Upload File

prevention of volcanic ash encounters in the proximity area between active volcanoes and heavy air...

  • Home
  • Documents
  • Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters
62
Prevention of Volcanic Ash Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters Encounters in the Proximity Area in the Proximity Area Between Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Traffic Routes Saburo Onodera Saburo Onodera Flight Crew Training Dept Flight Crew Training Dept ., ., Japan Japan Airlines Airlines

Upload: theodore-parrish

Post on 29-Dec-2015

215 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

Report

Tags:

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters

　　 Prevention of Volcanic Ash Prevention of Volcanic Ash EncountersEncounters

　　 in the Proximity Area in the Proximity Area BetweenBetween

　　 Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic RoutesTraffic Routes

Saburo OnoderaSaburo Onodera

Flight Crew Training DeptFlight Crew Training Dept., ., Japan AirlinesJapan Airlines

Page 2: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters

ContentsContents

11 ． ． Miyakejima Ash Encounter Miyakejima Ash Encounter (Aug.18(Aug.18thth,2000),2000)

22 ． ． Indirect Factors of Encounter Indirect Factors of Encounter

33 ． ． Lessons Learned and Proposal Lessons Learned and Proposal 　　

Page 3: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters

1.1. Miyakejima Ash EncounterMiyakejima Ash Encounter (Aug.18(Aug.18thth, 2000), 2000)

Page 4: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters
Page 5: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters
Page 6: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters

Explosive Eruption on Aug.18th ， 2000

Cloud Top at FL 460

Page 7: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters

Miyakejima Volcanic Events

0802z 　 Explosive Eruption begins.

0930z B747 encounters VA at FL340

0932z 　　　　 　 B737 encounters VA at FL360

Page 8: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters
Page 9: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters

Significant Damage Found on B747

① 3 engines were seriously damaged and replaced at Narita.

② 　 The remaining engine was also damaged and replaced at the next scheduled check. ③ 　 The windshield was damaged and replaced.

Page 10: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters

Why Aircraft VA Encounter Could Not be Prevented ？

The Need to Review the Respective Actions / Information at the Actual

Time of Encounter

Page 11: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters

Actions

- Pilot - ATC (Air Traffic Control) Controller

Available Information

　 - VA Transport and Dispersion Forecast - SIGMET,VAA, etc.,

Page 12: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters

Pilot Action (B747 Case)

　① Requests ATC to deviate VA area.

　② Inadvertently encounters VA at FL340.

★ St.Elmo’s Fire.

★ Cockpit Smoke

★ VHF Noise

　③ Immediately reduces engine power.

　④ Descends to FL310 to escape VA.

　⑤ Lands safely at Narita Airport.

Page 13: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters

MAIN POINT

WHY did the pilot encounters VA despite ATC

instructions?

　　

Page 14: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters

　　　　 ATC Controller Action

ATC Instructions　　 ATC vectored pilots to the furthest easterly route, believing it was the safest course of action.

　　　 However, the route gradually became

　 invaded with volcanic ash, and ATC could not provide effective radar vectoring.

Page 15: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters

WHY ?

Page 16: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters

- Congested Route Area

- Limited Options - Timely Information

Page 17: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters
Page 18: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters

Aircraft Airport of Estimated Narita Flight

Type Origin ATO Arrival Condition

B747 SPN 0824 0859 Normal

B747 SYD 0831 0906 Normal

B747 GUM 0849 0924 Normal

B747 CNS 0905 0940 Normal

DC10 GUM 0916 0951 Normal

B747 SPN 0930 1003 Encounter

B737 GUM 0932 1005 Encounter

Aircraft Sequence and Flight Conditions

Page 19: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters

③ Available Information 　

　 (1) 　 VA Transport and Dispersion Forecast

　 (2) 　 SIGMET, VAA

　

Page 20: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters

(1) 　 VA Transport and Dispersion Forecast 　

Forecasts were issued and updated fre-

quently well before the eruption began.

However, the forecast was not accurate

enough to satisfy the needs for the area,

where options for route selection were very

limited.

Page 21: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters

1000UTC0900UTC

(by Tokyo VAAC)

VA Forecast Transport and Dispersion Model

★ Encounter　 Point 　　

Page 22: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters
Page 23: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters

(2) SIGMET and VAA (An extract)0802z 　 Explosive Eruption begins. (live broadcast) 0812z VA report “VA at or above 5000m, ・・”0818z 　 VAA No1 　“ Plume Top FL190”

0825z 　 SIGMET 1 　“ Top FL190 MOV UNKNOWN” 　　　　　　　　　　

0840z 　 SIGMET 2 　“ Top more than FL400 Drifting

to E – SE, INTSF” 　 　　 (Pirep)

0925z 　 VAA No3 　 “ Top FL460. Outlook ・・”　（ Sat Pic) 　　　

0930z B747 encounters VA at FL3400932z B737 encounters VA at FL360

Page 24: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters

(2) 　 SIGMET, VAA Reports

Timing of issue ・・・・・・・・・・ swift and quick

( issued more than 1 hour before encounter)

　　 Contents of Information ・・・ good as a whole

altitude of VA ・・・・・ ・・・・・ included

moving direction of VA ・・ included

moving speed of VA ・・・・ not included at first

area of contamination ・・・ not included at first

Page 25: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters

Why was the VA Moving Speed and Area of Contamination Missing in SIGMET ?

Satellite imagery was not made immediately

available after observations. It takes time before the satellite data can be distributed to respective users.

Lack of timely critical information had a great

　 impact on ATC’s decision making process.

　

Page 26: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters

Similar Volcanic Ash Encounter CasesSimilar Volcanic Ash Encounter Cases

The Izu-Oshima Volcanic EncounterThe Izu-Oshima Volcanic Encounter

on 21on 21stst November,1986 November,1986

Page 27: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters

　 Izu-Oshima Volcano Eruption at 0723z(Left) 　 and 　 0743z(Right) 　　　　　　　 on 21st Nov. 1986. (Photo by H. Kamata) 　

Page 28: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters

B747 DC8 DC10 B747

60nm South 40nm East 60nm East of Narita of Oshima of Oshima

Altitude(ft) 20000-30000↑ 30000-26000↓ 20000-23000↑ 17000-10000↓

StaticDischarge On Windshield None On Windshield ?

Odour like Burning Wood

Ash debris of Erosion on Fine small particle W/S, Stab． Scratches

like Found VA on fog patches in pitot tube Windshield

NoneDamage

orDebris

VA Encounter at Izu-Oshima Eruption on 21st Nov. 1986

Location ?

Odour Unusual Odour None ?

Page 29: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters
Page 30: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters
Page 31: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters

1986 2000Izu-Oshima Miyakejima

Eruption Detection ○ ○SIGMET ○ ○NOTAM ○ ○

Satellite Imagery ○ ○ （Split Window) ( X ) ( ○ ）

Dispersion Forecast X ○VAAC, VAA X ○

Comparison of the Countermeasurestaken in 1986 and 2000

Page 32: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters

Year of Incident 1986 2000

Volcano name Izu-Oshima Miyakejima

Encounter Time (L) 1800～ 1830～

1620

1hour40min

Lead Time Before Encounter

1hour28min

Approx Time (L) ofExplosive Eruption

Elapsed Time sinceExplosive Eruption

1702

Page 33: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters

VA Encounter Could Not be Prevented

(1) Even with much more available

information than 14 years ago.

(2) Even with substantial lead time

before the encounter.

Page 34: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters

2. Indirect Factors of Encounter 2. Indirect Factors of Encounter

Page 35: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters

Volcanic Products at Miyakejima Volcano Eruptionsin J UL SEP, 2000－

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

7/8 7/14-15

8/10 8/13 8/14 8/18 8/29 8/30 09/09-10Month/Date

?

t x

1,0

00,0

00，

（）

Volume (m3)Weight ( t )

Page 36: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters

Indirect Factors of VA Encounter at Miyakejima Volcano Eruption

① Difficulty of Predicting Explosive

Eruptions.

② Long Lasting Nature of Volcanic Activity

leads to Decreased Sense of Danger⇒

③ Complacency

Page 37: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters

3. Lessons Learned and Proposal 3. Lessons Learned and Proposal

Page 38: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters

“Why the Encounters Could Not Be Prevented?”

Direct Causes

① Lack of Timely Critical Information. e.g. The Moving Speed / Contaminated Area. 　 Accurate VA Forecast.

② Delay of Positive Decision Making at ATC. e.g. Airspace was closed after encounter.

Page 39: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters

“Why the Encounters Could Not Be Prevented?”

Indirect Factors

① Difficulty of predicting explosive eruptions.

② Long Lasting Nature of Volcanic Activity.

③ Complacency.

Page 40: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters

Lessons Learned

Accurate and timely information on the area

of volcanic ash is critical.

In an area where Air Traffic is congested near

Active Volcanoes , ATC decision making on

“Volcanic Ash Avoidance” is crucial .

We do have lead time before Encounter.

Page 41: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters

(a) More ATC Initiatives and Reliable Forecast(a) More ATC Initiatives and Reliable Forecast

(b) (b) Education and TrainingEducation and Training 　 　 ( ) ⅰ( ) ⅰ Basic Knowledge of VA EncountersBasic Knowledge of VA Encounters

　　　 　　　 ( ) ⅱ( ) ⅱ Practical Knowledge on VA Avoidance Practical Knowledge on VA Avoidance

(c) (c) Simulated Volcanic Eruption drillsSimulated Volcanic Eruption drills

　　　　　　　 　

Proposed items to be studiedProposed items to be studied

Page 42: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters

I would like to conclude my I would like to conclude my talk by thanking thosetalk by thanking those

people who are contributingpeople who are contributingto the prevention of to the prevention of

volcanic ash encounter.volcanic ash encounter.

Thank You. Thank You.

Page 43: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters
Page 44: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters
Page 45: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters

Miyakejima Volcanic Eruptions in 2000

08 JUL. (by NHK TV) 14 JUL. (by S. Nakada.)

Page 46: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters

Miyakejima Volcanic Eruptions in 2000

10 AUG. ( by S. Nakada.) 14 AUG. ( by S. Nakada.)

Page 47: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters

The Major Eruptions on 18 AUG., 2000

(by Yomiuri Newspaper.) (by Nikkei Newspaper.) (by Asahi Newspaper.)

Page 48: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters

The Major Eruptions on 29 AUG., 2000

( by T. Shimano.) ( by T. Shimano.)

Page 49: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters

Eruptions on 09 and 10 SEP., 2000

09 SEP. ( by O. Oshima.) 10 SEP. ( by S. Nakada.)

Page 50: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters

Volcanic Activities After One Year 　 　 (2001)

09 JUL. 2001 ( by M. Tsukui.) 09 JUL. 2001 ( by M. Tsukui.)

Page 51: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters

Volcanic Activities After Two Years (2002)

　 07 AUG. 2002 ( by M. Tsukui.) 　　　 21 AUG. 2002 ( by M. Yoshimoto.)

Page 52: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters

Volcanic Activities After Three Years (2003)

30 SEP. 2003 ( by M. 　 Yoshimoto) 　　 30 SEP. 2003 ( by M. 　Yoshimoto)

Page 53: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters

Volcanic Activities After Three and a Half Years (2004)

24FEB. 2004 ( by M. 　 Ohno.)

Page 54: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters
Page 55: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters
Page 56: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters

Volcanic Events since 2000 to Date at Miyakejima Volcano

Jun., 2000. Volcanic Activity increased. Jul. ～ Aug. Repeated Small Eruptions. Aug.18th. Explosive Eruption.

　　　　　　　　　 ２ VA encounters.

Sep.,2000 Volcanic Activity declines, but

　　　　～ 　　　 SO2 Emissions continues.

Jun.,2004 　　 Residents are still evacuated.

Page 57: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters
Page 58: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters
Page 59: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters
Page 60: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters
Page 61: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters

Year of Incident 1986 1989 2000

Volcano name Izu-Oshima Redoubt Miyakejima

Encounter Time (L) 1800～ 1145 1830～

1620

1hour40min

160nm

1015

1hour30min

Volcanic Ash Encountered Time and Place

60nm

1hour28min

Distance betweenVolcano and the VA

Encounter Point50nm

Approx Time (L) ofExplosive Eruption

Elapsed Time sinceExplosive Eruption

1702

Page 62: Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters in the Proximity Area Between Active Volcanoes and Heavy Air Traffic Routes Prevention of Volcanic Ash Encounters

ft

Volcano Height2500ft

VA Encounter at Izu-Oshima Volcano Eruptionon 21st Nov.,1986

60 70NM

DC8

B747 DC10B747

10000400

20000

30000

25000

15000

50302010


Encounters of Aircraft with Volcanic Ash Clouds: A ... of Aircraft with Volcanic Ash ... Severity index for encounters of aircraft with volcanic ash clouds ... events that involve

WRF-CALMET-CALPUFF volcanic ash simulations

AFI VOLCANIC ASH EXERCISE OPERATIONAL INSTRRUCTIONS …

VOLCANIC ASH EXERCISE DIRECTIVE ICAO ASIA/PACIFIC …

VOLCANIC ASH · •No two volcanic clouds are alike and non-volcanic features can mimic the spectral signature of ash and SO 2 •Thus, volcanic cloud detection and characterization

Assessing Quality in Volcanic Ash Soils

Volcanic Ash Impacts on Jet Engines and Developments Since 2010 Meetings Seminars and... · 2019-02-05 · Volcanic Ash Safety implications Volcanic Ash 0.2 Approximate VAA/VAG Long

Advances in Volcanic Ash Avoidance and Recovery

INTERAGENCY OPERATING PLAN FOR VOLCANIC-ASH …...DOD center for volcanic-ash advisories and forecasts for U.S. Forces worldwide. 2.5.1 AFWA’s 2nd Weather Group monitors volcanic-ash

11ADOBL0x - Boeing Volcanic Ash Advice_DG Bill

GOES-R Volcanic Ash Detection fact sheetForecasters use GOES-R volcanic ash applications to identify areas where volcanic ash is present and potentially . hazardous, and ultimately

EXERCISE DIRECTIVE FOR VOLCANIC ASH EXERCISE IN …

Volcanic ash modelling for aviation

HYSPLIT / Volcanic Ash

The Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center

Distribution and Classification of Volcanic Ash Soils

Volcanic Ash Air Travel Under a Cloud

Examples of Scenarios of Volcanic Ash Exercises

Volcanic Ash covered landscape

Strength Performance of Concrete Produced with Volcanic ... · was carried out to check the effect of volcanic ash on the workability of fresh concrete. Volcanic ash partially replace

EUMETSAT Volcanic Ash Products - €¦ · SCOPE-NWC, Geneva, 19-22 November 2013 EUMETSAT Volcanic Ash Products Marianne König Slide 1

The impact of recent volcanic ash depositions on ... · The impact of recent volcanic ash depositions on herbivores in Patagonia: ... analysis of the ... The impact of recent volcanic

Unique Properties of Volcanic Ash Soils

Recent Encounters of Aircraft with Volcanic Ash Clouds · In order to get a general overview of recent encounters of aircraft with volcanic ash clouds ... ATM Incident Reporting

Encounters of Aircraft with Volcanic Ash Clouds - · PDF fileEncounters of Aircraft with Volcanic Ash Clouds ... • Investigation of the effects on navigation and ... > Encounters

Unified Model Intercomparisons for Volcanic Ash Transport ... · Unified Model Intercomparisons for Volcanic Ash Transport Modeling ... Document. Concentration ... Multi-model Concentration

Volcanic Ash Impacts on Critical Infrastructure

MODELING VOLCANIC ASH DISPERSION AND ITS … · modeling volcanic ash dispersion and its impact on human health and community resilience ... volcanic eruptions,

Determination of time- and height-resolved volcanic ash ......constraints on the distribution and fate of volcanic ash in the Earth system. 1 Introduction Volcanic gas and aerosol

UNIFIED MODEL INTERCOMPARISONS FOR VOLCANIC ASH TRANSPORT ...€¦ · UNIFIED MODEL INTERCOMPARISONS FOR VOLCANIC ASH TRANSPORT MODELING ... (ATM’s) on the atmospheric ... this

FEBRUARY 2, 2019 VISIT VOLCANIC ASH IN RIO GRANDE CITY · RIO GRANDE CITY . What is volcanic ash? Volcanic ash is made of tiny fragments of jagged rock, minerals, and volcanic glass

Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center

Searchfor possiblerelationshipbetween volcanic ash particles and ... · 2015. 4. 16. · Searchfor possiblerelationshipbetween volcanic ash particles and thunderstormlightningactivity

Volcanic Ash Advisory - World Meteorological … Ash Advisory.pdf · Volcanic Ash Advisory Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center Japan Meteorological Agency 28 June 2016. Outline Volcanic

Volcanic Ash Distribution Rig (VADR) Development · Volcanic Ash Distribution Rig (VADR) Development ... Ingestion Device for Engine Research (SPIDER) ... • Ash is a far more abrasive