principi di fonetica inglese - roberto maritan

5/17/2018 Principi di Fonetica Inglese - Roberto Maritan - slidepdf.com

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@wefhirg|. Einfhm – Cm|sm bi Nihjwf ihjngsg – Bmcghrg; \mlg|rm Ef|irfhzzz(|mlg|rmef|irfh(ir

T\IHCITI BI AMHGRICF IHJNGSG

% T\GSGHRF[IMHG

% CMHMSCG\G NM SC@ZF TFJ( 6 ú 0

% CMHMSCG\G NG QMCFNI IHJNGSI TFJ( 9 ú <6

% 6 Jghhfim <466 %




T\GSGHRF[IMHG



@wefhirg|. Einfhm – Cm|sm bi Nihjwf ihjngsg – Bmcghrg; \mlg|rm Ef|irfh – zzz|mlg|rmef|irfhir

QISIRFRG IN SIRM zzz|mlg|rmef|irfhir (Cm|si bi ihjngsg-Emhmj|faig Ngrrg|frw|f)TG\ CMHSWNRF\G TMSSILINI \GQISIMHI BGNNG EGEM\IG VWI \FCCMNRG

T\GSGHRF[IMHG

6) Vwgsrm afscicmnm |fccmjnig bwg eig emhmj|faig bi amhgricf ihjngsg ihrirmnfrg „Cmhmscg|g nmsc`zf― (tfjj 6%0) g „Cmhmscg|g ng qmcfni ihjngsi― (tfjj 9%<6)

Sg nf cmewhicf{imhg ih ihjngsg cmeg nihjwf bi scfelim awh{imhf r|f tf|nfhri hmh bi nihjwf efb|g(ih |fjimhg bgn niqgnnm egbim bi cmhmscgh{f c`g fccmewhf jni ihrg|nmcwrm|i) hgnn’gstg|igh{f t|fricfhmh à |f|f nf biaaicmnrä c`g si ihcmhr|f cmh i tf|nfhri bi nihjwf efb|g. jiä tg| ng smng |fjimhi bit|mhwhcif g f t|gscihbg|g bf fnr|g cmhsibg|f{imhi In t|mlngef biqghrf tmi |ingqfhrg |ijwf|bm nfqisimhg bi aine. n’fscmnrm bi r|fseissimhi. bi cfh{mhi gcc

Ng tfjihg c`g sgjwmhm gstmhjmhm cmh wh ftt|mccim rgchicm nf hfrw|f bgn t|mlngef. am|ewnfhbmfhc`g t|frici ghwhcifri bi t|mhrf fttnicf{imhg tg| in swtg|feghrm bi vwgi nieiri c`g cf|frrg|i{{fhmnf t|mhwhcif ihjngsg bf tf|rg bi biscghri sr|fhig|i. irfnifhi g hmh

Vwfsi sicw|feghrg nf t|ief egem|if („Cmhmscg|g nm sc`zf―. in swmhm qmcfnicm tiù |icm||ghrg hgnnfnihjwf ihjngsg) swscirg|ä hgn ngrrm|g vwgnnf srgssf j|fhbg sm|t|gsf g smbbisaf{imhg bf eg t|mqfrfhgn cm|sm bgnng eig |icg|c`g; j|fhbg sm|t|gsf tg| n’ihfstgrrfrf tm|rfrf bgn aghmeghm cmhsibg|frm.

smbbisaf{imhg tg| n’fcvwisi{imhg bi cmhmscgh{g qg|feghrg sriemnfhri

Nf cmhaibgh{f fcvwisirf ei `f tmi ihcm|fjjifrm fb gsrghbg|g ng |icg|c`g fhc`g fi swmhi qmcfniciihjngsi c`g – hmrgqmneghrg tiù hweg|msi bi vwgnni irfnifhi – qghjmhm sgetnicisricfeghrg.riticfeghrg gb g||mhgfeghrg |ibmrri gb fssieinfri fi swmhi qmcfnici irfnifhi . cmh qf|ig cmhsgjwgh{gHg à vwihbi sgjwirf nf emhmj|faif „Cmhmscg|g ng qmcfni―

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<) Jni f|jmeghri smhm rwrri gstmsri ih embm g cmh ihrghrm biqwnjfriqm. ihbi|i{{fhbmsi fb whtwllnicm c`g sgllghg hmh stgcifni{{frm tmr|ä fqg|g bgi lghgaici smnm bf whf ngrrw|fhgcgssf|ifeghrg frrghrf gb ihrg|gssfrf

G’ srfrm ihgqirfling ef sr|weghrfng in |icm|sm fnn’wsm bgi sielmni bgnn’fnaflgrm amhgricm ITF

(Ihrg|hfrimhfn T`mhgric Fssmcifrimh). nf cwi biaaicmnrä – smnm fttf|ghrg % à fjgqmneghrg swtg|frf bmtm nf ngrrw|f bgnnf hmrf 7) Afeinif|i{{f|si cmh i sielmni ITF f tfj( 61(

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3) In aghmeghm amhgricm bgnnf „|ibw{imhg qmcfnicf― |ftt|gsghrfrm bfnnm sc`zf à r|frrfrm hgnnft|ief tf|rg bi vwgsrm nfqm|m (tfjj6ú0) cmhsibg|frf nf |ingqfh{f bgn aghmeghm. in swm ietfrrm.n’ihrg|gssg c`g twü swscirf|g g. hmh wnrief. nf t|ief bfrf bi |gbf{imhg

Sg ih |fjimhg bgnnf sielmnmjif ITF wrini{{frf in ngrrm|g fqgssg biaaicmnrä hgnn’ftt|mccif|gswlirm rfng r|frrf{imhg. ihqirm f cmhsibg|f|g ih t|ief isrfh{f nf emhmj|faif „Cmhmscg|g ng qmcfni ihjngsi― . (tfjj 9ú<6) ih |fjimhg bgi swmi cmhrghwri t|mtgbgwrici fnnf ngrrw|f bi„Cmhmscg|g nm sc`zf―

%%%%%%%

\gqisimhi bgnng emhmj|faig sf|fhhm twllnicfrg swn sirm cirfrm ih cfncg

\mlg|rm Ef|irfh (B| Efj)

Einfhm. 6 Jgh <466




CMHMSCG\G NM SC@ZF



@wefhirg| Einfhm % Cm|sm bi nihjwf ihjngsg % Bmcghrg; \mlg|rm Ef|irfhBmcweghrm twllnicfrm swn sirm; zzz|mlg|rmef|irfhir (Cm|si bi ihjngsg - Emhmj|faig)

Gbi{imhg 646<36f Tfj 6 bi <6 Bmcweghrm smjjgrrm f |gqisimhg

CMHMSCG\G NM SC@ZF (\gq 66a)

44 Ihr|mbw{imhg

Nm sc`zf à in swmhm qmcfnicm tiù |icm||ghrg hgnnf nihjwf ihjngsg. tf|fbmssfneghrg scmhmsciwrm fnnm

srwbghrg sr|fhig|m f bistgrrm bgnnf swf |ingqfh{f hgnnf cmewhicf{imhg qg|lfng Nf cmet|ghsimhgbgi aghmeghi amhgrici fssmcifri fnnm sc`zf à ihafrri awh{imhfng fnn* ihrgnngjjilinirä m|fng. vwihbi fnswccgssm bgnnf cmewhicf{imhg. ih tf|ricmnf| embm hgi |ijwf|bi bgi tf|nfhri n*ihjngsg cmeg nihjwfefb|g (qhmrf 6 tfj 0)

Vwgsrm nfqm|m à in |iswnrfrm bi ftt|mamhbieghri g cmhsibg|f{imhi tg|smhfni sgjwirg fb wh cfswfng„ihcmhr|m cmh nm sc`zf― . c`g ei `f smnngcirfrm f cmhcgrrwfni{{f|g n’f|jmeghrm g f am|ewnf|gt|ihciti g |gjmng t|fric`g bi t|mhrf fttnicflinirä tg| in swtg|feghrm bi cmhsmnibfrg nfcwhg bit|mhwhcif ritic`g bgnnm srwbghrg irfnifhm

Nm sc`zf. cmeg sf|ä gqibghrg. twü lgh cmhsibg|f|si in tiù ietm|rfhrg aghmeghm amhgricmt|gsghrg hgnnf nihjwf ihjngsg Nf hm{imhg bgnnm sc`zf fnieghrg|ä wh |ihhmqfrf cmscigh{fnihjwisricf hgn biscghrg. r|fsam|efhbm nf |icg|cf bgi rg|eihi swn bi{imhf|im bf gsg|ci{im hmimsm ihihbfjihg cw|imsf bfi |iswnrfri sm|t|ghbghri

Tf|mng cìfqg

Sc`zf. cmewhicf{imhg qg|lfng. ihrgnngjjilinirä. ITF (Ihrg|hfrimhfn T`mhgrìc Fnt`flgr). sielmniamhgrici. fccghrm rmhicm. swmhi qmcfnici. ieefjihg smhm|f. whirä bi iham|ef{imhg. ihrmhf{imhg.ewrf{imhi. t|ihcitim bi t|mhwhcif. t|ihcitim bgn linfhcim ghg|jgricm. t|ihcitim bgn t|mlflingqfhrfjjim. iham|ef{imhi stw|ig. t|msmbif. rg|eihi sm|jghri. rg|eihi bg|iqfri. |irem nghrm. |iremm|bihf|im. qmcflmnm bmeihfhrg. fjj|gjfri qg|lfni

46 T|gegssf

Fi aihi bi vwgsrf r|frrf{imhg i rg|eihi ihjngsi smhm faaifhcfri bfnnf |gnfriqf r|fsc|i{imhg ih sielmniamhgrici sgcmhbm ITF (Ihrg|hfrimhfn T`mhgric Fnt`flgr). hgnn*fsswh{imhg c`g in ngrrm|g cmhmscf nf|gnfriqf t|mlngefricf. r|frrfrf ih wh’fnr|f eif bistghsf (ihrirmnfrf Cmhmscg|g ng qmcfni ihjngsi ) Ih|fjimhg bgnng qf|ig tmssilini gbi{imhi. bgn nm|m biqghi|g g bgnng qf|igrä bi bi{imhi. hmh smhmgscnwbilini biaag|gh{g hgnn*wsm gbirm|ifng bi fncwhi sielmni amhgrici sgttw| rwrri |iag|ghrisi fnnf srgssfsielmnmjif ITF (Gsng cmttig - w. i - ih nwmjm bi - ț. ǻ- mttw|g -ț. w- ih nwmjm bi -ț. wə- gcc()

64 in hmeg bi whf qgccìf cmhmscgh{f

In swmhm c`g nf nihjwisricf bgaihiscg sc`zf -ȓzfə- (<) ci à emnrm afeinif|g Ihafrri qf|i ibimei bgnswb Irfnif vwfni in cfetfhm. n*fl|w{{gsg. in emnisfhm. in twjnigsg (nieirfrfeghrg fnnf smnf tf|rg hm|b)

smhm cf|frrg|i{{fri bf whf t|gtmhbg|fhrg t|gsgh{f bi sc`zf

Ih |fjimhg bgnnf j|fhbg emng bi mtg|g f|risric`g biaawsg vwgnnm c`g tiù ci à hmrm à nm sc`zfqgicmnfrmci bfnnf „tf|nfrf hftmngrfhf―. in cwi rghrfriqm bi ieirf{imhg sf|ä vwi wring f scmtm bibfrricmSi t|mqi f t|mhwhcif|g ng tf|mng smrrmsc|irrg ieirfhbm wh hftmngrfhm vwfhbm tf|nf. |faam|{fhbmcimà n*fccghrm rmhicm g sawefhbm nf qmcfng sc|irrf ih cf|frrg|g ticcmnm aihm f |ghbg|nf ietg|cgrriling (cmeg rghrfriqfeghrg |ftt|gsghrfrm ih am|ef ritmj|faicf);

af{{wnàrrm (af{{mngrrm) tà|g (tigbg) käeem (fhbifem) rgnàamhm ( rgngamhm)




Gbi{imhg 646<36f Tfj < bi <6 Bmcweghrm smjjgrrm f |gqisimhg

n |iswnrfrm bgnn*gsg|ci{im t|mtmsrm tm|rf f cmhsibg|f|g c`g;

• nf qmcfng sw cwi cfbg n*fccghrm rmhicm à „cf|icf― bi ghg|jif smhm|f.

• fncwhg qmcfni tg|bmhm ghg|jif smhm|f biqghrfhbm sawefrg. ihbgaihirg. tmcm tg|cgrrilini.ihsijhiaicfhri; vwgsrg qmcfni smhm sc`zf.

• nm sc`zf à wh swmhm whiqmcm . ihbitghbghrgeghrg bfn ritm bi qmcfng f cwi à

fssmcifrm; ng qmcfni i. w. m. f. g c`g biqghrfhm sc`zf si t|mhwhcifhm vwihbi rwrrgfnnm srgssm embm.• ih wh qmcflmnm tmssmhm gssg|g t|gsghri tiù sc`zf. cmeg hgn hftmngrfhm rgnéamhm

Nf cmhsgjwghrg memjghgi{{f{imhg g hgwr|fni{{f{imhg ih wh whicm swmhm wjwfng à wh t|mcgssmc`g jghg|fneghrg t|gnwbg fnnf awrw|f scmetf|sf bgnng qmcfni hmh smnm hgnnf am|ef tf|nfrf (cmegfqqighg stgssm ih ihjngsg) ef fhc`g hgnnf am|ef sc|irrf. cmeg si qg|iaicf hgnnm snmqghm%c|mfrmR|sr (R|igsrg). O|o . hgnnf nihjwf gl|ficf g ih vwgnnf f|flf Rfng t|mcgssm à mtg|frm isrihriqfeghrgtw|g hgnng sc|irrw|g iet|mqqisfrg (fttwhri. ses). srghmj|faicm%rgngj|faic`g (fhc`g ih vwgnng c`gtmssmhm af| wsm bi cf|frrg|i ritmj|faici cmeg Stggbz|irihj. Bwrrmh Stggbzm|bs gcc). hginihjwfjji bgi am|we ih Ihrg|hgr gcc

<4 Nm sc`zf hgnnf nihjwf ihjngsg<6 \ftt|gsghrf{imhg bgn sielmnm amhgricm

In swmhm c`g nf nihjwisricf bgaihiscg sc`zf à |ftt|gsghrfrm bf ITF cmh in sielmnm -ǩ-.sieingfb whf g |mqgscifrf – ef bf vwgsrf lgh bisrihrm (q hmrf 3 tfj0)

Si qg|iaic`i sw wh bi{imhf|im t|mqqisrm bi sielmni ITF cmeg nf |ief|c`gqmng t|gsgh{f bgnnm sc`zf ihihjngsg sif ieegbifrfeghrg |iscmhr|fling ih whf j|fhbissief vwfhrirä bi tf|mng. jiä hgi qmcflmniihi{ifhri cmh nf ngrrg|f f Nm sc`zf à jghg|fneghrg t|gsghrg hmh smnm hgi qmcflmni ihjngsitmnisinnflinici. ef fhc`g ih vwgnni emhmsinnflici. stgssm fhc`g cmeg whicm ritm bi swmhm qmcfnicm

t|gsghrg m cmewhvwg j|fqfrm bf fccghrm rmhicm( Ng qmcfni bi sgjwirm gqibgh{ifrg ih j|fssgrrmsmhm rwrrg sc`zf. cmeg bf sielmnm ITF Gsgeti;

l i |b -lǩəb-. c` w |c` -rȓǩərȓ-.z m |b -zǩəb. f jm - ǩ’jmw-. f lmw r -ǩ’lfwr-. t w |c`fsg -’tǩǩǩǩərȓǩs-

T|ihcitim bgnnf t|mhwhcif ; rwrrg ng sc`zf si t|mhwhcifhm fnnm srgssm embm ihbitghbghrgeghrg bfnnf sc|irrw|f bgnng qmcfni(

Hgnnf t|fssi si hmrf ihqgcg c`g nm srwbghrg irfnifhm t|mhwhcif ih ihjngsg;

• li|b. c`w|c` ih embm smnm f qmnrg rghbghrg qg|sm nf am|ef cm||grrf. ef iet|gcism• zm|b ih embm slfjnifrm (tg|c` é nf m à t|mhwhcifrf vwfsi cmeg ih irfnifhm)• fjm. flmwr cmeg sg amssg|m sc|irrg cmh nf g ihi{ifng

Nf cm||grrf t|mhwhcif g in swmhm bgnnm sc`zf bgi qmcflmni biscwssi ih vwgsrm tf|fj|fam g hgiswccgssiqi smhm qg|iaicflini swi bi{imhf|i g swi siri zgl stgcifni{{fri (qhmrf 2 tfj0)

À b’wmtm fhhmrf|g c`g nf |ftt|gsghrf{imhg bgnnf t|mhwhcif bgi qmcflmni ihjngsi twüt|gsghrf|g biaag|gh{g ih lfsg fnnf qf|ifhrg cmhsibg|frf g fnn’gbi{imhg bgn bi{imhf|imcmhswnrfrm Fn |ijwf|bm qf hgcgssf|ifeghrg qfnwrfrm vwfhrm gstmsrm ih hmrf 7. f tfj 0





<< Bwg lfhfhg tg| fssieinf|g nm sc`zf

Nf tf|mnf lfhfhf si t|gsrf cmhqghighrgeghrg f t|maicwg fhfnisi swnnm sc`zf. j|f{ig fhc`gfnn*memj|faif r|f irfnifhm g ihjngsg

Nf lfhfhf irfnifhf

Hgnnf tf|mnf lfhfhf. ih irfnifhm. si bisrihjwmhm c`if|feghrg i swmhi bgnng r|g qmcfnil f h f h f -lf’hfhf-

Ng qmcfni smhm sc|irrg ih j|fssgrrm. f sijhiaicf|g c`g mjhwhf à bmrfrf bi wh „niqgnnm ghg|jgricm―. c`gà efjjim|g nfbbmqg cfbg n*fccghrm rmhicm Ih |iag|ieghrm g nieirfrfeghrg fnnf smnf c|iricirä |ftt|gsghrfrf bfi swmhi qmcfnici . i r|g twhri ghg|jgrici qgicmnfhm cifscwhm wh* „whirä biiham|ef{imhg― qg|lfng N*ieefjihg smhm|f bgnnf lfhfhf irfnifhf cmhrighg vwihbi r|g whirä biiham|ef{imhg sijhiaicfhri. cimà rwrrg |ingqfhri. cmsi’ cmeg |ftt|gsghrfrm ih aij 6. bifj|feef F

Nf lfhfhf ihjngsg

Hgnnf tf|mnf lfhfhf. ih ihjngsg. si bisrihjwg c`if|feghrg nf smnf qmcfng cghr|fng l f h f h f

-lǩ’hǦəhǩ-.ng fnr|g bwg qmcfni smhm sc`zf. vwihbi ihbisrihrg. hgwr|g

Nf tf|mnf lfhfhf ih ihjngsg à cmhr|fbbisrihrf bf wh smnm twhrm qg|feghrg ghg|jgricm ih nwmjm bir|g. vwihbi |ftt|gsghrfling cmh wh’ieefjihg smhm|f cmhrghghrg whf smnf whirä bi iham|ef{imhgsijhiaicfhrg g bwg whirä bi iham|ef{imhg ihsijhiaicfhri. vwgsrg wnrieg cf|frrg|i{{frg bf lfssfihrghsirä smhm|f Q Aij 6. bifj|feef L

Hmh smnm. ef nf biaag|gh{f ihrg|gssf fhc`g nf vwfnirä bgnnf qmcfng cghr|fng f c`g ih irfnifhm à

l|gqg g fhrg|im|g - ffff -. eghr|g ih ihjngsg à nwhjf g tmsrg|im|g -Ǧə-. cmeg si gqihcg bfnbifj|feef bi Kmhgs (q hmrf <. tfj 0)

Bifj|feef F Bifj|feef L

Aij 6 \ftt|gsghrf{imhg cmhcgrrwfni bgnng ieefjihi smhm|g bgnnf t|mhwhcif bi „lfhfhf― ih irfnifhm g ih ihjngsg

N’fccghrm rmhicm cmetm|rf rfneghrg stgssm nf t|mbw{imhg bi sc`zf. c`g |iswnrf sgh{’fnr|mghwhcifling in sgjwghrg

T|ihcitim bgn linfhcim ghg|jgricm; n* fccghrm rmhicm smrr|fg ghg|jif fb fnr|g qmcfni.

c`g stgssm ewrfhm ih sc`zf(





Vwgsrm t|ihcitim hmh `f qfnm|g fssmnwrm ef à bi j|fhbg wrinirä t|fricf. tg| ng |fjimhi c`g sf|fhhmstigjfrg fn tf|fj|fam <3 (T|ihcitim bgn t|mlfling qfhrfjjim)

Hg cmhsgjwg c`g sg nf tf|mnf lfhfhf amssg sc|irrf ih embm biqg|sm nf swf t|mhwhcif hmhcfelig|gllg. tg| in afrrm c`g vwfnsifsi fnr|f qmcfng gqghrwfneghrg sc|irrf biqghrg|gllg sc`zf.vwihbi sgh{f biaag|gh{g fi aihi bgnnf t|mhwhcif. c`g |ief||gllg ihqf|ifrf

In |iswnrfrm à c`g ng sgjwghri tf|mng si t|mhwhcg|fhhm ih ihjngsg sget|g g cmewhvwg -l-l-l-lǩ’hǦəhǩ-ǩ’hǦəhǩ-ǩ’hǦəhǩ-ǩ’hǦəhǩ- fhc`g sg sc|irrg ih embm biqg|sm;

lghfhm. lmhfhm. lwhfhf.lghfhg. lmhfhg. lwhfhw. gcc

Cmh lwmhf t|mlflinirä nm srwbghrg irfnifhm rghbg|ä ihqgcg f t|mhwhcif|g ng qf|ig cmelihf{imhi bitf|mng smt|f gnghcfrg cmsî cmeg smhm sc|irrg. t|mbwcghbm vwihbi wh*ieefjihg smhm|f cmh r|giham|ef{imhi ihqgcg c`g cmh whf. bwg bgnng vwfni swtg|anwg Eghr|g n*iham|ef{imhg cghr|fngqgicmnfrf bfnnf qmcfng f bgnnf sinnflf cghr|fng |ief||ä cmsrfhrg ih rwrrg ng tf|mng. ng fnr|giham|ef{imhi stw|ig qgicmng|fhhm iham|ef{imhi qf|iflini ih lfsg fnng biqg|sg qmcfni bi qmnrf ih qmnrft|mhwhcifrg

Ih mjhi cfsm in |iswnrfrm sf|ä sget|g cmsrirwirm bf wh* ieefjihg fcwsricf fssmnwrfeghrg ihvwihfrf.c`g am|{g|ä n*fscmnrfrm|g ihjngsg fb ibghriaicf|g (ef cmeg =) ng iham|ef{imhi stw|ig fn aihg bi|iewmqg|ng tg| tmrg| bistm||g ihaihg bi whf tf|mnf lmhiaicfrf

Efhrghghbm nf t|mtm|{imhg t|ief biscwssf bi 3 iham|ef{imhi cmhr|m 6. sg whm sr|fhig|m bicgssgiwgqmfw ihqgcg bi wqf ci r|mqg|geem hgnnf cmhbi{imhg bi biaaicmnrä ih cwi qighg f r|mqf|si whfscmnrfrm|g ihjngsg bi a|mhrg f wh’ ieefjihg smhm|f |iccf bi iham|ef{imhi stw|ig Cmeg ibghriaicf|gvwfni swmhi |iewmqg|g =

Nf eihm| t|gsgh{f bi „iham|ef{imhi― – gqibghrg cf|frrg|isricf ihr|ihsgcf bi eihm| ihrgnngjjilinirä –qighg hgcgssf|ifeghrg cmetghsfrf ih ihjngsg bf whf |ief|cfrf t|mhwhcif bgjni frrfcc`i qmcfnicibw|i g bgnng cmhsmhfhri (cmh c`if|f bisrih{imhg r|f sm|bg g smhm|g) g. smt|frrwrrm. bfnnf |iccfstgciaicirä bgnnf t|msmbif (fccghrm. rmhm. ihrmhf{imhg. vwfhrirä)

Hgnnf t|fssi si |ingqf c`g vwgsri fstgrri smhm ihswaaicighrgeghrg cmhsibg|fri hgnn’ihsgjhfeghrmbgnnf nihjwf ihjngsg. cmsrirwghbm tg| nm srwbghrg wh t|mlngef c`g si smeef f vwgnni bgnnf cftfciräbi gst|gssimhg. bgn qmcflmnf|im. bgnnf tfb|mhfh{f cmetngssiqf bgnnf nihjwf sr|fhig|f gcc

Ftt|mamhbieghri fn |ijwf|bm |iswnrfhm t|mairrgqmni fhc`g f emnri bi cmnm|m c`g |irghjmhmsmbbisafcghri ng t|mt|ig cmhmscgh{g bgnnf nihjwf sr|fhig|f

<3 Hmh smnm lfhfhg

Nf lfhfhf ci `f ihr|mbmrri fnnf cmet|ghsimhg bi wh aghmeghm c`g |ijwf|bf nf vwfsi rmrfnirä bitf|mng ihjngsi fnng vwfni à fttnicfling in t|ihcitim bgn linfhcim ghg|jgricm. tg| cwi n*fccghrm rmhicmr|fsam|ef ih sc`zf fnr|g qmcfni (cmeg ihbicfrm cmh nf r|fsc|i{imhg amhgricf). c`g vwihbi hmhbmq|fhhm gssg|g t|mhwhcifrg cmh in swmhm irfnifhm ef cmh vwgnnm bgnnm sc`zf

À wring afeinif|i{{f|si cmh n’fttnicf{imhg bgn t|ihcitim bgn „linfhcim ghg|jgricm― fnnf sgjwghrg sg|igbi tf|mng bi wsm cmewhg qg|iaicfhbmhg nf r|fsc|i{imhg amhgricf f aifhcm Fnnm scmtm bi afcinirf|g incmetirm smhm cmhr|fssgjhfrg ih j|fssgrrm ng qmcfni sw cwi cfbg n’fccghrm rmhicm;





linnimh -’lǻnkǩh- bmcrm| -’bǢorǩ+-j|faairi - j|ǩ’aiərǻ-

`isrm|y -’`ǻsrǩ|ǻ- nilg|ry -’nǻlǩrǻ-egr`mb -’eǮΰǩb-

hgij`lmw| -’hgǻlǩ+-mtgh-’mwtǩh- tmnicg -tǩ’niəs-

t|mrgsrg| -t|ǩ’rǮsrǩ+- srfrimh -’srgǻȓǩh- swjf| -’ȓwj ǩ+-

Ih eg|irm f sirwf{imhi c`g |ijwf|bfhm n’gstg|igh{f ih cfetm g c`g hmh cmhsghrmhm qg|iaic`g bism|rf hmh si fllif riem|g bi fllmhbf|g hgnn’wsm bi sc`zf. tw| iet|mqqisfhbm. cmhsibg|frm in

T|ihcitim bgn t|mlfling qfhrfjjim; n’fttnicf{imhg iet|mt|if bgnnm sc`zf |ismnqg tiù t|mlngei bgnnf swf efhcfrf fttnicf{imhg(

Ihafrri hgn t|mcgssm bi |icg{imhg g’ tiw’ afcing tg| n’fscmnrfrm|g |icmsr|wi|g iham|ef{imhi efhcfhri(bmqwrg fnn’wsm bi sc`zf iet|mt|im) tiwrrmsrm c`g lmhiaicf|g nf tf|mnf bf iham|ef{imhi stw|ig (cimg’bf qmcfni hmh t|mhwhcifrg cmeg sc`zf)

Gsg|cirf{imhi cmh fnr|i qmcflmni g |gnfriqg qg|iaic`g swn bi{imhf|im sf|fhhm bi wrinirä

<2 N*fccghrm rmhicm Bmqg =

Ih |gnf{imhg fnn*fccghrm rmhicm si |ingqf n*ietm|rfh{f c`g bgllf j|fqf|g swnnf sinnflf jiwsrf Whg||m|g ih rfn sghsm – mnr|g fb fssgjhf|g fnnf tf|mnf wh tmssiling biqg|sm sijhiaicfrm %bgrg|eihg|gllg cmhsgjwghri sc`zf sw qmcfni slfjnifrg. |iswnrfhbm ih whf ieefjihg smhm|fihbgcia|fling fnn*fscmnrfrm|g bi nihjwf ihjngsg Hmh si gsiri f cmhswnrf|g wh bi{imhf|im ih cfsm bibwllim ih eg|irm fnn*fccghrm; n’iet|mqqisf{imhg vwi hmh à swjjg|irf Ih cfsm bi efhcfrf qg|iaicf inef|jihg bi g||m|g à fneghm bgn 74 '; wh qg|m jimcm b’f{{f|bm

In t|mlngef à tiwrrmsrm smrrmsriefrm Nf vwfhrirä bi iham|ef{imhi |ingqfhri t|gsghri hgnnf t|mhwhcifirfnifhf cmsrirwiscg wh afrrm|g bi gngqfrissief ihrgnngjjilinirä nihjwisricf |istgrrm fnn’ihjngsg; ihirfnifhm n*ieefjihg smhm|f cmetngssiqf hmh bgj|fbf sghsilineghrg hgn cfsm ih cwi wh fccghrmrmhicm sif tmsrm sw whf sinnflf slfjnifrf. tmic`à nf vwfhrirä bi iham|ef{imhi |ingqfhri fnrg|hfriqg|iefhg cmewhvwg emnrm fnrf. ciü ih |fjimhg bgnnf t|mhwhcif bgnng emnrg qmcfni g bgnnf efhcfh{fbi sc`zf Ng ieefjihi smhm|g bgnnf nihjwf irfnifhf si tmssmhm cmhsibg|f|g fb fnrissiefbgaihi{imhg

Nm srwbghrg bgqg gssg|g cmscighrg c`g ih ihjngsg hmh fqqighg fnr|grrfhrm f cfwsf bgnnf eihm|ihrgnngjjilinirä ; n*fccghrm rmhicm tmsrm sw whf sinnflf tiwrrmsrm c`g sw wh*fnr|f `f i sgjwghri gaagrri;

• |faam|{feghrm bi wh*iham|ef{imhg slfjnifrf (fccghrm sw qmcfng slfjnifrf)• cmhsgjwghrg jghg|f{imhg bi sc`zf sw qmcfni hmh tg|rihghri (efjf|i cmh scmetf|sf

fhc`g bgnnf qmcfng tiù ietm|rfhrg. cimà vwgnnf qgicmnfhrg n’iham|ef{imhg tiù ietm|rfhrg)• bisrm|simhg cmetngssiqf bgnn*ieefjihg smhm|f |iswnrfhrg• tmssiling cfelifeghrm bi sijhiaicfrm bgn qmcflmnm. cmeg bf gsgeti smrrmsrfhri;

bgsg|r -’bg{ ǩr- bgsg|rm bgssg|r -bi’{ǩər- bgssg|r. bmncg

tg|smhfn -’tǩəsǩhn- tg|smhfng (fjjgrriqm) tg|smhhgnn -.t ǩəsǩ’hgn- tg|smhfng (smsrfhriqm)

G’ ihrg|gssfhrg cmhsibg|f|g c`g vwfhbm i qmcflmni `fhhm wh fccghrm t|ihcitfng g whm sgcmhbf|im(hgjni gsgeti f sgjwi|g sgjhfri bf ngrrg|g ih j|fssgrrm . |istgrriqfeghrg cmh g sgh{f fccghrm)





vwgsr’wnriem t|gqighg nf r|fsam|ef{imhg ih sc`zf bgnng |gnfriqg qmcfni g-m fnr|i aghmeghi bicmhr|f{imhg

Smhm ritici ih feg|icfhm i qmcflmni bgsihghri ih – f|y cmeg b î crimh f |y. e î nir f |y. h à cgss f |y.s à c|gr f |y . r à etm| f |y g fnr|i fhcm|f Jni srgssi qmcflmni hgnn’ihjngsg l|irfhhicm `fhhm ihqgcg whsmnm fccghrm. cmh rwrri jni gaagrri cmhsgjwghri bi sc`zf g bi tmssiling cmhr|f{imhg

<7 Sc`zf g rg|eihi bg|iqfri

Ih ihjngsg emnri qmcflmni % vwi bgaihiri rg|eihi sm|jghri % cf|frrg|i{{fri mjhwhm bf wh t|mt|imfccghrm rmhicm g bf |gnfriqi sc`zf. si whiscmhm fb fnr|i |iswnrfhbm ih smsrfhriqi cmetmsri. fjjgrriqimttw|g bfhhm nwmjm f am|eg qg|lfni fqghri egbgsief |fbicg Rfni am|eg smhm vwi bgaihirg rg|eihi bg|iqfri

I rg|eihi bg|iqfri `fhhm stgssm (ef hmh sget|g) fccghri rmhici biqg|si. cmh cmhsgjwghri gaagrribgnnm sc`zf m. fneghm. bi fnr|f ewrf{imhg qmcfnicf

Rg|eihg sm|jghrg Rg|eihg bg|iqfrm

6) lg||y -’lǮ|ǻ- jmmsglg||y -’jw{lǩ|ǻ- <) j|feef| -’j|áeǩ+- j|feefricfn -j|ǩ’eárion-

3) c|gbir -’o|Ǯbǻr- cf|b -’oǦəb- c|gbir%cf|b c|gbircf|b -’o|Ǯbiroǩəb-

2) zggo -’ziəo- ghb -ghb- zggo%ghb zggoghb -’ziəoǩhb-

Ih eg|irm fi qmcflmni 3.2) qf fhhmrfrm c`g in rg|eihg bg|iqfrm twü r|mqf|si sc|irrm• cmh r|frrihm (mjhi qmcflmnm efhrighg fccghrm g sc`zf m|ijihf|im)• cmeg bwg tf|mng bisrihrg sgh{f r|frrihm (ibge)• cmeg whicf tf|mnf (fccghrm sw t|ief sinnflf. sc`zf cmhsgjwghrg)

tiù cmewhg ih WSF

Hgn cfsm bi smsrfhriqi nf cwi |fbicg m|ijihi whf cm||istmhbghrg am|ef qg|lfng n*fccghrm rmhicm àjghg|fneghrg tmsrm swnnf t|ief sinnflf hgn cfsm bgn smsrfhriqm g swnnf sgcmhbf sinnflf hgn cfsmbgn qg|lm. cmh rwrrg ng cmhsgjwgh{g bgn cfsm

Smsrfhriqm Qg|lm

t|mj|gss -’t|mwj|gs- t|mj|gssm t|mj|gss (rm) -t|ǩ’j|gs- t|mj|gbi|g

|gcm|b -’|ǮoǢəb- hmrf |gcm|b (rm) -|ǻ’oǢəb- fhhmrf|g

ihc|gfsg -’iho|iəs- fweghrm ihc|gfsg (rm) -ih’o|iəs- fweghrf|g

Gsgetim bi wh’gccg{imhg cmewhg à cmhr| m n -oh’r|mwn- cmhr|mnnm nf cwi t|mhwhcif |iefhg ihqf|ifrf

fhc`g hgnnf am|ef qg|lfng rm cmhr| m n cmhr|mnnf|g

<1 Jmbifemci whf rf{{f bi rà &

Hgnnf t|fssi bibfrricf si ihsisrg ihmttm|rwhfeghrg swnnf cm||grrf t|mhwhcif bi cg|ri swmhi c`g r|mqffttnicflinirä smnm ih sirwf{imhi ih cwi ng tf|mng qghjmhm t|mhwhcifrg nghrfeghrg. scfhbirg.smrrmnihgfrg. bgrrfrg gcc. cimà hgn |irem nghrm hmh riticm bgnnf vwmribifhirä ef smnm bi tf|ricmnf|isirwf{imhi




Gbi{imhg 646<36f Tfj : bi <6 Bmcweghrm smjjgrrm f |gqisimhg

Hgnnf cmhrgsrm |gfng. ihqgcg. emnrissiei swmhi biqghrfhm sc`zf; in aghmeghm ihrg|gssf f|ricmni.t|gtmsi{imhi. am|eg qg|lfni gcc

Hmh smnm. ef hgn |irem m|bihf|im fnn’ihrg|hm bi whf t|mtmsi{imhg si tmssmhm |iscmhr|f|g i sgjwghrigaagrri bmqwri fnn’ihrmhf{imhg ;

•

|faam|{feghrm bgnn*fccghrm swn qmcflmnm bmeihfhrg • ihbw{imhg bgnnm sc`zf swi qmcflmni qicihi

N’fccghrm sw wh qmcflmnm bmeihfhrg bmqwrm fnn’ihrmhf{imhg `f gaagrri sw ihrg|i fjj|gjfri qg|lfni

Bmtm vwgsrm liscmrrihm ihr|mbwrriqm si twü aihfneghrg faa|mhrf|g nf rf{{f bi rà lmnnghrg maag|rfci bfnsirm bgnnf LLC ih c`iwsw|f bi wh ainefrm swnnm sc`zf c`g ihqirm f qisimhf|g (qhmrf 2 tfj0)

Qi si cmhsibg|f n*gst|gssimhg „f cwt ma rgf― (whf rf{{f bi rà) nf cwi t|mhwhcif à

f |irem nghrm ----giogiogiogioȞtȞtȞtȞtǢqriəǢqriəǢqriəǢqriə----f |irem m|bihf|im ----ǩ.oȞtǩ’riə-ǩ.oȞtǩ’riə-ǩ.oȞtǩ’riə-ǩ.oȞtǩ’riə-

Hgn |irem m|bihf|im n*f|ricmnm ihbgrg|eihfriqm f g nf tf|ricgnnf ma smhm biqghrfri sc`zf

Ef ciü hmh lfsrf. tg|c`é ih rfng cmhrgsrm % cmeg ih fnr|i % scmetf|g fhc`g nf tf|mnf rgf c`g àbfrf „mqqifeghrg― tg| scmhrfrf. cmhsibg|frm n’f|jmeghrm ih vwgsrimhg tg| cwi nf hmsr|f rf{{f bi

rà biqghrf sgetnicgeghrg -’o-’o-’o-’oȞȞȞȞttttǩǩǩǩ----(

N*gaagrrm sc`zf hmh si gsfw|iscg mqqifeghrg hgnnf rf{{f bi rà. ef si efhiagsrf tf|ieghri ih whfemnrgtnicirä bi gst|gssimhi bgn tf|nf|g cmewhg

Cmhcnwsimhi

Si twü cg|rfeghrg faag|ef|g c`g nm sc`zf à rfhrm ietm|rfhrg vwfhrm sm|t|ghbghrgeghrgscmhmsciwrm

Nf cm||grrf hm{imhg bgn aghmeghm amhgricm bgnnm sc`zf à sr|weghrm bi ieegbifrf fttnicf{imhgtg| wh gaagrriqm eijnim|feghrm bgnnf t|mt|if t|mhwhcif ihjngsg. vwihbi bgnnf cmewhicf{imhgqg|lfng Nm sc`zf. cmsi’ cmeg biscwssm. fiwrf f c`if|i|g ng t|ihcitfni |fjimhi bgnnf biaaicmnrä bicmet|ghsimhg r|f rgsrm sc|irrm m tf|nfrm f |irem nghrm g ihjngsg tf|nfrm f |irem m|bihf|im

À ihrg|gssfhrg cmhsibg|f|g cmeg n’ihbglmnieghrm c`g nm sc`zf mtg|f swnng qmcfni. aihfhc`g fbgrg|eihf|hg nf nm|m scmetf|sf. rghbf f |ghbg|ni emhmsinnflici f||icc`ghbmhg vwihbi nf vwfhriräjiä t|gsghrg hgnnf nihjwf. tg| |fjimhi hfrw|fni m tg| gaagrrm bi fll|gqif{imhi m cmhr|f{imhi |icm||ghri_bmc 5 bmcrm|. sgc 5 sgc|grf|y. srfrs 5 srfrisrics. c|irrg| 5 c|gfrw|g (WSF) gccU

F vwgsri gaagrri si smeefhm gnisimhi g cmhr|f{imhi. ewrf{imhi qmcfnic`g g cmhsmhfhric`g. ihr|wsimhigcc c`g mnr|g fnnf biaaicmnrä amhgricf stigjfhm ih nf|jf eisw|f fhc`g in swccgssm bgnnf ewsicfihjngsg-fhjnm feg|icfhf; i qmcflmni emhmsinnflici smhm fbfrrflini f vwfnsifsi |irem ewsicfng?

ihmnr|g nf bi{imhg à stgssm embiaicfrf cmeg nicgh{f f|risricf tg| afcinirf|g nf am|ef{imhg bi |iegVwfhrm cmhsibg|frm à qicghbgqmneghrg cfwsf gb gaagrrm bi biqg|siaicf{imhg bgnng jiä emnrgtnicitgcwnif|irä g qf|ifhri bgnnf nihjwf ihjngsg

\mlg|rm Ef|irfh Einfhm. < hmq <449 (\gq66a – 36mrr <464)





HMRG

(6) Si ihrghbfhm n’ihjngsg. n’fhjnm%feg|icfhm g rwrrg ng |gnfriqg qf|ifhri (c`g nf scwmnf nihjwisricffhjnm%jg|efhicf bghmeihf „bifngrri― fhc`g ih |gnf{imhg fb ibimei bi |icmhmsciwrf bijhiränihjwisricf. sgcmhbm whf bgaihi{imhg hmh t|mt|im cmihcibghrg cmh vwgnnf irfnifhf)

(<) Sc`zf Rg|eihg bi bg|iqf{imhg gl|ficf. sihmhiem bi ihsijhiaicfhrg. {g|m Ih nihjwisricfbgsijhf whf qmcfng cghr|fng tmsrf fn cghr|m bgn bifj|feef bi BKmhgs (q smrrm. hgn ci|cmngrrm)In bifj|feef |ftt|gsghrf in nwmjm bi t|mbw{imhg bgnng qmcfni

À wh swmhm smnirfeghrg hgwr|fng. bi lfssf ihrghsirä smhm|f. c`g ih ihjngsg hmh t|iqingjiffccghrm |istgrrm fb fnr|g qmcfni fnn’ihrg|hm bgnnm srgssm qmcflmnm

Bifj|feef qmcfnicm bi BKmhgs (6971) ; in r|ftg{mibg sc`gefri{{f vwi in nwmjm bi t|mbw{imhg bi fncwhg qmcfniihrg|egbig g bi vwgnng cf|bihfni Ng sg{imhi sfjirrfni |ftt|gsghrfhm nf tmsi{imhg bgnnf nihjwf tg| nf t|mbw{imhgbgnng smng qmcfni cf|bihfni

(3) Tg| fscmnrf|g in swmhm sc`zf q sirm ihrg|hgr `rrt;--zzzymwrwlgcme-zfrc`=q5zj4T4mYohiG Bijirfhbm wh ngeef hgn sirm `rrt;--zzz`mzksfycme à tmssiling qg|iaicf|hg in swmhm sc`zf.sg t|gsghrg

(2) Q sirm ihrg|hgr `rrt;--zzzymwrwlgcme-zfrc`=q5zj4T4mYohiG

(7) Hgn cfsm bi swmhm sc`zf t|mnwhjfrm fncwhi bi{imhf|i bi |gcghrg gbi{imhg |itm|rfhm in sielmnm

- ǮǮǮǮə-.eghr|gnf t|mhwhcif bfrf bf bi{imhf|i fcc|gbirfri tiù r|fbi{imhfni (cmeg n’ Mpam|b Bicrimhf|y.

in Eg||ife Zglsrg|’s g fnr|i) à ihbicfrf cmh in sgjhm -ǩǩǩǩə-(Rfngbiaag|gh{fgst|iegbwg swmhi

qicihi ef biqg|si q(bifj|feef qmcfnicm bi Kmhgs) gb à sihrmefricf bi whf tmssiling

rghbgh{f fnnf ewrf{imhg qmcfnicf( Hgnnf t|fricf in biscghrg tmr|ä cmhsibg|f|g gvwiqfnghri i

bwg biqg|si sielmni(

Gsgeti; l i |b -lǮǮǮǮəəəəb- ihqgcg bi -lǩǩǩǩəəəəb- c` w |c` -rȓǮǮǮǮəəəərȓ- ihqgcg bi -rȓǩǩǩǩəəəərȓ-

z m |b -zǮǮǮǮəəəəb- ihqgcg bi -zǩǩǩǩəəəəb-

j i |n -jǮǮǮǮəəəən- ihqgcg bi -jǩǩǩǩəəəən-

Fhc`g ih whm srgssm bi{imhf|im tmssmhm cmgsisrg|g i bwg biqg|si sielmni j|faici tg| whm

srgssm ngeef. f sgcmhbf c`g sif smsrfhriqm m qg|lm( Gs(; smsrfhriqm tg gg g|eir -’tǮǮǮǮəəəəeir- .

qg|lm rm tg gg g|eir -tǩǩǩǩ’eir-(




CMHMSCG\G NG QMCFNI IHJNGSI




Gbi{imhg 646<36f Tfj( 9 bi <6 Bmcweghrm smjjgrrm f |gqisimhg

CMHMSCG\G NG QMCFNICMHMSCG\G NG QMCFNICMHMSCG\G NG QMCFNICMHMSCG\G NG QMCFNI IHJNGSIIHJNGSIIHJNGSIIHJNGSI (\gq66b)

IIIIHR\MBW[IMHGHR\MBW[IMHGHR\MBW[IMHGHR\MBW[IMHG

In j|fhbg biqf|im r|f in hmsr|m sisrgef bi swmhi g vwgnnm ihjngsg cmsrirwiscg tg| in biscghrg

irfnifhm whf |icmhmsciwrf biaaicmnrä fi aihi bgnnf t|mhwhcif bi wh ihjngsg „fneghm

ihrgnngjjiling― Sg n’gstg|igh{f t|fricf à sgh{’fnr|m hgcgssf|if. à fhc`g qg|m c`g wh

ftt|mccim „rgchicm― cmsrirwirm bfnn’fhfnisi g bfnnf cmscigh{f bgi aghmeghi amhgrici c`g

bisrihjwmhm i bwg sisrgei bi swmhi à whm sr|weghrm gaaicfcissiem tg| in |icmhmscieghrm

bgn t|mlngef g tg| nf swf |ftibf smnw{imhg

Bgbicf|g wh eihiem bi frrgh{imhg fnnm srwbim bi fncwhi fstgrri lfsinf|i bgnnf amhgricf twü

vwihbi |iqgnf|si wh ihqgsrieghrm sr|fm|bihf|ifeghrg |gewhg|friqm. bfi |iswnrfri

sm|t|ghbghri; n’ mligrriqm cmhc|grm à in swccgssm bgnnf cmewhicf{imhg c`g ih ihjngsg – f

biaag|gh{f bi vwfhrm fqqighg ih irfnifhm – bitghbg ih embm c|wcifng bfnnf vwfnirä bgnnf

t|mhwhcif. f swf qmnrf tgsfhrgeghrg cmhbi{imhfrf bfnn’fccghrf{imhg

Vwgsrm nfqm|m fhfni{{f l|gqgeghrg fstgrri lfsinf|i |gnfriqi fnnf t|mhwhcif bgi swmhi

qmcfnici ihjngsi Ih lfsg fn cmhrgsrm in rg|eihg qmcfng twü gssg|g bi sgjwirm

ihbiaag|ghrgeghrg wsfrm fhc`g f sijhiaicf|g swmhm qmcfnicm

Vwgsrm nfqm|m si t|mtmhg nm scmtm t|fricm bi cmhsghri|g in swtg|feghrm bgnnf „cw|qf bi

sfrw|f{imhg― mnr|g nf vwfng in t|mcgssm bi ftt|ghbieghrm à smnirm hmh t|mj|gbi|g

Tf|mng cìfqgTf|mng cìfqgTf|mng cìfqgTf|mng cìfqg

Sielmni ITF. swmhi qmcfnici irfnifhi. swmhi qmcfnici ihjngsg. bifj|feef bi Kmhgs. qmcfni

„c|iric`g―. fccghrf{imhg. sc`zf. |ibw{imhg qmcfnicf. ieefjihg smhm|f. ihrgnnijilinirä.

ghwhcifri. emhmsinnfli. birrmhjì. bisrfh{f qmcfnicf. bisrfh{f bi t|mhwhcif

ITF (Ihrg|hfrimhfn T`mhgric Fssmcifrimh)ITF (Ihrg|hfrimhfn T`mhgric Fssmcifrimh)ITF (Ihrg|hfrimhfn T`mhgric Fssmcifrimh)ITF (Ihrg|hfrimhfn T`mhgric Fssmcifrimh)

N’ fssmcif{imhg amhgricf ihrg|hf{imhfng (ITF. Ihrg|hfrimhfn T`mhgric Fssmcifrimh) `fgnflm|frm wh sisrgef bi |ftt|gsghrf{imhg j|faicf egbifhrg sielmni bi rwrri i swmhi (amhi)

t|gsghri hgnnf emnrgtnicirä bgnng nihjwg cmhsibg|frg Mjhi sielmnm ITF |ftt|gsghrf

sget|g g cmewhvwg wh swmhm whiqmcm lgh t|gcism. bfnnf srgssf |itgrilinirä ih vwfnsifsi

cmhrgsrm. ihbitghbghrgeghrg bfnnf nihjwf cmhsibg|frf. sgh{f fncwhf hgcgssirä bi

t|gcisf{imhi fjjiwhriqg. bi |gjmng m fnr|m; vwgsrm cmsrirwiscg in cf|bihg bgn sisrgef

N’ fnaflgrm ITF |fccmjnig cghrihfif bi sielmni biqg|si. smjjgrri fb faaihfeghri smnm ih

tf|rg fttm|rfri hgn cm|sm bgjni fhhi Tg| mjhi nihjwf à bistmhiling nf |fccmnrf bi sielmni





ITF c`g hg |ftt|gsghrfhm i swmhi stgciaici Whm srgssm sielmnm twü gssg|g isc|irrm hgnng

|fccmnrg bi fnr|g nihjwg vwfnm|f in swmhm cm||istmhbghrg sif fb gssg cmewhg

Nf hgcgssirä bi bistm||g bi wh |iag|ieghrm tg| nf t|mhwhcif `f cmhsmnibfrm n’wsm bgnnf

sielmnmjif ITF hgjni srgssi tfgsi fhjnmamhi. mqg cmgsisrmhm fhc`g sisrgei fnrg|hfriqi hmh

fcc|gbirfri ihrg|hf{imhfneghrg

Ih felirm scmnfsricm irfnifhm nm srwbim bgnn’fnaflgrm ITF à stgssm shmllfrm g t|mhrfeghrg

nivwibfrm swnnf lfsg bgnnf swf t|gswhrf iet|mtmhilinirä bibfrricf. eghr|g |ftt|gsghrf

ihqgcg whf |ingqfhrg mttm|rwhirä. cmeg vwgsrf emhmj|faif si t|mtmhg bi biemsr|f|g

Ihafrri nf r|fsc|i{imhg amhgricf si biemsr|f stgssm ihbistghsfling Ihmnr|g n’ fttnicflinirä

bgi sielmni tiù ietm|rfhri à afcineghrg tfb|mhgjjifling (q hmrf h 7. tfj 61)

Si mssg|qi c`g jiä bf vwfnc`g bgcghhim i sielmni ITF smhm |itm|rfri fhc`g bf fncwhi

qmcflmnf|i irfnifhi (gs In hwmqm [ihjf|gnni) tg| ihbicf|g nf cm||grrf bi{imhg Rwrrfqif.

eghr|g hgnnf nihjwf irfnifhf rfng fstgrrm |ftt|gsghrf jghg|fneghrg whf vwgsrimhg bi

sring. ih ihjngsg nf cm||grrf bi{imhg hmh à wh’mt{imhg ef whf vwgsrimhg bi smsrfh{f

N’wsm bi wh bi{imhf|im ihjngsg cmetngrm bi r|fsc|i{imhg cmh i sielmni ITF |istmhbg fi

emnri ihgqirflini bwlli bi t|mhwhcif g bi fccghrf{imhg. |iqgnfhbmsi whm sr|weghrm

t|g{imsm. wh ihbistghsfling cmetfjhm bi srwbi. whf eihig|f bi iham|ef{imhi g

wh’mccfsimhg bi sg|ghbitirä (q hmrf h 6. tfj 67)

IN BIFJ\FEEF QMCFNICM BI KMHGSIN BIFJ\FEEF QMCFNICM BI KMHGSIN BIFJ\FEEF QMCFNICM BI KMHGSIN BIFJ\FEEF QMCFNICM BI KMHGS

Mjhwhm twü fwrmhmefeghrg hmrf|g c`g i swmhi bgnng cmhsmhfhri smhm gqibghrgeghrg

t|mbmrri ih embi biqg|si Si qg|iaicì nf biqg|sf tmsi{imhg g nf embfnirä cmh cwi ng

cmhsmhfhri smhm f|ricmnfrg t|mhwhcifhbm nf t bi tfhg . nf c bi cfhg . nf a bi aim|g . nf j bi

jgnm gcc Ih amhgricf ng cmhsmhfhri smhm bghmeihfrg ih lfsg fn nwmjm g fn embm bi

f|ricmnf{imhg. (gs; nflifni. tmsrbghrfni. qgnf|i gcc g nivwibg. tnmsiqg. faa|icfrg gcc)

Fhc`g ng qmcfni si biaag|gh{if{imhm r|f nm|m ih lfsg fn nwmjm g fnnf embfnirä bi

t|mbw{imhg. sgllghg ih embm hmh cmsî gqibghrg bf |iscmhr|f|g Ng qf|ig qmcfni smhm in

|iswnrfrm bi swmhi cmhsgjwghri f qf|if{imhi bgnnf tmsi{imhg nihjwfng hgnnf cfqirä m|fng;smhm vwihbi cnfssiaicfrg cmeg fhrg|im|i m tmsrg|im|i g swtg|im|i. cghr|fni. ihag|im|i Smhm

mqqifeghrg tmssilini t|mbw{imhi qmcfnic`g ih nwmjì ihrg|egbi (gs tmsrg|im|g%cghr|fng.

fhrg|im|g%ihag|im|g gcc) smjjgrrg f swccgssiqf g fhcm| tiù fccw|frf bgaihi{imhg Hgnnf

cfsisricf qfhhm fhc`g cmhsibg|frg ng cmelihf{imhi bi qmcfni bmttig m r|itng. cmeg hgn

cfsm bi birrmhjì g r|irrmhjì gcc





Si bgqg fnn’ihjngsg Bfhign Kmhgs nf embfnirä bi |ftt|gsghrf|g i swmhi qmcfnici egbifhrg wh

j|faicm hmrm cmeg bifj|feef qmcfnicm bi Kmhgs (6971) (q hmrf < t 67) R|frrfsi bi whm

sc`gef bgInf sg{imhg qg|ricfng bgnng tmsi{imhi nihjwfni wrini{{frg tg| nf t|mbw{imhg bgnng

qf|ig qmcfni ihbicfrg sw rfng j|faicm Nf qg|simhg bi |iag|ieghrm waaicifng bgn bifj|feef à

vwgnnf bgnn’ITF. gsrgsf fb ihbicf|g fhc`g nf emnrgtnicirä bi rwrri jni fnr|i swmhi cmhsibg|fri

IN BIFJ\FEEF BGI SWMHI QMCFNICI IRFNIFHIIN BIFJ\FEEF BGI SWMHI QMCFNICI IRFNIFHIIN BIFJ\FEEF BGI SWMHI QMCFNICI IRFNIFHIIN BIFJ\FEEF BGI SWMHI QMCFNICI IRFNIFHI

Ih aij 6 à bfrm in bifj|feef c`g |ftt|gsghrf ng mrrm qmcfni ghwhcifrg bf Kmhgs cmeg

qmcfni cf|bihfni t|ief|ig

Sgrrg bgnng mrrm qmcfni ihbicfrg cmihcibmhm gsfrrfeghrg cmh i swmhi qmcfnici t|gsghri hgnnf

nihjwf irfnifhf. eghr|g in sielmnm ih tf|ghrgsi – fnn’gsr|geirä ihag|im|g bgsr|f bgn

bifj|feef – ihbicf wh swmhm qmcfnicm gsr|fhgm fnn’ irfnifhm (ef hmh fb fncwhi ibimei bgn

Hm|b Irfnif)

Tg| sgetnicirä gstmsiriqf ng qmcfni hmh smhm ihbicfrg cmh i sielmni ITF. ef cmh i riti

j|faici. cimà hgnnf am|ef sc|irrf bgnn’irfnifhm cm||ghrg. vwi hgcgssf|ifeghrg f||icc`irf cmh

n’fccghrm fcwrm m j|fqg. cmeg g bmqg fttnicfling Si hmrihm ihafrri ng qf|ifhri fcwrg g

j|fqi bgnnf g gg g g bgnnf m mm m . |istgrriqfeghrg ihbicfrg cmh n’fccghrm fcwrm g cmh vwgnnm j|fqg

Fnng cihvwg qmcfni sc|irrg bgnn’irfnifhm cm||istmhbmhm vwihbi sgrrg swmhi qmcfnici

Hgnnf tf|rg bgsr|f bgnnf aijw|f à ihbicfrf nf sg{imhg fhfrmeicf bgn cfqm m|fng. cmh

|ftt|gsghrfri i nwmj`i bi efssief rghsimhg nihjwfng hgcgssf|if tg| nf t|mbw{imhg bgnng

qmcfni cmhsibg|frg

Aij 6 Bifj|feef bgi swmhi qmcfnici bgnnf nihjwf irfnifhfAij 6 Bifj|feef bgi swmhi qmcfnici bgnnf nihjwf irfnifhfAij 6 Bifj|feef bgi swmhi qmcfnici bgnnf nihjwf irfnifhfAij 6 Bifj|feef bgi swmhi qmcfnici bgnnf nihjwf irfnifhf

Si mssg|qf c`g ng qmcfni ih vwgsrimhg smhm rwrrg bistmsrg swn tg|iegr|m bgn tmnijmhm.

cmsrirwghbm wh a aa aghmeghm ghmeghm ghmeghm ghmeghm riticm bgnnf nihjwf irfnifhf riticm bgnnf nihjwf irfnifhf riticm bgnnf nihjwf irfnifhf riticm bgnnf nihjwf irfnifhf ; fnr|g nihjwg smhm ihafrri |icc`g bi

qmcfni i cwi sielmni si cmnnmcfhm hgnn’f|gf ihrg|hf bgn tmnijmhm g hmh swn tg|iegr|m.




Gbi{imhg 646<36f Tfj( 6< bi <6 Bmcweghrm smjjgrrm f |gqisimhg

tg|c`é t|mbmrrg ih tmsi{imhi ihrg|egbig. fnn’ihrg|hm. cmh hfsfni{{f{imhg gcc m rghsimhi

ewscmnf|i nihjwfni gqibghrgeghrg biqg|sg bf vwgnng hmsr|g flirwfni T|iei tifhi amrmj|faici

bi tg|smhfjji fhjnmamhi ih frrm m|frm|im bmcweghrfhm ihafrri tmsi{imhi bgnnf lmccf c`g

hmh ci smhm faafrrm afeinif|i

CCCCMHCGRRWFNI[[F\G IN T\MLNGEFMHCGRRWFNI[[F\G IN T\MLNGEFMHCGRRWFNI[[F\G IN T\MLNGEFMHCGRRWFNI[[F\G IN T\MLNGEF

Cmhcgrrwfni{{f|g in t|mlngef t|gnwbg fnnf swf smnw{imhg Qighg vwihbi t|mtmsrm in

sgjwghrg gsg|ci{im cmh nm scmtm bi qg|iaicf|g nf cmnnmcf{imhg bgi swmhi qmcfnici irfnifhi hgn

bifj|feef cmhsibg|frm

Qiswfni{{frg eghrfneghrg in bifj|feef g nf sg{imhg bgnnf qmsr|f lmccf. cmeg emsr|frm

hgnnf aij 6 f tfj 66

Fb fnrf qmcg t|mhwhcifrg nf qmcfng i ii i „tmsi{imhfhbmnf― eghrfneghrg nfbbmqg si r|mqf hgn

bifj|feef. ih fnrm. ih fqfhri Ih gaagrri hmrg|grg c`g nf i ii i qighg gaagrriqfeghrg t|mbmrrf ih

fqfhri . ih fnrm hgnnf lmccf ( à wh swmhm qmcfnicm ih tmsi{imhg fhrg|im|g%swtg|im|g) Tmi.

cmhrihwfhbm qg|sm in lfssm g ft|ghbm siewnrfhgfeghrg nf lmccf t|mbwcgrg nf é éé é cìwsf

(vwgnnf ihbicfling cmh n’fccghrm fcwrm. cmeg hgnnf tf|mnf | || |é éé érg rg rg rg ) Sget|g tiù qg|sm in

lfssm g ft|ghbm nf lmccfsi t|mhwhcifrg tmi nf à àà à ftg|rf (vwgnnf ihbicfling cmh n’fccghrm

j|fqg. cmeg hgnnf tf|mnf r rr rà àà à||f ||f ||f ||f ) Cmhrihwfrg cmsî. t|mhwhcifhbm ihaihg nf f ff f In rwrrm

|icìgbg|ä vwfnc`g sgcmhbm \iafrg n’mtg|f{imhg sciqmnfhbm cmh cmhrihwirä bfnnf i ii i fnnf f ff f

Qg|iaicfrg cmh frrgh{imhg. |itgrgrg g afeinif|i{{frgqi cmh in t|mcgssm ih embm c`g qi sif

hfrw|fng hgnnf swf fssieinf{imhg g cmhcgrrwfni{{f{imhg Fq|grg t|mbmrrm cmsî rwrrg ng

qmcfni fhrg|im|i irfnifhg bfnn’fnrm ih lfssm. cimà ih tmsi{imhg swtg|im|g. egbif. ihag|im|g

Ih embm sieing |itgrgrg n’mtg|f{imhg cmh ng qmcfni tmsrg|im|i Ihi{ifrg bfnnf w ww w .... t|mcgbgrg

cmh nf m mm m cìwsf g tmi cmh vwgnnf ftg|rf Rghgrg t|gsghrg c`g nf ó óó ó cìwsf à vwgnnf bgnnf

tf|mnf l ll ló óó órrg rrg rrg rrg (vwgnnf bgn qihm). eghr|g nf ü üü ü ftg|rf à vwgnnf bgnnf tf|mnf l ll lü üü ürrg rrg rrg rrg (tg|cmssg)

IN BIFJ\FEEF BGI SWMHI QMCFNICI IHJNGSIIN BIFJ\FEEF BGI SWMHI QMCFNICI IHJNGSIIN BIFJ\FEEF BGI SWMHI QMCFNICI IHJNGSIIN BIFJ\FEEF BGI SWMHI QMCFNICI IHJNGSI

Sieineghrg f vwfhrm cmhsibg|frm tg| n’irfnifhm. egbifhrg bifj|feef à tmssilingcmsr|wi|g wh tmnijmhm bgi swmhi qmcfnici ihjngsi. c`g – tiù hweg|msi bi vwgnni irfnifhi –

biaag|iscmhm bf vwgsri ih vwfhrirä g vwfnirä

Vwfnm|f nm srgssm swmhm gsisrf sif ih irfnifhm c`g ih ihjngsg. hgnng |istgrriqg

|ftt|gsghrf{imhi bifj|feefric`g sf|ä cmnnmcfrm gsfrrfeghrg hgnnf srgssf tmsi{imhg

In bifj|feef à t|mtmsrm ih whf eif gnflm|f{imhg sgetniaicfrf |ftt|gsghrfhrg i swmhi

qmcfnici c|irici tiù cmewhi. hmh cmet|ghbghbmhg fnr|i ihrg|egbi I swmhi r|frrfri smhm





c|irici hmh rfhrm tg| nf nm|m t|mhwhcif. vwfhrm tg| nf bmqwrf frrgh{imhg hgn bmqg|ni

biaag|gh{if|g cìf|feghrg r|f bi nm|m hmh fssieinfhbmni f vwgnni irfnifhi

Aij < Bifj|feef bgi swmhi qmcfnici ihjngsi „c|irici― I bwg twhrihiAij < Bifj|feef bgi swmhi qmcfnici ihjngsi „c|irici― I bwg twhrihiAij < Bifj|feef bgi swmhi qmcfnici ihjngsi „c|irici― I bwg twhrihiAij < Bifj|feef bgi swmhi qmcfnici ihjngsi „c|irici― I bwg twhrihi əəəə f aifhcm bi whff aifhcm bi whff aifhcm bi whff aifhcm bi whfqmcfng hg ihbicfhm whqmcfng hg ihbicfhm whqmcfng hg ihbicfhm whqmcfng hg ihbicfhm wh |gnfriqm |gnfriqm |gnfriqm |gnfriqm t|mnwhjfeghrm bt|mnwhjfeghrm bt|mnwhjfeghrm bt|mnwhjfeghrm biiii bw|frfbw|frfbw|frfbw|frf

Ng ngrrg|g bgnn’fnaflgrm irfnifhm smhm ihswaaicighri gb iet|mt|ig tg| |ftt|gsghrf|g i swmhi

qmcfnici ihjngsi c`g ih aij < smhm vwihbi hgcgssf|ifeghrg g cmhqghighrgeghrg

|ftt|gsghrfri cmh i sielmni ITF hgnnf am|ef j|faicf bgnnf r|fsc|i{imhg amhgricf

cm||ghrgeghrg wrini{{frf bfi bi{imhf|i (In sielmnm -g- qighg stgssm t|fricfeghrg wsfrm ih nwmjm bi

vwgnnm cfhmhicm ITF -ǯ-. t|gqghghbm bi afrrm nf tmssilinirä bi cmhamhbg|nm cmh -Ǯ-. c`g à biqg|sm)

Nf r|fsc|i{imhg amhgricf ITF bgi qmcflmni à smnirfeghrg |fccìwsf ih tf|fhrgsi vwfb|f m

cmhrghwrf r|f lf||g mlnivwg Gs; n’fjjgrriqm ihjngsg lfb r|fsc|irrm ih sielmni amhgrici

ITF à _lábU mttw|g -láb-

Ihrghbm |fssicw|f|g swlirm in ngrrm|g |ief|cfhbm c`g nf am|ef j|faicf bi 9 bgi 6< sielmni

ihbicfri hgn bifj|feef swjjg|iscg ih embm gqibghrg in swmhm c`g |ftt|gsghrfhm. hmh

|icìgbghbm vwihbi fncwhf biaaicmnrä bi egem|i{{f{imhg. cmeg stigjfrm ih hmrf 7 f tfj

60 Tg| ng |fjimhi c`g sf|fhhm gstmsrg i bwg fnr|i sielmni c`g aijw|fhm hgnnf tf|rg

cghr|fng bgn bifj|feef sf|fhhm cg|rfeghrg fssieinfri cmhsibg|frf nf nm|m stgciaicirä gb

ietm|rfh{f Bmq|ä gssg|g vwihbi ihaihg egem|i{{frm in smnm sielmnm -ǬǬǬǬ-

Tg| nf cm||grrf |it|mbw{imhg bgi swmhi c`g i qf|i sielmni |ftt|gsghrfhm q nm stgciaicm

gsg|ci{im t|mtmsrm ih hmrf 7 f tfj60

I cmhr|fssgjhi hweg|ici sgjhfri ih tf|ghrgsi hgn bifj|feef bi aij < ihbicfhm in nwmjm bi

t|mbw{imhg bi qmcfni c`g. wsfrg ih birrmhjì. hmh smhm c|iric`g tg|c`é bi hm|ef

t|mhwhcifrg cmeg ih irfnifhm (q hmrf 3. tfj 67)

Hgn cfsm bi sielmni fttfifri. vwgnnm f bgsr|f |ftt|gsghrf in swmhm bi qmcfni f||mrmhbfrg





NM SC@ZF; INNM SC@ZF; INNM SC@ZF; INNM SC@ZF; IN SWMHM QMCFNICM TIW’ \ICM\\GHRG IH IHJNGSGSWMHM QMCFNICM TIW’ \ICM\\GHRG IH IHJNGSGSWMHM QMCFNICM TIW’ \ICM\\GHRG IH IHJNGSGSWMHM QMCFNICM TIW’ \ICM\\GHRG IH IHJNGSG

Nm sc`zf à in swmhm qmcfnicm tiù |icm||ghrg hgnnf nihjwf ihjngsg G’ in sielmnm tmsrm fn

cghr|m bgn bifj|feef bi Kmhgs N’ ITF nm |ftt|gsghrf cmh in sielmnm -ǩǩǩǩ-. cmeg whf -gggg-

|mqgscifrf g ihqg|rirf Nm si twü r|mqf|g bi bw|frf fnnwhjfrf (hgnnf am|ef -ǩǩǩǩə-) vwfsi

gscnwsiqfeghrg ih qmcflmni emhmsinnflici m vwfhbm cmewhvwg j|fqfrm bf fccghrm

rmhicm Ih rfn cfsm emnri bi{imhf|i embg|hi wrini{{fhm in sielmnm -ǮǮǮǮəəəə- ih nwmjm bi -ǩǩǩǩəəəə-.

sgllghg vwgsr’wnriem sif rwrrm|f wsfrm bf emnri gbirm|i

Fi aihi bgnnf t|mhwhcif rfni bwg sielmni smhm bf cmhsibg|f|g t|fricfeghrg gvwiqfnghri

Nm sc`zf à wh swmhm ihbisrihrm. ihbgaihirm. riticm fhc`g bi emnri bifngrri bgnn’ Irfnif

eg|ibimhfng Rfng swmhm twü gssg|g rghrfriqfeghrg |it|mbmrrm ieirfhbm in hftmngrfhm

hgnnf t|mhwhcif bi „ef|g ― . bmqg nf ffff à emnrm fccghrfrf cf|icfhbmsi bi ghg|jif smhm|f.

eghr|g nf g aihfng (vwi fttmsirfeghrg |ieticcimnirf g ih cm|siqm) biqghrf bglmng.ihbgaihirf rghbghbm f scmetf|i|g F rirmnm bi gsgetim fhc`g wh fnr|m qmcflmnm % cmh lgh

r|g sc`zf& – à in hftmngrfhm „rg ngggga m hm ― . ih cwi nf sgcmhbf gggg à |faam|{frf bfnn’fccghrm

eghr|g ng fnr|g r|g qmcfni ewrfhm rwrrg ih sc`zf

\iefhbm in ngrrm|g fnnf eif stgciaicf emhmj|faif swnn’f|jmeghrm (q hmrf 2. tfj 67) ih

cwi si cìf|iscg nf |ingqfh{f g nf hgcgssirä bi wsf|g nm sc`zf fn aihg bi gnieihf|g swmhi

qmcfnici stw|i c`g ihvwihfhbm n’ ieefjihg smhm|f bgn qmcflmnm t|mhwhcifrm hg

cmet|megrrmhm tgsfhrgeghrg n’ihrgnnijilinirä. vwihbi in swccgssm bgnnf cmewhicf{imhg

qg|lfng

Ih hmrf 7 f tfj 61 bi vwgsrf emhmj|faif sgjwmhm fncwhi ghwhcifri tg| nf cm||grrf

fttnicf{imhg bgnnm sc`zf. cmh gsgeti In aghmeghm à cmhsgjwghrg fnn’fccghrf{imhg In aghmeghm à cmhsgjwghrg fnn’fccghrf{imhg In aghmeghm à cmhsgjwghrg fnn’fccghrf{imhg In aghmeghm à cmhsgjwghrg fnn’fccghrf{imhg

Jni gaagrri bgi aghmeghi amhgrici Jni gaagrri bgi aghmeghi amhgrici Jni gaagrri bgi aghmeghi amhgrici Jni gaagrri bgi aghmeghi amhgrici fssmcifri fnnm sc`zf biemsr|fhm cmeg nf t|mhwhcif fssmcifri fnnm sc`zf biemsr|fhm cmeg nf t|mhwhcif fssmcifri fnnm sc`zf biemsr|fhm cmeg nf t|mhwhcif fssmcifri fnnm sc`zf biemsr|fhm cmeg nf t|mhwhcif

cìf|f g scfhbirf hmh sif wh t|gjim ef wh j|fqg biagrrm |ijm|msfeghrg bf gqirf|g.cìf|f g scfhbirf hmh sif wh t|gjim ef wh j|fqg biagrrm |ijm|msfeghrg bf gqirf|g.cìf|f g scfhbirf hmh sif wh t|gjim ef wh j|fqg biagrrm |ijm|msfeghrg bf gqirf|g.cìf|f g scfhbirf hmh sif wh t|gjim ef wh j|fqg biagrrm |ijm|msfeghrg bf gqirf|g.

tg|c`é fssmnwrfeghrg t|gjiwbi{igqmng fnnf t|gswhrf cìf|g{{ftg|c`é fssmnwrfeghrg t|gjiwbi{igqmng fnnf t|gswhrf cìf|g{{ftg|c`é fssmnwrfeghrg t|gjiwbi{igqmng fnnf t|gswhrf cìf|g{{ftg|c`é fssmnwrfeghrg t|gjiwbi{igqmng fnnf t|gswhrf cìf|g{{f





HMRGHMRGHMRGHMRG

(6)(6)(6)(6) WRINIRF’ BGNNF SIELMNMJIF ITFWRINIRF’ BGNNF SIELMNMJIF ITFWRINIRF’ BGNNF SIELMNMJIF ITFWRINIRF’ BGNNF SIELMNMJIF ITF Nf r|fsc|i{imhg amhgricf à ihbistghsfling fn biscghrg

sr|fhig|m tg| nf cm||grrf t|mhwhcif bi emnri qmcflmni (gs; fnili. fm|rf. cgnnm. cmel. cm|ts.

bmwlr. ghcycnmt(f)gbif. efym|. sgz. szm|b gcc). tg| n’ fccghrf{imhg (gs flbmegh.f|irègric. cmw|fjgmws. c|gfriqg. ihcmetf|flng. efhfjgeghr gcc). g fhcm| tiù vwfhbm

cmgsisrmhm fssmcifri ghr|feli i t|mlngei bi t|mhwhcif g bi fccghrf{imhg (fz|y. bimpihg.

tsycìfr|y gcc)

Nf r|fsc|i{imhg cmhsghrg ihmnr|g bi cmha|mhrf|g nf biaag|ghrg t|mhwhcif bgnng qf|ifhri bgnnf

nihjwf vwfni n’ihjngsg l|irfhhicm g vwgnnm feg|icfhm. stgssm ghr|felg |itm|rfrg swi

eijnim|i bi{imhf|i

(<) BIFJ\FEEF QMCFNICM(<) BIFJ\FEEF QMCFNICM(<) BIFJ\FEEF QMCFNICM(<) BIFJ\FEEF QMCFNICM Ih felirm fccfbgeicm smhm fbmrrfri m t|mtmsri fhc`g fnr|i

riti bi bifj|feei cmewhvwg awh{imhfni fnnm scmtm

((((3333)))) QMCFNI HMH C\IRIC@GQMCFNI HMH C\IRIC@GQMCFNI HMH C\IRIC@GQMCFNI HMH C\IRIC@G Cmh |iag|ieghrm fn bifj|feef bgnng qmcfni ihjngsi i hweg|i ih

tf|ghrgsi ihbicfhm tmsi{imhi bi qmcfni nf cwi |icm||gh{f à cmewhg cmeg t|ief qmcfng ih

birrmhjì. vwihbi ih cmelihf{imhg cmh wh fnr|m swmhm qmcfnicm Hgi birrmhjì nf t|ief

qmcfng „sciqmnf―. cmhanwghbm g amhbghbmsi hgnnf sgcmhbf

Rfng t|ief qmcfng hmh à ihbicfrf hgn bifj|feef ih vwfhrm hmh c|iricf. tg|c`é

jghg|fneghrg cmihcibghrg cmh vwgnnf irfnifhf cmeg hgi birrmhjì sgjwghri (smrrmnihgfri

hgnnf r|fsc|i{imhg ITF)

Gs;

6 j|fcg -j|ggggǻǻǻǻs- in birrmhjm gigigigi si ngjjg cmeg hgnn’ irfnifhm vwgi gi gi gi

< ìj` -’`ffffǻǻǻǻ- in birrmhjm fifififi si ngjjg cmeg hgnn’irfnifhm fq|fi fi fi fi

3 qmicg -qǢǻǢǻǢǻǢǻs-. in birrmhjm mimimimi si ngjjg cmeg hgnn’irfnifhm swmi mi mi mi

Fnr|i birrmhjì |icm||ghri smhm -fț- - ǩț - -țǩ- -gǩ- -ǻǩ-. ng qmcfni bgi vwfni smhm jiä

srfrg ihbiqibwfneghrg r|frrfrg m smhm ietnicirg ih vwgsrf hmrf

(2(2(2(2)))) \IAG\IEGHRM\IAG\IEGHRM\IAG\IEGHRM\IAG\IEGHRM Si cmhswnri nf emhmj|faif Cmhmscg|g nm sc`zf Cmhmscg|g nm sc`zf Cmhmscg|g nm sc`zf Cmhmscg|g nm sc`zf twllnicfrf swn sirmzzz|mlg|rmef|irfhir fnnf tfjihf Cm|si bi ihjngsg-Emhmj|faig Ngrrg|frw|f





(7) AFEINIF\I[[F\SI CMH I SIELMNI ITF(7) AFEINIF\I[[F\SI CMH I SIELMNI ITF(7) AFEINIF\I[[F\SI CMH I SIELMNI ITF(7) AFEINIF\I[[F\SI CMH I SIELMNI ITF

Nf rflgnnf fnnf sgjwghrg tfjihf 6: |itm|rf nf sg|ig bgi sielmni ITF ihbicfri hgn bifj|feef

bi aij < f tfj 63

I sielmni ITF tg| ng qmcfni ihjngsi smhm bi afcing egem|i{{f{imhg ih |fjimhg bgnng emnrg

smeijnifh{g |icmhbwcilini fjni gvwiqfnghri sgjhi irfnifhi Eghr|g à fn |ijwf|bm ihbicfrf nf

siein%t|mhwhcif irfnifhf. à rwrrfqif ihbistghsfling sqmnjg|g n’gsg|ci{im tiù fqfhri

t|mtmsrm

Tg| mjhi sielmnm ITF à bfrm wh qmcflmnm cfetimhg cmh in swmhm qmcfnicm cm||istmhbghrg

T|gswttmsrm tg| nm sqmnjieghrm bgnn’gsg|ci{im à c`g nf t|mhwhcif bgn qmcflmnm cfetimhg

sif mqqifeghrg cm||grrf. qg|iaicfrf

SI AMCFNI[[I G SI FSSIEINI LGHG IN SWMHM QMCFNICM BGNNF TF\MNF CFETIMHG. VWIHBI SI AMCFNI[[I G SI FSSIEINI LGHG IN SWMHM QMCFNICM BGNNF TF\MNF CFETIMHG. VWIHBI SI AMCFNI[[I G SI FSSIEINI LGHG IN SWMHM QMCFNICM BGNNF TF\MNF CFETIMHG. VWIHBI SI AMCFNI[[I G SI FSSIEINI LGHG IN SWMHM QMCFNICM BGNNF TF\MNF CFETIMHG. VWIHBI

SI NGJJFHM RWRRI I QMCFLMNI BGNNF SRGSSF \IJF EFHRGHGHBM IEEWRFRM NM SI NGJJFHM RWRRI I QMCFLMNI BGNNF SRGSSF \IJF EFHRGHGHBM IEEWRFRM NM SI NGJJFHM RWRRI I QMCFLMNI BGNNF SRGSSF \IJF EFHRGHGHBM IEEWRFRM NM SI NGJJFHM RWRRI I QMCFLMNI BGNNF SRGSSF \IJF EFHRGHGHBM IEEWRFRM NM

SRGSSM SWMHM QMCFNICMSRGSSM SWMHM QMCFNICMSRGSSM SWMHM QMCFNICMSRGSSM SWMHM QMCFNICM

I qmcflmni ih cm|siqm bgnng |ij`g 6 g < g vwgnni bgnng |ij`g 3 g 2 smhm tf|ricmnf|eghrg

c|irici tg|c`é qfhhm r|f nm|m lgh biaag|gh{ifri (Gs lgfr lgfr lgfr lgfr bgqg gssg|g t|mhwhcifrm ih embm

biqg|sm bf lir lir lir lir . cmsî cmeg lgb lgb lgb lgb bf lfb lfb lfb lfb gcc)

In sgjhm əəəə ihbicf |gnfriqm t|mnwhjfeghrm bi bw|frf bgn swmhm |istgrrm fn swmhm qmcfnicm

sieing Gs lgfr lgfr lgfr lgfr -lilililiərərərər- à nwhjm |istgrrm f lir lir lir lir -llllǻǻǻǻrrrr-.... cmeg ammb ammb ammb ammb -awawawawəbəbəbəb- |istgrrm f ammr ammr ammr ammr

-a aa ațțțțrrrr- gcc

\IAG\I\SI FNNF RFLGNNF FNNF SGJWGHRG TFJ H 6:




Gbi{imhg 646<36f Tfj( 6: bi <6 Bmcweghrm smjjgrrm f |gqisimhg





(7)(7)(7)(7) WWWWSF\G NM SC@ZFSF\G NM SC@ZFSF\G NM SC@ZFSF\G NM SC@ZF

Vwgsrf hmrf t|mtmhg ihbicf{imhi t|fric`g tg| n’wsm bgnnm sc`zf

Ih lfsg f eig ihbfjihi srfrisric`g |iswnrf cmh lwmhf ftt|mssief{imhg c`g

% in efhcfrm wsf bgnnm sc`zf cmetm|rf wh g||m|g bi t|mhwhcif ih fneghm : cfsi sw 64

% cmhsgjwghrgeghrg n’iet|mt|im wsm bgnnm sc`zf cmetm|rf wh g||m|g bi t|mhwhcif

fn efssiem ih 3 cfsi sw 64 N’g||m|g – ih rfn cfsm – twü fhc`g gssg|g bi scf|sm |inigqm.

ih |fjimhg bgnnf l|gqg bisrfh{f qmcfnicf r|f in swmhm cm||grrm g vwgnnm g||frm

(gs; -ǩǩǩǩ- ih nwmjm bi -ǻǻǻǻ-)

Bf wh sieing linfhcim si gqihcg c`g n’fttnicf{imhg bgnnm sc`zf |ismnqg tiù t|mlngei bi

vwgnni m|ijihfri bf wh swm wsm iet|mt|im ; bi vwi n’ihqirm f cmhsibg|f|g in qfhrfjji

bg|iqfhri bfnn’wsm bgnnm sc`zf

Ih efhcfh{f bi fnr|i |iag|ieghri cg|ri tg| nf cm||grrf t|mhwhcif |iswnrf vwihbi cmhqghighrg

cmhsibg|f|g ng ihbicf{imhi bi cf|frrg|g t|fricm cmhrghwrg hgi sgjwghri ghwhcifri

Ghwhcifrm h 6Ghwhcifrm h 6Ghwhcifrm h 6Ghwhcifrm h 6 Fnn’ihrg|hm bi whf srgssf tf|mnf Fnn’ihrg|hm bi whf srgssf tf|mnf Fnn’ihrg|hm bi whf srgssf tf|mnf Fnn’ihrg|hm bi whf srgssf tf|mnf si t|mhwci nf smnf sinnflf-qmcfng sw si t|mhwci nf smnf sinnflf-qmcfng sw si t|mhwci nf smnf sinnflf-qmcfng sw si t|mhwci nf smnf sinnflf-qmcfng sw

cwi cfbg cwi cfbg cwi cfbg cwi cfbg n’fccghrm n’fccghrm n’fccghrm n’fccghrm rmhicm rmhicm rmhicm rmhicm Rwrrg ng fnr|g qmcfni ewrfhm ih sc`zf. biqghrfhbm vwihbi Rwrrg ng fnr|g qmcfni ewrfhm ih sc`zf. biqghrfhbm vwihbi Rwrrg ng fnr|g qmcfni ewrfhm ih sc`zf. biqghrfhbm vwihbi Rwrrg ng fnr|g qmcfni ewrfhm ih sc`zf. biqghrfhbm vwihbi

sawefrg. tmcm cìf|g. ihbgaihirg sawefrg. tmcm cìf|g. ihbgaihirg sawefrg. tmcm cìf|g. ihbgaihirg sawefrg. tmcm cìf|g. ihbgaihirg (cimà -ǩ- hgnnf r|fsc|i{imhg amhgricf ITF) In Aghmeghm à

bgaihirm „|ibw{imhg qmcfnicf―

Fnr|g cmhsibg|f{imhi bi eihm| ietfrrm hmh smhm vwi r|frrfrg tg| sgetnicirä Ih emnri cfsi fhc`g nm srgssm sc`zf

scmetf|g bgaihiriqfeghrg. f rgsriemhif|g whf gsisrgh{f r|fhsirm|if. cmeg stgssm jiä fqqghwrm ih swaaissi

cmeg ‡frimh bi srfrimh -ɖsrgǻȓ]h-. ‡ f|y bi bicrimhf|y -ɖbǻOȓǩh]|ǻ- gcc

Hgnnf r|fsc|i{imhg ITF n’fccghrm % gst|gssm bfn sgjhm bi ftmsr|mam – cfbg swnnf t|ief

sinnflf sgjwghrg Rwrrg ng sc`zf si t|mhwhcifhm fnnm srgssm embm. ihbitghbghrgeghrg

bfnnf biqg|sf sc|irrw|f (f. m. w gcc)

Hgi tmcì qmcflmni bi sgjwirm cmhsibg|fri nf sinnflf-qmcfng smrrmnihgfrf à vwgnnf sw cwi

cfbg n’fccghrm rmhicm Nf ngrrg|f |ieticcimnirf à vwgnnf c`g ewrf ih sc`zf. cmeg

cmhsgjwgh{f Tg| bmqi{if scmnfsricf in qmcflmnm à fhc`g r|fsc|irrm ih sielmni ITF hgnnf

am|ef cfhmhicf

Qmcflmni ihjngsi g r|fsc|i{imhg ITFQmcflmni ihjngsi g r|fsc|i{imhg ITFQmcflmni ihjngsi g r|fsc|i{imhg ITFQmcflmni ihjngsi g r|fsc|i{imhg ITF (ihjngsg l|irfhhicm)

flmqmqmqmqg -ǩɖlȞq- fl|mfmfmfmfb -ǩɖl|Ǣəb-

fccmmmm|bimh -ǩɖoǢəbǻǩh- fbb|ggggss -ǩɖb|gs-

fhmmmmhiemws -ǩɖhǬhǻeǩs- fttmimimimihreghr -ǩɖtǢǻhreǩhr-

lghggggqmnghr -lǻɖhgqǩnǩhr- liiiinnimh -lǻnkǩh-

lnffffcolg||y -ɖlnáolǩ|ǻ- lmmmmrrme -ɖlǬrǩe-

lmmmmrfhisr -ɖlǬrǩhǻsr- mmmmhimh -ɖȞhkǩh-





Ih qmcflmni emhmsinnflici in sielmnm -ǩǩǩǩə- (fnnwhjfrm). sgllghg rwrrm|f ih wsm. r|mqfsi

sget|g tiù a|gvwghrgeghrg smsrirwirm bf -ǮǮǮǮəəəə-

Gsgeti;

M|f; li|b -lǮəb- c`w|c` -rȓǮərȓ- s`i|r -ȓǮər- rw|h -rǮəh- zm|o -zǮəo-

T|ief; -lǩəb- -rȓǩərȓ- -ȓǩər- -rǩəh- -zǩəo- gcc

In sielmnm Ǯə si cmhsg|qf fhc`g hgi qmcflmni cmetmsri

Gs a|fegzm|o -ɖa|gǻezǮəo- aw|r`g|em|g -aǮəôǩɖeǢə(|)-

GhGhGhGhwhcifrm h <whcifrm h <whcifrm h <whcifrm h < In t|gcgbghrg ghwhcifrm In t|gcgbghrg ghwhcifrm In t|gcgbghrg ghwhcifrm In t|gcgbghrg ghwhcifrm h 6h 6h 6h 6 t|gswttmhg nf cm||grrf fccghrf{imhg; t|gswttmhg nf cm||grrf fccghrf{imhg; t|gswttmhg nf cm||grrf fccghrf{imhg; t|gswttmhg nf cm||grrf fccghrf{imhg;

tghf n’ihbglmnieghrm bi qmcfni c`g bmq|gllg|m ihqgcg |faam|{f|si. g qicgqg|sf G’ vwihbi tghf n’ihbglmnieghrm bi qmcfni c`g bmq|gllg|m ihqgcg |faam|{f|si. g qicgqg|sf G’ vwihbi tghf n’ihbglmnieghrm bi qmcfni c`g bmq|gllg|m ihqgcg |faam|{f|si. g qicgqg|sf G’ vwihbi tghf n’ihbglmnieghrm bi qmcfni c`g bmq|gllg|m ihqgcg |faam|{f|si. g qicgqg|sf G’ vwihbi

hgcgssf|im tmsi{imhf|g n’fccghrm rmhicm hgcgssf|im tmsi{imhf|g n’fccghrm rmhicm hgcgssf|im tmsi{imhf|g n’fccghrm rmhicm hgcgssf|im tmsi{imhf|g n’fccghrm rmhicm cm||grrfeghrg cm||grrfeghrg cm||grrfeghrg cm||grrfeghrg

Gsgetim bi qmcflmni cmh fccghrf{imhg (qmcfng smrrmnihgfrf) cm||grrf;

Qmcflmni cmh fccghrf{imhg cm||grrfQmcflmni cmh fccghrf{imhg cm||grrfQmcflmni cmh fccghrf{imhg cm||grrfQmcflmni cmh fccghrf{imhg cm||grrf (ihjngsg l|irfhhicm)

fffflbmegh -ɖálbǩeǩh- fffflsmnwrg -ɖálsǩnwər-

cmhr|mmmmn -oǩhɖr|ǩțn- biiiicrimhf|y ɖbǻoȓǩh|ǻ

iriiiihg|f|y -fǻɖrǻhǩ|ǩ|ǻ- eiiiinirf|y -ɖeǻnǻrǩ|ǻ-

Ji srgssi qmcflmni smhm ihqgcg vwfsi sget|g t|mhwhcifri hgn sgjwghrg embm scm||grrm;

flbmmmmegh. flsmnwwwwrg. cmmmmhr|mn. irihg|ffff|y. bicrimhffff|y. einirffff|y Ih rfn cfsm ewrg|gllg|m ihsc`zf qmcfni hmh tg|rihghri

Ghwhcifrm h 3Ghwhcifrm h 3Ghwhcifrm h 3Ghwhcifrm h 3 Ng qmcfni bgtwrfrg f ewrf|g Ng qmcfni bgtwrfrg f ewrf|g Ng qmcfni bgtwrfrg f ewrf|g Ng qmcfni bgtwrfrg f ewrf|g ih sc`zf (cimà vwgnng hmh fccghrfrg) ih sc`zf (cimà vwgnng hmh fccghrfrg) ih sc`zf (cimà vwgnng hmh fccghrfrg) ih sc`zf (cimà vwgnng hmh fccghrfrg)

gnieihfhm fnnf |fbicg nf hgcgssirä bi qg|iaicf bgnnf nm|m gnieihfhm fnnf |fbicg nf hgcgssirä bi qg|iaicf bgnnf nm|m gnieihfhm fnnf |fbicg nf hgcgssirä bi qg|iaicf bgnnf nm|m gnieihfhm fnnf |fbicg nf hgcgssirä bi qg|iaicf bgnnf nm|m t|mhwhcif. t|mt|im t|mhwhcif. t|mt|im t|mhwhcif. t|mt|im t|mhwhcif. t|mt|im tg|c`é tg|c`é tg|c`é tg|c`é

bgsrihfrg f biqghrf|g bgsrihfrg f biqghrf|g bgsrihfrg f biqghrf|g bgsrihfrg f biqghrf|g sc`zf (ihsijhiaicfhri. sawefrg. iet|gcisg)sc`zf (ihsijhiaicfhri. sawefrg. iet|gcisg)sc`zf (ihsijhiaicfhri. sawefrg. iet|gcisg)sc`zf (ihsijhiaicfhri. sawefrg. iet|gcisg)

T|mlngef; cmeg t|mhwhcif|g cm||grrfeghrg ng ngrrg|g smrrmnihgfrg hgnng sgjwghri tf|mng =

cmwmwmwmw|fjgmwmwmwmws. `f|ffffssegggghr . bmcrmmmm| sy|wwwwt gcc

\istmsrf; rfni qmcfni biqghrfhm sc`zf. vwihbi in t|mlngef bgnnf nm|m t|mhwhcif hmh si

tmhg Ihafrri |iswnrg|ä; -oǩɖ|gǻbȬǩs- -ɖ`á|ǩseǩhr- -ɖbǢəorǩ(|)- -ɖsi| ǩt-




Gbi{imhg 646<36f Tfj( <4 bi <6 Bmcweghrm smjjgrrm f |gqisimhg

EGEMEGEMEGEMEGEM Wh gsgetim gccgnnghrg g % fn cmhrgetm % egem|fling bgnnf t|mlngefricirä

biscwssf ih vwgsrf hmrf à |ifsswhrm bfn qmcflmnm fz|y fz|y fz|y fz|y (srm|rm. bi r|fqg|sm % fjj fqq)

6 In j|wttm fzfzfzfz hmh qf t|mhwhcifrm cmeg sgel|g|gllg (cimà -ǢǢǢǢəəəə-cmeg ih nfz)

< Hmh si tmhg rwrrfqif in t|mlngef bi sftg|nm t|mhwhcif|g. tg|c`é ewrfhrg ih sc`zf.

3 ciü ih |fjimhg bgnn’fccghrm c`g cfbg sw yyyy

2 Ihmnr|g nf t|mhwhcif bi yyyy à -fǻ- g hmh -ǻ-

Ih wh qmcflmnm bi rfng l|gqirä à cmhbghsfrf ih embm gsgetnf|g;

% nf qg|iaicf bgnn’fttnicflinirä bgjni ghwhcifri h 6. < g 3

% nf hgcgssirä bi cmhswnrf|g in bi{imhf|im tg|

% nf t|mhwhcif bgnnf y

% tg| in tmsi{imhfeghrm bgnn’fccghrm

Ih sielmni amhgrici ITF fz|y fz|y fz|y fz|y à cmsî r|fsc|irrm ----ǩǩǩǩɖɖɖɖ|f|f|f|fǻǻǻǻ----

1111 NG BISRFH[G QMCFNIC@GNG BISRFH[G QMCFNIC@GNG BISRFH[G QMCFNIC@GNG BISRFH[G QMCFNIC@G

Nf |ftt|gsghrf{imhg egbifhrg in bifj|feef bi aij < f tfj 63 tg|egrrg bi |ingqf|g

c`if|feghrg nf bisrfh{f r|f ng qmcfni. vwihbi nf biaag|gh{f bi t|mhwhcif r|f ng qf|ifhri

bgnn’ihjngsg _gs ihjngsg l|irfhhicm (L|Ghj) m feg|icfhm (FeGhj)U Hmh sf|ä vwi

biscwssf nf |iccf sg|ig bi biaag|gh{g – awm|i rgef % ef nf cmembirä bi tmrg| bistm||g bgn

bifj|feef tg| ng fhfnisi

Nf biaag|gh{f hgnnf t|mhwhcif bgnnf qmcfng sc|irrf f ff f |ftt|gsghrf wh cfsm cmewhg tg|c`é

hgnn’ ihjngsg l|irfhhicm à stgssm ----ǦǦǦǦəəəə---- % qmcfng tmsrg|im|g nwhjf % eghr|g ih feg|icfhm

biqghrf ----áááá----. qmcfng fhrg|im|g. vwihbi t|mbmrrf g t|mhwhcifrf ih embm cmetngrfeghrg

biqg|sm In bifj|feef cmhag|ef nf bisrfh{f gsisrghrg r|f rfni bwg swmhi Bgjni

ihhweg|gqmni gsgeti qighg vwi egh{imhfrm c cc cfh’r fh’r fh’r fh’r (cfh hmr). l|fhc` l|fhc` l|fhc` l|fhc` . nfsr nfsr nfsr nfsr . |iefhbfhbm in

ngrrm|g f qg|iaic`g wnrg|im|i Fnr|m cfsm bi bisrfh{f gsgetnf|eghrg ihrg|gssfhrg à cng|o cng|o cng|o cng|o .

bmqg nf qmcfng cghr|fng à ----ǦǦǦǦəəəə---- (L|Ghj) cmhr|m ----Ǯə-Ǯə-Ǯə-Ǯə- (FeGhj)

F qmnrg nf bisrfh{f bi t|mhwhcif hmh à sijhiaicfriqf. cmeg fqqighg f t|mtmsirm bgnnf

qmcfng mmmm ngrrf ----ǬǬǬǬ---- (L|Ghj) mttw|g ----ǢǢǢǢə-ə-ə-ə- (FeGhj). cmeg hgn cfsm bi bmj bmj bmj bmj F vwgsrm|ijwf|bm qf fhhmrfrm c`g vwgsr’wnrief biaag|gh{f hmh à bi tf|ricmnf|g |inigqm hgnng

qf|ifhri bgnn’ihjngsg. tmic`é stgssm ghr|felg ng t|mhwhcg cmhsibg|frg smhm cmhsghrirg m

ihrg|scfelifrg




Gbi{imhg 646<36f Tfj( <6 bi <6 Bmcweghrm smjjgrrm f |gqisimhg

N’gsfeg bgnng bisrfh{g qmcfnic`g cmhsghrg bi |ingqf|g in j|fbm bi g||m|g r|f qmcfni efn

t|mwhcifrg. cmeg hgn riticm cfsm c`g i egbif irfnifhi smhm smniri |it|mtm||g f t|mtmsirm

bgnnf tf|mnf cnwl cnwl cnwl cnwl. nf cwi cm||grrf t|mhwhcif à -on-on-on-onȞȞȞȞllll---- ihqgcg bi -ongl--ongl--ongl--ongl- Ih gaagrri nf qmcfng

----ȞȞȞȞ---- à whf qmcfng tmsrg|im|g (egbim%ftg|rf) g si r|mqf ih rwrr’fnr|m nwmjm |istgrrm fnnf

qmcfng a|mhrfng -g--g--g--g-. cmeg si |ingqf bfn bifj|feef

Sieini fhfnisi cmhsghrmhm bi lgh cmhcgrrwfni{{f|g g bi tfb|mhgjjif|g nf biaag|gh{f bi

t|mhwhcif r|f tf|mng cmeg lgb lgb lgb lgb -lgblgblgblgb- g lfb lfb lfb lfb -lábláblábláb- gcc Fn |ijwf|bm ci si |iag|iscf

fnn’gsg|ci{im t|mtmsrm f tfj 61

CmhcnwsimhiCmhcnwsimhiCmhcnwsimhiCmhcnwsimhi

Bwlirf|g bgnng t|mt|ig cg|rg{{g bi t|mhwhcif à sget|g mccfsimhg bi eijnim|feghrm‡sg

si bistmhg bi wh lwmh bi{imhf|im‡

\mlg|rm Ef|irfh

Einfhm. < hmq <464 (\gq 66g 36bic <464)

principi di fonetica inglese - roberto maritan

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