PREVENTION & CONTROL OF INFECTIOUSDISEASES

Dr M A BasharSenior Resident

Department of Community MedicinePGIMER, Chandigarh

INFECTIOUS DISEASE

An illness due to a specific infectious agent or its toxic products capable of being directly or indirectly transmitted from man to man, animal to animal or from the environment (air, dust, soil, water, food) to man or animal.

EPIDEMIOLOGY

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRIAD

DYNAMICS OF DISEASE TRANSMISSION

MODES OF TRANSMISSION

A. DIRECT TRANSMISSION B. INDIRECT TRANSMISSION

MODES OF TRANSMISSION• DIRECT TRANSMISSION– Direct Contact• Skin to Skin.• Mucosa to Mucosa.• Mucosa to Skin.

Of the same person or different Person.

Eg-STD, AIDS, leprosy, skin and eye infections.

DIRECT TRANSMISION • DIRECT TRANSMISSION– Direct Contact– Droplet Infection

Direct Projection of a spray of droplets of saliva and naso-pharyngeal secretions during coughing, sneezing or speakingto the surrounding atmosphere.Eg: Respiratory infections, diphtheria, whooping cough, TB, Meningococcal meningitis.

Droplet Sprayed into the Air from a Sneeze

DIRECT TRANSMISION• DIRECT TRANSMISSION– Direct Contact– Droplet Infection– Contact with Soil

Eg: Hookworm larva, Tetanus.

DIRECT TRANSMISSION• DIRECT TRANSMISSION– Direct Contact– Droplet Infection– Contact with Soil– Inoculation into skin or mucosa Eg: Rabies, infected needles.

INDIREC TRANSMISSION

INDIRECT TRANSMISSION

Traditionally 5F’s

FliesFingerFomiteFoodFluids

INDIRECT TRANSMISSION

INDIRECT TRANSMISSION– Vehicle-borne

Water (MC)Food IceBlood, Serum, PlasmaTissues and organs

INDIRECT TRANSMISSION

– Vehicle-borne.– Vector-borne

INDIRECT TRANSMISSION

– Vehicle-borne.– Vector-borne.– Air-borne

INDIRECT TRANSMISSION

– Vehicle-borne.– Vector-borne.– Air-borne.– Fomite-borne.

Inanimate article or substances other than water or food contaminated by infectious agents

INDIRECT TRANSMISSION

– Vehicle-borne.– Vector-borne.– Air-borne.– Fomite-borne.– Unclean hand and finger.

INFECTIOUS DISEASE PREVALENT IN INDIA

Respiratory infections:• Chicken pox.• Measles.• Mumps.• Rubella.• Influenza• Diphtheria.• Meningitis.• Whooping Cough.• ARI.• TB.

INFECTIOUS DISEASE PREVALENT IN INDIA

Intestinal Infections:• Poliomyelitis.• Viral hepatitis.• Acute diarrhoeal disease.• Typhoid fever.• Cholera.• Food poisoning.• Amoebiasis.• Taeniasis.• Ascarasis.• Hookworm infestation.

INFECTIOUS DISEASE PREVALENT IN INDIA

Arthropod-borne Diseases• Malaria• Dengue.• Filariasis.

Zoonosis:Viral

– Rabies.– JE.– Avian flu.

Bacterial– Leptospirosis.– Brucellosis.– Human salmonellosis.

INFECTIOUS DISEASE PREVALENT IN INDIA

Surface Infections:• Trachoma• Tetanus• Leprosy• AIDS• STD

Hospital Acquired Infections.

Disease Prevention And Control

Decrease your risk of infectious diseases by understanding how they spread and how you can protect yourself.

Disease Prevention And Control

• Wash your hands often:

This is especially important before and after preparing food, before eating and after using the toilet.

Disease Prevention And Control

• Wash your hands often.• Get vaccinated.

Immunization can drastically reduce the chances of contracting many diseases.

• Only take antibiotics when necessary.• If they're prescribed, take them exactly as

directed — don't stop taking them early because your symptoms have gone away.

Disease Prevention And Control

• Wash your hands often.• Get vaccinated.• Use antibiotics sensibly. • Stay at home if you have signs and symptoms

of an infection. • Be smart about food preparation.

Disease Prevention And Control

• Wash your hands often.• Get vaccinated.• Use antibiotics sensibly. • Stay at home if you have signs and symptoms

of an infection.

Disease Prevention And Control

• Don't share personal itemsUse your own – Toothbrush– Comb – Razor blade. – Avoid sharing drinking glasses or dining utensils.

Disease Prevention And Control

• Don't share personal items. • Travel wisely. • Keep your pets healthy.

ROLE OF DOCTORS IN PREVENTING INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Controlling the reservoira. Early Diagnosis

Precise treatment Epidemiological Investigation- study time place & person distribution

of the disease and For institution of prevention and control measures.

b. Notification c. Isolation d. Quarantine

ROLE OF DOCTORS IN PREVENTING INFECTIOUS DISEASES

b) Interruption of transmission“Breaking the chain of Transmission”

c) Susceptible Hosta. Active immunization.b. Passive Immunizationc. Combined Active and passive immunization.

d) Non-specific measures Better housing, water-supply, sanitation. nutrition and

education. Legislative measures- to formulate and effective

implementation of measures.

THANK YOU