: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

Nutrition and

physical activity

Page 34: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

1.200.000 Generaciones entre festines y hambre 2-3 Generaciones en

abundancia energética

50 años

↓ frutas

↓ verduras

↓ granos integrales

↓ cereales

↓ legumbres.

↑ alimentos grasos

↑grasa saturada

↑ azúcares

↑ sal

↑ leche

↑ carnes

↑ cereales refinados

↑alimentos procesados.

↑ frutas

↑ verduras

↑ granos integrales

↑ cereales

↑ legumbres.

↓ alimentos grasos

↓ grasa saturada

↓ azúcares

↓ sal

↓ leche

↓ carnes

↓ cereales refinados

↓alimentos procesados.

Dieta

Page 35: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

Actihearts

Page 36: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,
Page 37: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,
Page 38: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

Calibration at

2, 4 and 6 km/h

Page 39: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,
Page 40: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,
Page 41: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

♀ ♀

Free plasma glucose 1980 - 2008

Page 42: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

By 2030, the number of individuals

with diabetes

worldwide is expected to rise to

472 million, almost

80% of whom will be in low-income

and middle-income countries.

Page 43: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

6 ,0

10 ,4

7 ,3

5 ,2

7 ,77 ,1

7 ,6

9 ,0

4 ,0

5 ,4

12 ,8

6 ,4

4 ,9

5 ,7

11,4

6 ,9

5 ,9

11,3

12 ,9

9 ,3

6 ,4

9 ,7

7 ,9

8 ,7

9 ,4

11,4

4 ,8

6 ,6

14 ,5

6 ,0

4 ,6

8 ,5

5 ,95 ,85 ,1

7 ,2

6 ,46 ,8

0,0

2,0

4,0

6,0

8,0

10,0

12,0

14,0

16,0

Arg

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Bo

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2007 2025

Prevalence estimates of diabetes mellitus

2025 South and Central American Region

Diabetes Atlas

South and Central American Region

Page 44: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

Prevalence estimates of glucose intolerance

2025 South and Central American Region

Diabetes Atlas

South and Central American Region

7,2 7,0

10,1

6,76,2

8,6

10,4

4,8

14,5

8,17,8

9,9

6,9

12,5

10,2

8,1

7,37,0

6,3

6,67,5

4,3

7,4 7,4

10,6

4,4

7,9

9,9 10,29,1

7,7

6,66,7

6,0

6,9

8,2

11,4

5,1

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Countries

Pre

vale

nce

(%

)

2007 2025

Prevalence estimates of glucose intolerance 2025 - South and Central American Region

Diabetes Atlas

South and Central American Region

Page 45: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,
Page 46: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

Causas de muerte por Enfermedades No Transmisibles

Tasas por 100 000 habitantes

Argentina

Brasil

Mexico

Colombia

Page 47: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

Mayas

Xingu River, Brasilian Amazonian Peruvian indians

Incas agriculture

Page 48: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

Balke B, Snow C. Anthropological and physiological observations on Tarahumara endurance runners. Am J Phys Anthro. 1965;23:293-301

Groom D. Cardiovascular observations on Tarahumara Indian runners –the modern Spartans. Am Heart J. 1971;81:304-14

Jenkison M. The glory of the long distance runner. Nat Hist. 1972;81:54.

Connor, WE et al. The plasma lipids, lipoproteins and the diet of the Tarahumara Indians of Mexico. Am J Clin Nutr. 1978;31:1131-42.

McMurry MP, Connor WE, Cerqueria MT. Dietary cholesterol and the plasma lipids and lipoproteins in the Tarahumara Indians. A people

habituated to a low-cholesterol diet after weaning. Am J Clin Nutr.1982;35:741-4.

McMurry MP, Cerqueira MT, Connor MS, Connor WE. Changes in lipid and lipoprotein levels and body weight in Tarahumara Indians after

consumption of an affluent diet. New Eng J Med. 1991;325:1704-8

The Tarahumara Indians

from Mexico

Sierra Madre Occidental Mountains in the north-central state of Chihuahua, Mexico

• remarkable physical endurance and diet,

• very little food from animal sources,

but beans, corn, and squash.

• exceptional capacity for exercise.

• cholesterol to be 72 mg/day,

• fat intake only 12% of total calories.

• mean plasma total cholesterol: 125 mg/dl,

• mean plasma triglyceride: 120 mg/dl.

• excellent correlation between intake and Chol levels.

• A cholesterol-feeding experiment with Tarahumara

Indians showed similar changes to those described in

normocholesterolemic U.S. subjects

Page 49: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

The Brazilian

Yanomami Indians

• a quite different lifestyle from

individuals living in the

industrialized world.

• agricultural products diet (roots,

sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and

insects)

• they do not raise animals,

• dietary meat comes from hunting;

therefore, it is relatively rare.

• little access to processed sugar,

salt, alcohol, milk, dairy and eggs.

• lower TC serum levels compared to

Americans

• lower TC, LDL-C, and HDL-C

Mancilha-Carvalho JJ, Crews DE. Lipid

profiles of Yanomano Indians of

Brazil. Prev Med. 1990;19:66-75, doi:

10.1016/0091-7435(90)90009-9.

Page 50: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

(separation 700-1000 years ago)

living in remote, mountainous

locations in northwestern

Mexico

obesity and, perhaps,

type 2 diabetes

were less prevalent,

traditional lifestyle,

diet with less animal fat

and more complex

carbohydrates, greater

energy expenditure in

physical labor

Pima Indians ancestry

Ravussin E, Valencia ME, Esparza J, Bennet PH, Schulz LO. Effects of a traditional lifestyle on obesity in

Pima Indians. Diabet Care. 1994;17:1067-74, doi: 10.2337/diacare.17.9.1067.

Page 51: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

Ravussin E, Valencia ME, Esparza J, Bennet PH, Schulz LO. Effects of a traditional lifestyle on obesity

in Pima Indians. Diabet Care. 1994;17:1067-74, doi: 10.2337/diacare.17.9.1067.

The Pima Indians of Arizona

the highest reported

prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes.

abrupt changes in lifestyle,

prevalences increase to epidemic proportions

impact of the environment

compared with Pima ancestry from Mexico

Page 52: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

The Lima Study

Relationship between type of diet and CVD risk factors among vegetarians (VEG),

semi-vegetarians (SVEG), and omnivorous (OMN) Peruvian subjects with ethnographic

characteristics of mixed Spanish and indigenous descent.

VEG subjects are exposed to a lesser degree of

cardiovascular risk factors when compared to OMNs, while the

SVEG are at an intermediate level of exposure.

Acosta Navarro J et al. Blood pressure, blood lipids and other biochemical parameters among vegetarian,

semi-vegetarian and omnivorous Peruvians. The Lima Study. JACC. 1998;31(Suppl C):373.

Acosta Navarro et al. Pressa˜o sanguı´nea, perfil lipı´dico e outros paraˆmetros bioquı´micos entre peruanos

vegetarianos, semi-vegetarianos e onı´voros. O Estudo Lima. Annais Paulist Med Cir. 1998,125:87-101

Page 53: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

The Sao Paulo Study

Prevalence of CVD risk factors among

VEG (n = 65),

SVEG (n = 30)

and OMN (n = 41) subjects from the Adventist Church of Sao Paulo

• no difference in the prevalence of anemia or overt nutritional deficiency,

• different nutrient intake among the groups

• VEGs had a significantly lower mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure,

• lower prevalences of arterial hypertension and hypercholesterolemia,

• lower plasma concentrations of TC and LDL-C compared to OMN.

• SVEG group showed intermediate values

• VEG diet, and less, the SVEG diet are associated with a better CHD risk profile.

Acosta Navarro JC et al. Vegetarians and semi-vegetarians are less exposed to CVD risk factors.

Int J Atheroscler 2006;1:48-54.

Acosta-Navarro J, Caramelli B. Vegetarians from Latin America. Am J Cardiol. 2010;105:902

Page 54: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

Brazilian study. De Biasi et al

• 76 males and females

• OMNs, lacto-ovo vegetarians, lacto vegetarians, and vegans.

• Significant differences for serum TC, LDL-C, and TG levels.

• higher levels by OMNs

• decreased levels for VEGs as animal products were restricted

• lowest levels by vegans.

• Vegetarian diet associated with lower levels of TG, TC, and LDL-C

De Biase SG, Fernandes SF, Gianini RJ, Duarte JL. Vegetarian diet and cholesterol and riglycerides

levels. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2007;88:35-9, doi: 10.1590/S0066-782X2007000100006.

Page 55: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

1.200.000 Generations between gorging and hunger

2-3 Generations in

energetic overflow

↓ fruits

↓ green leaves

↓ whole grains

↓ cereals

↓ legumes.

↑ saturated fat

↑ sugars

↑ salt

↑ milk and dairy prods

↑ meat

↑ refined cereals

↑ processed foodstuffs

Diet

Dramatic increase of sedentary behavior

↑ fruits

↑ green leaves

↑ whole grains

↑ cereals

↑ legumes.

↓ saturated fat

↓ sugars

↓ salt

↓ milk and dairy prods

↓ meat

↓ refined cereals

↓ processed foodstuffs12 50 years

Page 56: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

Firmicutes

Bacteroidetes

Firmicutes

Bacteroidetes

Fuente: Peter J, et al. An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity

for energy harvest. Nature 2006;444:1027-131.

Page 57: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

fruits

green vegetables

whole grains

cereals

legumes.

saturated fat

sugar

salt

milk

meats

refined cereals

high processed foods

Desired dietary pattern

for the NCD prevention

The “nutritional transition ” in

Latin America took place with a diet :

Dietary pattern promotes

inflammation, overweight

and glucose intolerance.

Diet favors

body weight

control

Preventive diet

Nutritional

Alternative

?????

fruits

green vegetables

whole grains

cereals

legumes.

saturated fat

sugar

salt

milk

meats

refined cereals

high processed foods

Page 58: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

Assayed diet

Page 59: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

Instituto de Nutrición e Higiene de los Alimentos. La Habana, Cuba

Dietary Reference Intakes for the Cuban Population, 2009

1996 2004

2003 2009

Cuban Minister of Public Health, Dr. José Ramón Balaguer Cabrera, Deputy Minister of Hygiene and

Epidemiology, Dr. Luis Estruch Rancaño Director of the Cuban Institute of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Dr.

Disnardo Raúl Pérez González

Manuel Hernández Triana, Carmen Porrata Maury,

Santa Jiménez Acosta, Armando Rodríguez Suárez,

Olimpia Carrillo Farnés, Álvaro García Uriarte,

Lourdes Valdés Fraga Mercedes Esquivel Lauzurique,

Vladimir Ruiz Álvarez, Magaly Padrón Herrera, Gisela Pita

Consuelo Macías, Yeneisy Lanyau Domínguez,

Daysi Zulueta Torres, Maria Elena Díaz Sánchez,

Mayttel de la Paz Luna, Beatriz Basabe Tuero,

Blanca Terry Berro Alejandrina Cabrera Hernández,

Moisés Hernández Fernández , Elisa Aznar García,

Lázaro Alfonso Novo, Rita Castiñeiras García,

Jorge René Fernández Massó, Norma Silva Leal,

Berta Rodríguez Anzardo

1. Porrata C, Hernández-Triana M, Argüelles JM.Recomendaciones nutricionales y guías de alimentación para la población cubana. Havana:Editorial

Pueblo y Educación; 1996.

2. Hernández-Triana M. Recomendaciones nutricionales para el ser humano. Actualización. Rev Cubana Invest Biomed. 2004;23(4):266–92.

3. Validación de la Recomendación Diaria de Energía Alimentaria vigente en Cuba para mujeres de 60 a 70 años de edad mediante la medición del gasto

energético por el método del agua doblemente marcada. M Hernández, C Porrata, G Estrada, M E Díaz, H S. Bayley, P Jones, I Martín, R Moreno, V

Moreno, I Wong, A Ferrer. Resumenes de Congreso, Museo Montane 2005

4. Requerimientos de energía alimentaria para la población adulta. Manuel Hernández Triana. Rev. Cubana de Higiene y Epidemiología

2005;43(1):(www.sld.sld.cu/servicios/revistas/revistas cubanas).

5. Recomendaciones nutricionales para adultos con sobrepeso corporal. Manuel Hernández Triana Tabloide para “Universidad para Todos” La

Obesidad, Una Epidemia Mundial 2007.

6. Recomendaciones nutricionales para adultos con sobrepeso corporal. Hernández Triana, Manuel. Rev Cubana Invest Bioméd, Jun 2008, vol.27, no.2,

p.0-0. ISSN 0864-0300

7. Recomendaciones Nutricionales. En: Temas de Nutrición. Nutrición básica. C Porrata y M Hernández-Triana. Volumen I, Cap. 5. 2008.

http://bvs.sld.cu/libros_texto/nutricion_basica/cap5.pdf

8. Recomendaciones Nutricionales para la Población Cubana 2008. Manuel Hernández Triana, Carmen Porrata Maury, Santa Jiménez Acosta, Armando

Rodríguez Suárez,3 Olimpia Carrillo Farnés, Álvaro García Uriarte, Lourdes Valdés Fraga,5 Mercedes Esquivel Lauzurique. Instituto de

Investigaciones para la Industria Alimenticia, La Habana, Cuba; Febrero 2009 ISBN 978-959-7003-23-6.

9. Recomendaciones Nutricionales para la Población Cubana 2008. Manuel Hernández Triana, Carmen Porrata Maury, Santa Jiménez Acosta, Armando

Rodríguez Suárez, Olimpia Carrillo Farnés, Álvaro García Uriarte, Lourdes Valdés Fraga. Revista Cubana de Investigaciones Biomédicas. 2009;

28(1):1-50.

10. Dietary Reference Intakes for the Cuban Population, 2008. Manuel Hernández-Triana, Carmen Porrata, MD, PhD, Santa Jiménez, MD, PhD, Armando

Rodríguez, PhD, Olimpia Carrillo, PhD, Álvaro García, PhD, Lourdes Valdés, PhD, Mercedes Esquivel, MD, PhD. MEDICC Review, Fall 2009, Vol 11, No

4:9-16.

Publicaciones

Page 60: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

Nutrient DRIs Assayed Diet

Energy (kcal) 2000 – 2400 2022

Proteins (g) 75 – 90 60

Fat (g) 55 – 66 36

Carbohydrates (g) 300 – 360 363

Fibre (g) 30 – 50 57

Vit A (μg) 550 – 3000* 3203

Vit E (mg) 9 – 1000 8

Vit K (μg) 60 – DN 221

Vit C (mg) 45 – 2000 69

Vit B1 (mg) 1,2 – DN 2,2

Vit B2 (mg) 1,3 – DN 1,6

Vit B6 (mg) 1,4 – 100 3,0

Vit B12 (μg) 2,0 – ND 0,45

Folates (μg) 400 – 1000 832

Niacin (mg) 16 – 35 26

Ca (mg) 750 – 2500 968

P (mg) 800 – 4000 1250

Mg (mg) 250 – 350** 749

Mn (mg) 2 – 11 16

K (mg) 2000 – 3500 3657

Na (mg) 500 – 2300 3676

Fe (mg) 25 – 53 24

Zn (mg) 12 – 40 15

Nutritional

composition of the

assayed diet.

Accomplishment of

Cuban DRIs

Page 61: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

Campo de arroz orgánico

En Cuba:

Page 62: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

Arroz integral

Demanda creciente: 2 ton diaria, 2 pesos la lb

Page 63: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

Máquina de galletas de arroz, Instituto Finlay

Page 64: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

Fomento cultivo de ajonjolí. Consumo Finlay: 25 ton al año

Page 65: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

Producción de aceite de ajonjolí

Page 66: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

Cocina Dietoterapia, Finlay

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Comedor, Instituto Finlay

Page 68: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

Conferencia de introducción: primer

jueves de cada mes.

Page 69: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

Publicaciones científicas

1. Security and nutritional value of macrobiotic diet. The Cuban experience. C. Porrata, Manuel Hernández Triana, D. Castro, M. Naranjo, R. Vilá, M.

E. Díaz, T. De Armas Proccedings of Intrafood-2005, Elsevier, 25-28 oct, Valencia, España, 2005.

2. Efecto terapéutico de la dieta macrobiótica Ma-Pi 2 en 25 adultos con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Carmen Porrata Maury, Alfredo Abuín Landín,

Abraham Morales, Raúl Vilá Dacosta-Calheiros, Manuel Hernández Triana, Jorge Menéndez Hernández, María Elena Díaz Sánchez, Mayelín

Mirabal Sosa, Concepción Campa Huergo Mario Pianesi. Rev Cubana Invest Biomed 2007;26(2):

3. Manual de Dietoterapia Macrobiótica Ma-Pi. Diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Pianesi M, Porrata-Maury C, Hernández Triana M, Campa-Huergo C.

Editorial La Pica, Roma, Italia, Dic 2008

4. Caracterización y evaluación nutricional de las dietas macrobióticas Ma-Pi. Carmen Porrata Maury, Manuel Hernández Triana, Concepción Campa

Huergo, Alfredo Abuín Landín y Mario Pianesi. Revista Cubana de Investigaciones Biomédicas. 2008; 27(3-4):1-36

5. Ma-Pi 2 Macrobiotic Diet Intervention in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitas. Carmen Porrata, MD, PhD, Julio Sánchez, MD, Violeta Correa, MD,

Alfredo Abuín, MD, Manuel Hernández-Triana, MD, PhD, Raúl Vilá Dacosta-Calheiros, MD, María Elena Díaz, PhD, Mayelín Mirabal, MS, Eduardo

Cabrera, PhD, Concepción Campa, MS, Mario Pianesi. MEDICC Review, Fall 2009, Vol 11, No 4:29-35.

6. Intestinal Microbiota, Inflamation, glucosa intolerante and ethiology of chronic diseases. Manuel Hernández Triana, Vladimir Ruiz. Public Health

Nutrition 2010;13(9A):6

7. Therapeutic effect of the macrobiotic Ma-Pi diet in type 1 diabetic children. C Porrata, T Montesino, N Ocaña, M Hernández-Triana, M Mirabal,

Maria E Diaz, R Vila, E Cabrera, C Campa, M Pianesi. J Arab Borrad Health Specilizat 2010;11 4:2-22.

8. Short term effect of the Ma-Pi 2 macrobiotic diet in adults with type 2 Diabetes mellitus of Beijing, 2008.Wang Bin, Porrata C, Weiguo Ma, Bing Xu,

Alegret M, Yujing Quian Hernández M, Ruíz V, Pianesi M. Enviado a Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 2011 (Junio 2011)

9. Impacto de una intervención intensiva durante 6 meses con dieta macrobiótica Ma-Pi 2, en adultos con diabetes mellitus tipo 2, Costa de Marfil,

2009-2010. Yapo MR,1 Adouéni KV,2 Euhoman G,3 Porrata C,4 Ruíz V,5 Pianesi M. 6 Enviado a Jornal of Nutrition and Metabolism Oct 2011

10. Ma-Pi 2 macrobiotic diet intervention during three months in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus, Mongolia, 2008. Jambal Khatanbaatar, a Tsermaa

Yondonperenlei, b Tseremsambuu Narantuya, c Carmen Porrata-Maury, d Vladimir Ruíz, e Manuel Hernández, f Mario Pianesi. Enviado a Jornal

of Nutrition and Metabolism Nov 2011

Page 70: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

En 2010, el número de personas con hambre en América Latina y el Caribe fue de

52,5 millones.

De igual forma, el porcentaje de personas con hambre (prevalencia) se ha mantenido estable en 9% en los últimos dos años.

Page 71: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

En agosto de 2011 el índice

de precios internacionales de

los alimentos de la FAO alcanzó

un nivel 26% superior al de

agosto de 2010.

Page 72: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,
Page 73: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,
Page 74: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,
Page 75: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,
Page 76: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,
Page 77: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,
Page 78: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

Maíz

Trigo

Soya

Arroz

Precios de Cereales, FAO 2011

Page 79: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

los precios de los alimentos en el

periodo 2006-2011 se encuentra

73% por sobre los niveles del

quinquenio previo 2000-2005.

Page 80: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

Según los pronósticos de FAO y

OCDE, los precios permanecerán

altos y volátiles en los próximos

años.

Page 81: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

Highly unusual extreme weather events affected the Latin America region over recent years.

• Venezuelan rainfall (1999, 2005) • flooding in the Argentinean Pampas (2000-2002) • Amazon drought (2005), • hail storm in Bolivia(2002) • hail storm in the Great Buenos Aires area (2006), • the unprecedented hurricane Catarina in the South 8 Atlantic (2004) • the record hurricane season of 2005 in the Caribbean Basin.

Page 82: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

Important changes in precipitation and increases in temperature during the last decades

in Latin America.

• Increased rainfall and floods in Bolivia, southeast Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, the Argentinean Pampas • Declining trend in precipitation in southern Chile, southwest Argentina, southern Peru, and western Central America. • Increases of temperature in Mesoamerica and South America (1°C) and Brazil 0.5ºC • Trend in glaciers retreat is accelerating. • Glaciers retreat is critical in Bolivia, Peru, Colombia and Ecuador (Water availability for consumption or hydropower generation already compromised). • Problems are expected to increase in the future

Page 83: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

Land use changes have intensified the use of natural resources and exacerbated many of the

processes of land degradation in Latin America.

• 3/4 of the dryland´s surface affected by degradation processes. • Natural land cover continues to decline at very high rates. • Tropical forests deforestation increased during the last five years. • Biomass burning aerosols may change regional temperature and precipitation in the southern part of Amazonia. • Biomass burning also affects regional air quality with implications on human health. • Increased vegetation fire risk

Page 84: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

Mayor riesgo para la seguridad alimentaria y

nutricional de las poblaciones vulnerables

en América Latina y el Caribe.

El 9% de su población total

(52,5 millones de personas)

sufren hambre

Esta cifra crecerá !!!

Page 85: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

• Projected mean warming for LA to the end of the Century of 1- 4°C • Under climate change: risk of species extinctions in tropical LA • Increase in Sea Level Rise, weather and climatic variability and extremes will affect coastal areas, • mangrove ecosystems and region's fisheries. • By the 2020s: net increase of people under water stress due to climate change: 7-77 million • Diseases are weather and climate related; vectors development favored (malaria, dengue). • Decreased yields projected for numerous crops (rice, maize, wheat, barley, grapes)

Sustainable development plans in LA should include adaptation strategies to enhance

the integration of climate change into development policies.

Adaptive capacity of human systems in LA is low,

particularly to extreme climate events, and vulnerability is high.

Page 86: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

Amplio debate internacional sobre los fundamentos

mismos y los límites estructurales del estilo de

desarrollo predominante.

Lo que se cuestiona es el predominio del mercado sin

contrapesos, alimentado por un proceso de

globalización carente de mecanismos de

gobernabilidad, que ha convertido a:

la desigualdad en el

estigma de nuestra época.

José Graziano da Silva

Representante Regional de la FAO para América

Latina y el Caribe

Page 87: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

Principales mensajes

• El precio de los alimentos y la volatilidad ponen en riesgo los avances en la

erradicación del hambre y de la desnutrición infantil en la región.

• Incorporar políticas para subnutrición y sobrepeso

• El alza de precios de alimentos aumenta la pobreza y reduce acceso a alimentos

• La región como bloque no tiene problemas de disponibilidad de alimentos 2011

• En los cereales, se pronosticó una leve caída.

Page 88: Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición · sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore,

Recomendaciones

• Dinamización del comercio intraregional de alimentos

• Revisión de los aspectos más permanentes o estructurales de la sociedad

• Agenda de políticas públicas para enfrentar los principales desafíos de la región

• Rol político más activo en mecanismos de gobernanza de la seguridad alimentaria

• Transformación de los patrones de producción y consumo

• Prioridad a la inclusión de la agricultura familiar

• Adaptar la agricultura al cambio climático

• Mayor transparencia y competencia en los mercados agroalimentarios

• Políticas de redistribución de los ingresos

• Ampliación de los sistemas de protección social, reformas en sistemas tributarios