principles practices dairy mgt
TRANSCRIPT
-
7/30/2019 Principles Practices Dairy Mgt
1/37
S.K. MondalZonal Project Directorate, Zone-II
Indian Council of Agricultural ResearchSalt Lake, Kolkata
-
7/30/2019 Principles Practices Dairy Mgt
2/37
Indian dairy sector - a full-fledged industry
Basic component of this sector is milk
Availability of milk and requirement
Provision of optimum rearing and living conditions
Prolonged and extensive crossbreeding program
Capability to produce more - more quality feeds and
fodder, more comfortable houses, special health care and
management
Basic knowledge on farm management principles andtheir implementation status at farm level
Capitalization on the newly gained knowledge
Compounding problems of climate change
-
7/30/2019 Principles Practices Dairy Mgt
3/37
Application of various farm management principles
involving breeding, feeding, housing, health care and
production economics
Best possible exploitation of genetic potential of the dairy
cows by providing most suitable production environment,
both internal and external
Level and persistency of milk yield - genetic constitution
and environment provided
Quality milk and suitable marketing avenues - maximumprofitability
Decisions - input situation, availability of probable
alternatives and output situation
-
7/30/2019 Principles Practices Dairy Mgt
4/37
Choosing the best input among all the availablealternatives
Directing all the inputs towards achieving farmgoal(s)Harvesting quality output in optimum quantityCoordinating all the small but important issues
relating to health and productionRegulating timing of production based on market
-
7/30/2019 Principles Practices Dairy Mgt
5/37
Birth - juncture of reproduction and production
Special managerial capability needed
Cow s chance to perform - mothering and milk
Newborns chance to test its own survivability Immediate initiation of pulmonary respiration, least (as far
as possible) chance of getting infection, externally aided
thermoregulation, expression of instinctive behaviours
Expressing the teat-seeking only and almost all portals ofinfection are open
Variation in maternal instinct
Newly born calves - no thermoregulation
-
7/30/2019 Principles Practices Dairy Mgt
6/37
Easing the difficulty in birth
Cleaning respiratory passage
Initiating respiration
Giving naval chord a treat
Feeding colostrum
Letting live in comfortable microclimate
Aseptic handling for the newbornUsing clean and sterilized utensils, equipments
and contacting surfaces
-
7/30/2019 Principles Practices Dairy Mgt
7/37
Mucus removal from mouth and nostrils; A. Respiration Removal of calfweaning at birth
Disinfecting naval chord - ligating and cutting
Birth wt. before feeding of colostrum
Feeding colostrumas soon as possible (preferably within 5-6
h)
Calf identification - by tattooing; hot branding - 1 y
Calf housing - individual calf pens upto 3 months of age
Group housing - licking and intersucking
Close inspection - illness or distress Separate sick calf from the healthy
Regular deworming, vaccination, spraying
Disbudding - within 2 weeks
Removal of supernumerary teat
-
7/30/2019 Principles Practices Dairy Mgt
8/37
Age of the
calf
Colostrum Whole Milk Calf
starter
Hay
Legume
0-4 days 1/10th
of thebirth wt
5-56 days 1/10th of the body
wt
ad lib. ad lib.
57-63 days 1/20th of the body
wt
ad lib. ad lib.
64-70 days 1/40th of the body
wt
ad lib. ad lib.
-
7/30/2019 Principles Practices Dairy Mgt
9/37
Growth - relatively irreversible time change in magnitude of
the measured dimension or function (Brody, 1945).
Permanent increase in protoplasmic mass
Advancement of age growth both in body dimension and
body tissue mass
ADG and FCR
Growth follows a sigmoid curve
Factors like species, nutrition, climate, management and
disease Hormones associated with growth are GH, thyroxin,
corticoids, insulin, glucagon, gonadal hormones and leptin etc.
-
7/30/2019 Principles Practices Dairy Mgt
10/37
Feeding of growing calves - protein-rich feeds in
sufficient quantity with comparatively less energy,
vitamins and minerals
ad libitumwater for drinking as almost 80% of tissuegrowth is water
Well proportionate growth in skeletal and other
tissues avoiding over-fattening
Specific age-to-weight ratioRegular observations on body weight, body size, body
dimensions, growth rate, market age/ weight, body
composition, body condition score and slaughter traits
etc.
-
7/30/2019 Principles Practices Dairy Mgt
11/37
(Source: Thomas and Sastry, 2005)
-
7/30/2019 Principles Practices Dairy Mgt
12/37
Proper feeding of good quality feeds and fodder Providing sufficient housing space for comfort (age,
body size)
Intensive heat detection at age of sexual maturity (15-
18 m)
Breeding after attaining optimum age and body
weight
Udder massaging from 7-8 months of pregnancyonwards
Advanced pregnancy Special feeding for their own
growth and the growth for their foetus
-
7/30/2019 Principles Practices Dairy Mgt
13/37
Resorting to either natural service or artificialinsemination for the in-heat
When around 50-60% of their mature body wt Avoiding breeding too early or too late Factors plane of nutrition, feeding system, breed and
care during prime growth period Non-slippery floors Group housingdehorning, perfect grouping as per size
and body condition Careful handling Least disturbance during feeding and resting Shifting to calving quarters in advance
-
7/30/2019 Principles Practices Dairy Mgt
14/37
A healthy new-born and a healthy mother Choice of sire and dam to reduce chances of pregnancy/
parturition related problems Detection of heat and service at proper time Feeding greens, concentrate as per standards to the
nulli- and multi-parous Getting clean, fresh potable drinking water Provision of comfortable housing without much shifting Steamingup during last trimester Proper disinfection of pens before placing Shifting to individual pen only 1 - 2 week (s) prior to
termination of pregnancy Proper care (with kindness) of the advanced pregnants Special care during pre- and peri-partum
-
7/30/2019 Principles Practices Dairy Mgt
15/37
Lactation - production of milk for calfs survival Physiological steps - biosynthesis of milk and its
subsequent let down Associated parts of udder - alveoli (myo-epithelium),
ductules and ducts, gland cistern, teat cistern, streakcanal and teat opening
Hormones - prolactin, oxytocin and vasopressin Lactationcurve as per yield and persistency
Negative energy balance in mother Proper feeding during milking Cow-calf bondingnature and extent Frequency of milking and clean milk production
-
7/30/2019 Principles Practices Dairy Mgt
16/37
(Source: Thomas and Sastry, 2005)
-
7/30/2019 Principles Practices Dairy Mgt
17/37
Cleaning of new-born and mother
Suckling or milking
Feeding mild laxative diet, rich in all nutrients to
mother and colostrum to calf
Avoid disturbances to youngsRegularity in milking, feeding, washing etc.
Measures to check mastitis, milk fever etc.
Cleaner environment, cleaner milk
Hygienic milking parlour, quality milkReducing chances of calfhood diseases through
HACCP analysis
Attending each calving during the most stressed
situation
-
7/30/2019 Principles Practices Dairy Mgt
18/37
High-yielding cows - weaning and drying off Weaning - separation of calves from their mothers
Preventing young ones from suckling mothers
Three typesAt birth; Early; and Late
Special care - for the weaned calves as well as mothers
Dryingoff - stopping lactation with no damage to udder and
avoiding udder infection (Lamond and Campbell, 1970)
Dry period - when lactation ceases or is made to cease
Abrupt cessation, Intermittent milking and Incomplete milking
Associated management priorities - reducing ration, teat
wiping and teat sealing
-
7/30/2019 Principles Practices Dairy Mgt
19/37
(Source: Thomas and Sastry, 2005)
-
7/30/2019 Principles Practices Dairy Mgt
20/37
Some common terminologies: Lactation length, total milkyield or lactation yield, wet average, herd average andpersistency of lactation etc.
Ratio of milch and dry cows: 80:20 (+/- 5) Every cow should calve in every 12-13 months interval About 7 to 8 percent of cows should calve in every month Peak yield - within 40-60 days after calving Recently calved cows - separate in one paddock up to 15
days from calving date Daily thrice milking is practised for high yielders (15 lit or
more) to get 10-15% of more milk
-
7/30/2019 Principles Practices Dairy Mgt
21/37
Washing the animals and shed before milkingTying the cows in milking byreOffering concentrate mixture just before milkingTying the leg-knot (if needed), washing the udder
and teats with antiseptic solution and then dryingup the udder with soaked towel
Complete milking within 5-8 minutesAfter milking, opening the leg-knot and recording
milk yield after weighingBefore starting to milk next cow, dipping your
hand in antiseptic solution
-
7/30/2019 Principles Practices Dairy Mgt
22/37
Feed costs - about 60-70% of total cost Fulfilling the requirement for maintenance, actual milk
production, growth and pregnancy
At the beginning of lactation - high energy feeds
Feed intake feeding frequency, length of feeding andrate of eating, size and milk yield, composition and
physical form of the diet and the time access to the
food, climatic condition
Level of concentrate - adjusted to the quality andquantity of the forage
Supplying sufficient nutrients - all the requirements of
the animals in respective stages of growth, reproduction
and production
-
7/30/2019 Principles Practices Dairy Mgt
23/37
Out of total DM required, 2/3rd through roughages(green fodders, silage, hay, straw etc.)
1/3rd through concentrate mixture (15% DCP and70% TDN)
At least 1/3rd
of total roughage from green fodderand rest by dry fodderFrequent but light feeding in advanced pregnant
and early lactationLaxative feed in advanced pregnancyGroup feedingtotal feed in 2-3 turnsLeast cost feed formulationBalancing of ration through standard procedure
-
7/30/2019 Principles Practices Dairy Mgt
24/37
Basic housing principles - provision ofcomfortable micro-climate
Optimizing the productionFloor spacesize, non-slippery & proper slope
Feeder, waterer etc. - specific sizes and shapesPlanning for systems of waste disposal - layoutSuitable shed cleaning procedures - layout and
planning levelConstruction designs and materials - based on the
weather conditions and animals behaviouralexpression in comfort
-
7/30/2019 Principles Practices Dairy Mgt
25/37
Preventive care and routine treatment Regular vaccination, spraying and deworming as per
schedule Immediate segregation from general herd Prompt recovery from illness Overall herd mortalitynot more than 2.5-3% Special care during monsoon and winter to reduce calf
mortality For ectoparasites, dipping/ spraying of the adults and
dusting in case of calves Regular cleaning and washing of the various paddocks/
sheds Disposal of farm wastes for hygienic maintenance Cleanliness improves productivity
-
7/30/2019 Principles Practices Dairy Mgt
26/37
Judicious use of disinfectants
Preventive disinfection - shed, animals, equipments
and environment
Disinfecting conveyances ofanimals transport
Providing disinfectant solution at the entrance of farm
(foot bath/ dip)
Washing of newly purchased animals with
disinfecting solution
Dusting and cleaning of roof and structural elements Farm implements and equipments - by soaking in a
bath of disinfectant or by power sprayed machine
-
7/30/2019 Principles Practices Dairy Mgt
27/37
Heifers - breeding at about 200kg or at least 15-18months of age; Bulls: contemporary, vigour
Heat symptoms by 45-60 days after calving Careful and systematic heat detection (early morning
hours) by bull parading Maximum conception rate - A.I. between 8-18 hours of
estrus period with quality semen Cows with prolonged heat - two A.I. between 8-10
hours interval Repeat breeders, if found uneconomic - culling Pregnancy diagnosis - within 45 days of last A.I. For monitoringreproductive records (bull & cow)
-
7/30/2019 Principles Practices Dairy Mgt
28/37
Stress - condition when animal feels discomfort
- response of animals to stressors
Seasonal stress - animals discomfort due to change in
measured meteorological variables Summer stress - reduction in feed intake, depressed feed
efficiency, decline in quality and quantity of milk,
decreased growth rate and aberrant behavioural
responses Duration and intensity of stress
Reducing direct and indirect effects
Coping up mechanism of the animal body
-
7/30/2019 Principles Practices Dairy Mgt
29/37
Assisting in homoeostasis (reducing the weatherinclemencies and providing comfortable micro-climate)
Protecting against thermal extremes Improving nutritional status Maintaining quantity & quality of production Considering the animals own adaptive principles Designing management as per the seasonal pattern of
animals behaviour Breeding of animals selected for thriftiness
Preparing season-wise chart for various managementoperations Keeping records on stress indicators Executing breed specific management options
-
7/30/2019 Principles Practices Dairy Mgt
30/37
Management, as such, is an art and science of judiciousputting all the available resources together to obtaindesired quality and quantity of produces
It is rather process of taking correct decisions in asituation that is continually changing, be itenvironmental, input situation or production-to-consumption channel.
Putting management principles in action
Implementing the management decisions taken
Output situation market seasonality and peak ofquality production
-
7/30/2019 Principles Practices Dairy Mgt
31/37
(Adapted from: Hahn, 1976; WMO, 1988)
-
7/30/2019 Principles Practices Dairy Mgt
32/37
A. Replacement
(a) Calf mortality1. At birth = Calves dead at birth =
-
7/30/2019 Principles Practices Dairy Mgt
33/37
(b) Culling
1. Culling rate = Total culled =
-
7/30/2019 Principles Practices Dairy Mgt
34/37
-
7/30/2019 Principles Practices Dairy Mgt
35/37
D. Herd Structure(In a self replacement herd with 15-20%annual replacement and 5% overall mortality)
1. Milch and dry cows ratio = 75: 25
2. Percent of cows in a herd = Total cows = 55% of total animals
3. Percent of breeding
heifers = Heifers above 18 months age = 20% of total animals(18 months age upto AFC)
4. Percent of young = Young females (6-18 months) = 15% of total animals
female (6-18 months)
5. Percent of female = Females calves (0-6 months) = 10% of total animals
calves (0-6 months)6. Av. stage of lactation = Total days in milk by all cows/ =
-
7/30/2019 Principles Practices Dairy Mgt
36/37
Dairy farm management is an important aspect forquality production in optimum quantity.
Every stage of life is crucial for better mgt.All the farm mgt. practices should be chosen
based on typical underlying principles that areprincipally guided by physiology and behaviour.
Adapted genotypes perform better in comfortablehouses and under healthy and hygienic farmenvironment.
Management decisions must be taken keeping allthe input-output scenario in view.
Integration of correct principles with the farmactivities is best reflected by performance
indicators.
-
7/30/2019 Principles Practices Dairy Mgt
37/37