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Private International Law inCommon Law Canada
Cases, Text and MaterialsTHIRD EDITION
NICHOLAS RAFFERTYGeneral EditorFaculty of Law
University of Calgary
JOOST BLOM ELIZABETH EDINGERFaculty of Law Faculty of Law
University of British Columbia University of British Columbia
STEPHEN G.A. PITEL GENEVIEVE SAUMIERFaculty of Law Faculty of Law
University of Western Ontario McGill University
JANET WALKER CATHERINE WALSHOsgoode Hall Law School Faculty of Law
York University McGill University
2010EMOND MONTGOMERY PUBLICATIONS
TORONTO, CANADA
Detailed Table of Contents
Preface to the Third Edition iiiAcknowledgments vSummary Table of Contents viiTable of Cases xxv
PART ONE GENERAL
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 3Selected Bibliographical References 5
CHAPTER TWO HISTORY AND THEORY 7Intellectual History 7Theoretical Perspectives on Choice of Law 8
Comity 9Story, Commentaries on the Conflict of Laws 9Dicey, The Conflict of Laws 10
Vested Rights 10Beale, Selections from A Treatise on the Conflict of Laws 11Beale, A Treatise on the Conflict of Laws, vol. 3 11
The Local Law Theory 12Cook, The Logical and Legal Bases of the Conflict of Laws 13
A Theory of Justice 17Governmental Interest Analysis 18
Currie, "Notes on Methods and Objectivesin the Conflict of Laws" 19
Currie, "Comment on Babcock v. Jackson" 20Cavers, "A Critique of the Choice-of-Law Problem" 21
Choices for Choice of Law 23Brilmayer, Conflict of Laws:
Foundations and Future Directions 23Selected Bibliographical References 27
IX
Detailed Table of Contents
CHAPTER THREE CONFLICTS AND THE CONSTITUTION 29Pre-Morguard 29
Churchill Falls (Labrador) Corp. Ltd. v.Attorney-General of Newfoundland 30
Post-Morguard 35Morguard Investments Ltd. v. De Savoye 36Huntv. T&Nplc 45Tolofson v. Jensen 52British Columbia v. Imperial Tobacco Canada Ltd 54
Selected Bibliographical References 60
CHAPTER FOUR PUBLIC POLICY 61General 61
United States of America v. Ivey 61Public Policy 70
Public Policy and Procedural Justice 70Public Policy and Fraud 71A National or International Standard? 72
Civil Code of Quebec 72Note 72Kuwait Airways Corp. v. Iraqi Airways Co. (Nos. 4 and 5) 73Note 78
Attenuated Scope of Forum Public Policy 78Overriding Forum Public Policy 79
Civil Code of Quebec 79Notes 79Society of Lloyds v. Meinzer 81Note 93
Overriding Foreign Public Policy 93Civil Code of Quebec 93Notes 93Gillespie Management Corp. v. Terrace Properties 94Notes 95
Public Policy as a Basis for Depecage 98Civil Code of Quebec 98Notes 99
Public Policy in an Interprovincial Context 99Penal Laws 101
Jurisdiction and Choice of Law in Crime 101Recognition of Foreign Penal Laws 102Characterization 105
Huntington v. Attrill 105Notes 107
Penal Laws in the Interprovincial Context 109
Detailed Table of Contents xi
Tax Laws 109General 109
Civil Code of Quebec 109Note 109
Indirect Enforcement 110Stringam v. Dubois 110
Characterization 115Relaxation of the Tax Exclusion? 116
Re Sefel Geophysical Ltd 116Re Matol Botanical International Ltd 117Notes 119
International Tax Conventions 121The Tax Exclusion in the Interprovincial Context 121
Other Public Laws 122General 122Nationalization, Expropriation, and Confiscation Laws 123
Selected Bibliographical References 124
CHAPTER FIVE PERSONAL CONNECTING FACTORS 127Introduction 127
Relevance of the Personal Law 127Domicile vs. Nationality 127Domicile, Residence, and "Most Substantial Connection" 128
Domicile 129Domicile of Origin and Domicile of Choice 129
Agulian & Anr v. Cyganik 129Re Urquhart Estate 134Notes 137Civil Code of Quebec 141Notes 142Domicile and Habitual Residence Act 143Notes 143
Persistence of the Domicile of Origin and the Doctrine of Revival 144Domicile and Habitual Residence Act 144Notes 144
Domicile of Children 146Civil Code of Quebec 146Family Law Act 146Charter of Rights Compliance Act 146Domicile and Habitual Residence Act 146Notes 147
Mental Incapacity 148Civil Code of Quebec 148Domicile and Habitual Residence Act 148Note 149
xii Detailed Table of Contents
Domicile and Gender 150Civil Code of Quebec 150Domicile and Habitual Residence Act 150Notes 150
Relevance of Context 151Cook, The Logical and Legal Bases of the Conflict of Laws 151Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws 152Notes 153
Residence 154General 154Physical Presence and Residence 155
Canada (Minister of Citizenship & Immigration) v. Wall 156Notes 161
Habitual Residence and Ordinary Residence 163Adderson v. Adderson 163Notes 167Pippa Rogerson, "Habitual Residence: The New Domicile" 167Quigley v. Willmore 170Notes 179
Relevance of Context 179Haigv. Canada; Haigv. Canada (Chief Electoral Officer) 179Notes 184
Corporations 185National Trust Company Ltd. v. Ebro Irrigation
and Power Company Ltd 185Notes 187
The Principle of Proximity 191Selected Bibliographical References 192
PART TWO JURISDICTION
CHAPTER SIX JURISDICTION IN PERSONAM 197Introduction 197Parties to an Action 197
Plaintiffs: Standing To Sue 198Success International Inc. v. Environmental
Export International of Canada Inc 198Immunities from Suit 204
Circumstances Justifying Assumption of Jurisdiction 204Jurisdiction Simpliciter 204
Parties Within the Jurisdiction 204Maharanee of Baroda v. Wildenstein 204
Parties Outside the Jurisdiction 207Moran v. Pyle National (Canada) Ltd 208Note 216
Detailed Table of Contents xiii
Muscutt v. Courcelles 217Note 224Spar Aerospace Ltd. v. American Mobile Satellite Corp 224Coutu v. Gauthier (Estate) 228Van Breda v. Village Resorts Ltd 236
Territorial Jurisdiction 246Court Jurisdiction and Proceedings Transfer Act 246Stanway v. Wyeth Pharmaceuticals Inc 249
Jurisdictional and Material Facts and Evidence 255AG Armeno Mines and Minerals Inc. v. Newmont Gold Co 255MTU Maintenance Canada Ltd. v. Kuehne &
Nagel International Ltd 260Class Actions 266
Harrington v. Dow Corning Corp 266Ward v. Canada (Attorney General) et al 275
Selected Bibliographical References 280
CHAPTER SEVEN DISCRETION TO DECLINE JURISDICTION ANDRESTRAINT OF FOREIGN PROCEEDINGS 281
Introduction 281The English Cases 283
Spiliada Maritime Corp. v. Cansulex Ltd 283Societe Nationale Industrielle Aerospatiale v. Lee Kui Jak 299Airbus Industrie GIE v. Patel and Others 309
The Canadian Cases 312Amchem Products Inc. v. British Columbia
(Workers' Compensation Board) 312Stays of Local Proceedings: Forum Non Conveniens 323
Young v. Tyco International of Canada Ltd 323Lloyd's Underwriters v. Cominco Ltd 333Teck Cominco Metals Ltd. v. Lloyds Underwriters 353
Burden of Proof 358Anti-Suit Injunctions 358
Hudon v. Geos Language Corp 358Jurisdiction-Selecting and Arbitration Clauses 365
Jurisdiction-Selecting Clauses: The Common Law Rule 366Z.I. Pompey Industrie v. ECU-Line N.V. 366Note 378
Arbitration Clauses 378Prince George (City) v. McElhanney Engineering Services Ltd. .. 379
Class Actions 388Ward v. Canada (Attorney General) 388
Selected Bibliographical References 393
xiv Detailed Table of Contents
PART THREE JUDGMENTS
CHAPTER EIGHT RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OFFOREIGN JUDGMENTS AND ARBITRAL AWARDS . . . 397
Introduction 397The Common Law Rules 398
Pecuniary Judgments 398Final and Conclusive 399
Nouvion v. Freeman 399Jurisdiction of the Foreign Court in the International Sense 404
Presence 404Forbes v. Simmons 404
Submission 406First National Bank of Houston v. Houston E & C Inc 406Clinton v. Ford 410Mid-Ohio Imported Car Co. v. Tri-K Investments Ltd 413
A Real and Substantial Connection: The Morguard Rule 420Beals v. Saldanha 420Braintech Inc. v. Kostiuk 425
Defences 434Godard v. Gray 434Beals v. Saldanha 436
Non-Pecuniary Judgments 446Pro-Swing Inc. v. Elta Golf Inc 446
Class Action Judgments 463Currie v. McDonalds Restaurants of Canada Ltd 463Note 475
Conversion by Registration: The Statutory Mode 476Reciprocal Enforcement of Judgments Statutes 476
Central Guaranty Trust Co. v. Deluca 477Re Carrick Estates Ltd. and Young 482Owen v. Rocketinfo Inc 483
Canadian Judgments Acts 488Enforcement of Canadian Judgments and Decrees Act 488
Arbitral Awards 492Foreign Arbitral Awards Act 493Schreter v. Gasmac Inc 496
Selected Bibliographical References 507
PART FOUR CHOICE OF LAW: GENERAL
CHAPTER NINE CHOICE OF LAW METHODOLOGY 511Choice of Law as Part of the System of Private International Law 511
Practical Function of Choice of Law 511Choice of Law as an Expression of Theories of Private International Law 512
Detailed Table of Contents xv
The Standard or Classical Approach to Choice of Law 515Nature of the Choice of Law Rule 515
Components of the Rule 515Multilateral and Unilateral Choice of Law Rules 516Reference to More Than One Legal System 516
The Process of Applying the Choice of Law Rule 517Establishing the Choice of Law Rule 517Characterization 519Following the Connecting Factor 521Application of the Legal Rule Indicated by the Choice of Law Rule 522
Generally 522Exceptions to the Application of a Choice of Law Rule 522Ambiguities in the Application of a Choice of Law Rule 523
Neilson v. Overseas Projects Corp. of Victoria Ltd 523Notes 533
Perceived Shortcomings of the Classical Method 538Arbitrariness 538No Account Systematically Taken of Real Conflict of
State Policies That Underlie the Choice of Law Issue 539No Account Systematically Taken of International and
Interprovincial Policies 540Alternatives to the Classical Method 540
Common Characteristic: Issue Particularized Rather Than Categorized 540Proper Law Approach 541Governmental Interests 541Principles of Preference 545The Second Restatement 546The "Better Law" 548Substantive Rules for Multistate Cases 548Defenders of the Traditional System 549
The Present Orientation of Canadian Choice of Law 550Selected Bibliographical References 551
CHAPTER TEN APPLYING FOREIGN LAW 553Foreign Law and the Adversary System 553
Foreign Law: Fact or Law? 553Fentiman, Foreign Law in English Courts: Pleading,
Proof and Choice of Law 554Notes 555
Implications of Party Choice 555Old North State Brewing Co. v. Newlands Services Inc 555Notes 557Pettkus v. Becker 558Notes 559
xvi Detailed Table of Contents
Where the Court Must Apply Foreign Law 559Fernandez v. "Mercury Bell" (The) 560Notes 564
Where Foreign Law Must Be Excluded 565Pleading and Proving Foreign Law 566
Pleading Foreign Law 566Proving Foreign Law Through Expert Evidence 566
Bumper Development Corp. Ltd. v.Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis 567
Notes 570Mercantile Mutual Insurance (Australia) Ltd. v. Neilson 571
Statutory Modes of Proof: Production of Copies 574Admission or Agreement 575Stated Case to Foreign Jurisdiction 575
Within the Canadian Federation 576Judicial Notice by the Supreme Court of Canada 576
Hunt v. T&N pic 576Note 577
Statutory Authority for Taking Judicial Notice 577Civil Code of Quebec 577Notes 577
Implications of the Constitutional Principles of Order and Fairness? 580Nystrom v. Tarnava 580
Pleading and Determining the Constitutionality of Extraprovincial Law 583Hunt v. T&N pic 583
Selected Bibliographical References 589
CHAPTERELEVEN LAW OF PROCEDURE 591The Substance/Procedure Distinction 591
Civil Code of Quebec 591Note 591
Limitation of Actions (Prescription) 592Civil Code of Quebec 592Tolofson v. Jensen 593Notes 597
Restrictions on Remedial Relief 603Statute of Frauds and Like Requirements 604Quantification of Damages 605Recovery of Legal Costs and Prejudgment Interest 607
Parties 608Status To Sue 608
International Assn. of Science and Technologyfor Development v. Hamza 608
Notes 615
Detailed Table of Contents xvii
Evidence 617Procedure or Substance? 617Obtaining Evidence Abroad for Use in Forum Proceedings 618Obtaining Evidence in the Forum for Use in Extraprovincial Proceedings 618
Evidence Acts 618Conventions 619Interprovincial Subpoenas 619
Discovery in Violation of Foreign Law 620Ed Miller Sales & Rentals Ltd. v. Caterpillar Tractor Co 620Notes 621
Selected Bibliographical References 622
PART FIVE OBLIGATIONS
CHAPTER TWELVE TORTS 627General Choice of Law Principles 627
The Rule in Phillips v. Eyre 627Phillips v. Eyre 627Note 628McLean v. Pettigrew 629Note 631
Trends in the United States 631Babcockv. Jackson 631Note 636Gilbert v. Seton Hall University 638
Developments in the United Kingdom 645The Current Law in Canada 646
Tolofson v. Jensen; Lucas (Litigation Guardian of) v. Gagnon . . . . 646Notes 666Somers v. Fournier 667Note 679
Particular Tort Claims 682Products Liability 682Fraudulent or Negligent Misrepresentation 684Economic Torts 684
Inducing Breach of Contract 684Conspiracy 685Passing Off 685
Nuisance and Environmental Damage 685Defamation 686
Australian Broadcasting Corp. v. Waterhouse 686Note 692
Statutory Tort Claims 695
xviii Detailed Table of Contents
Particular Issues in Tort Cases 696Tort Claims Connected to Contracts 696Contributory Negligence and Multiple Tortfeasors 697Interspousal Immunity 697Damages 698Vicarious Liability 698Subrogated Claims 699
Selected Bibliographical References 700
CHAPTER THIRTEEN CONTRACTS AND RESTITUTION 701Introduction 701
Contracts Subject to Internationally Uniform Laws 701Internationally Uniform Choice of Law Rules 702Choice of Law by Arbitrators 703
The Proper Law 703Express Choice of Law 704
Vita Food Products Inc. v. Unus Shipping Co 704Notes 714
No Express Choice of Law 717Richardson International, Ltd. v. Mys Chikhacheva (The) 717Note 723Imperial Life Assurance Co. of Canada v. Colmenares 723Note 728Amin Rasheed Shipping Corp. v. Kuwait Insurance Co 728Notes 737
Multiple Proper Laws 739Limits on the Parties' Freedom To Choose the Proper Law 740
Imposed by Statute 740At Common Law 741
Nike Infomatic Systems Ltd. v. Avac Systems Ltd 741Notes 745
Issues That May Be Referable to a Law Other Than the Proper Law 748Formation 748
Mackender v. Feldia AG 748Notes 754
Contractual Capacity 755Formalities 756
Greenshields Inc. v. Johnston 756Notes 761
Mandatory Rules of Legal Systems Other Than the Proper Law 761Rules of the Lex Fori 762
Avenue Properties Ltd. v. First City Development Corp 763Notes 765Pearson v. Boliden Ltd 766
Detailed Table of Contents xix
Rules of Foreign Laws Other Than the Proper Law 770Law of the Place of Performance 770
Gillespie Management Corp. v. Terrace Properties 770Note 776
The Law of a Friendly Foreign State That theParties Intend To Violate 776
Law of the Place of Contracting 776Other Interested State's Law 777
The Law Governing Claims in Restitution 779Christopher v. Zimmerman 779Note 781
Related Topics in Other Chapters 782Selected Bibliographical References 782
PART SIX PROPERTY
CHAPTER FOURTEEN IMMOVABLES 785Characterizing Immovables 785
Hogg v. Provincial Tax Commission 786Notes 787
Exercising Jurisdiction Over Foreign Immovables 788The Mozambique Rule 788
British South Africa Co. v. Companhia de Mozambique 788Notes 791Hesperides Hotels Ltd. v. Muftizade 792Notes 794A.V. Dicey, The Conflict of Laws 795Notes 796
Exceptions Based on Contract or Equity Between Parties 797Godley v. Coles 797Note 799Ward v. Coffin 799Notes 800Catania v. Giannattasio 801Notes 803
Recognizing Foreign Judgments Affecting Land in the Forum 804Duke v. Andler 804Notes 807Chapman Estate v. O'Hara 808
Choice of Law 812Capacity 812
Bank of Africa v. Cohen 813Note 814
xx Detailed Table of Contents
Formal Validity 814Essential Validity 815Civil Code of Quebec 815
Other Kinds of "Immovables" 815EU Regulation on Jurisdiction and on Recognition and
Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters . . 816Note 816
Selected Bibliographical References 817
CHAPTER FIFTEEN MOVABLES 819Introduction 819Transfers of Tangible Movables 820
Cammell v. Sewell 820Notes 823Winkworth v. Christie Manson and Woods Ltd 823Notes 829Maden v. Long 830Notes 832
Security Interests in Tangible Assets 833Mobile Goods 834Assignments of Intangible Claims 835
Introduction 835A Unitary or Pluralistic Choice of Law Approach? 835Characterization—Assignment 836Contractual Relations between the Assignor and the Assignee 836Relations between the Assignee and the Debtor
on the Assigned Receivable 837Assignability 837Effectiveness against Third Parties and Priority 838
Determining the Location of the Assignor 839Investment Securities 840
Introduction 840Securities 841Security Entitlements 842
Security Interests in Negotiable Documentary Intangibles 844Selected Bibliographical References 844
CHAPTER SIXTEEN SUCCESSION 847Introduction 847Administration 848
Jurisdiction 849Estates Administration Act 849Estates Act 850Ontario Rules of Civil Procedure 850Ontario Rules of Civil Procedure 851
Detailed Table of Contents xxi
Distinction Between Administration and Succession 851Re Kloebe 852Notes 853Re Wilks 853Notes 855Re Lorillard 855Note 856Jewish National Fund Inc. v. Royal Trust Co 856Notes 860
Recognition of Foreign Personal Representatives 861Canadian Commercial Bank v. Belkin 862Notes 866Re Pemberton 866Notes 871
Succession 871Jurisdiction and Recognition 872
Gillespie v. Grant 873Notes 879
Intestate Succession 879Re Thorn 880
Testate Succession 884Formal Validity 884Essential Validity 885
In the Estate of Groos 885Re Groos 886Notes 888
Personal Capacity 888Interpretation or Construction 888
Re Cunnington 889Notes 890Re MacDonald 890Notes 894
Revocation 895Davies v. Davies 896Note 898
Election 899Re Ogilvie 899Re Allen's Estate 902Note 905
Dependants' Relief Legislation 906Re Urquhart Estate 906Notes 909
The Claims of Foreign States 909Stringam v. Dubois 910Note 910
xxii Detailed Table of Contents
In the Estate of Maldonado 911Notes 914
Selected Bibliographical References 915
PART SEVEN FAMILY LAW
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN MARRIAGE AND COHABITATION 919General 919
United Nations, Social Statistics and Indicators,The Worlds Women 2000: Trends and Statistics 919
Marriage 920Glendon, The Transformation of Family Law 920
Constitutional Issues 922Hill v. Hill 922
Validity of Marriage 923Formal Validity: Lex Loci Celebrationis 924
General 924Brook v. Brook 924
Parental Consent 925Subsequent Validation 926
Essential Validity: Lex Loci Domicilii 926General 926
Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration) v. Narwal... 927Elements of Essential Validity 928
Marriage (Prohibited Degrees) Act 928Family Law Act 929
Same-Sex Marriage 930Public Policy 930
Cohabitation and Civil Unions 931Private International Law Aspects of Cohabitation
Outside Marriage and Registered Partnerships 931Selected Bibliographical References 934
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN DISSOLUTION OF MARRIAGEAND OTHER UNIONS 935
United Nations, Social Statistics and Indicators,The World's Women 2000: Trends and Statistics 935
Constitutional Issues 935Divorcing in Canada: Jurisdiction and Choice of Law Rules 936
Domicile as a Basis for Jurisdiction 936Broadening the Jurisdictional Bases 937
Divorce Act, 1968 937Divorce Act, 1985 938Nicholas v. Nicholas 939
Choice of Law 944
Detailed Table of Contents xxiii
Recognition of Foreign Divorces 944Interprovincial Context 944Foreign Country Decrees 944
Re Edward and Edward 947Divorce Act, 1985 949
Doctrine of Preclusion 951Extra-judicial Divorces 951
Schwebel v. Ungar 952Amin v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) 953
Dissolution of Other Unions 959Vital Statistics Act 959
Spousal Support 960Selected Bibliographical References 961
CHAPTER NINETEEN NULLITY 963Void and Voidable Marriages 963Jurisdiction To Grant a Nullity Decree 963
Domicile 963Savelieff v. Glouchkoff 964Davies v. Davies 967Notes 967
Residence 968Sangha v. Mander 968Notes 968
Place of Celebration of Marriage 968Choice of Law 969
Sangha v. Mander 969Recognition of Foreign Nullity Decrees 972
Jurisdiction of the Foreign Court 972Gwyn v. Mellen 972Notes 977
Defences 977Selected Bibliographical References 977
CHAPTER TWENTY CHILDREN 979Custody 979
North, "Reform, but Not Revolution: Children" 979Constitutional Aspects 980
Division of Powers 980Charter 980
Jurisdiction and Choice of Law 981Jurisdiction 981
Baker v. Arthurs 982Choice of Law 986
xxiv Detailed Table of Contents
Enforcement of Extraprovincial and Foreign Custody Orders 986Children's Law Reform Act 987Gillespie v. Gillespie 988Note 991
International Child Abduction 991Convention of 25 October 1980 on the Civil Aspects of
International Child Abduction 992Thomson v. Thomson 995Finizio v. Scoppio-Finizio 1009Note 1014
Non-Removal Clauses in Final Custody Orders 1015Child Support 1016
Jasen v. Karassik 1017Adoption 1021
Hague Conference on Private International Law 1021The Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption 1024
Kyaw v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) 1028Selected Bibliographical References 1033
CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE MATRIMONIAL PROPERTY 1035The Common Law 1035
Civil Code of Quebec 1036Matrimonial Property Legislation 1036
Introduction 1036Choice of Law 1038
Tezcan v. Tezcan 1038Notes 1052Matrimonial Property Act 1053Family Property Act 1053Marital Property Act 1054Family Law Act 1054Matrimonial Property Act 1055Family Law Act 1055
Effect of Domestic or Marriage Contracts 1055Family Law Act 1056Bosch v. Bosch 1056Porter-Conrad v. Conrad 1064Notes 1066
Selected Bibliographical References 1067